2010 Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council 2010 Survey of Energy Resources Officers of the World Energy Council 2010 Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council Pierre Gadonneix Chair Copyright © 2010 World Energy Council Francisco Barnés de Castro Vice Chair, North America All rights reserved. All or part of this publication may be used or Norberto Franco de Medeiros reproduced as long as the following citation is included on each Vice Chair, Latin America/Caribbean copy or transmission: ‘Used by permission of the World Energy Council, London, www.worldenergy.org Richard Drouin Vice Chair, Montréal Congress 2010 Published 2010 by: C.P. Jain World Energy Council Chair, Studies Committee Regency House 1-4 Warwick Street London W1B 5LT United Kingdom Younghoon David Kim Vice Chair, Asia Pacific & South Asia ISBN: 978 0 946121 021 Jorge Ferioli Chair, Programme Committee Marie-José Nadeau Vice Chair, Communications & Outreach Committee Abubakar Sambo Vice Chair, Africa Johannes Teyssen Vice Chair, Europe Abbas Ali Naqi Vice Chair, Special Responsibility for Middle East & Gulf States Graham Ward, CBE Vice Chair, Finance Zhang Guobao Vice Chair, Asia Christoph Frei Secretary General 2010 Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council i SER Committee Membership 2010 EXECUTIVE BOARD Chairman: I. Iancu (Romania) Joint Editors: A. W. Clarke (United Kingdom) J.A. Trinnaman (United Kingdom) Secretaries: R. Schock (WEC Director of Studies) E.V. Nekhaev (WEC Director of Programmes) RESOURCE CONSULTANTS Coal M. Catelin World Coal Institute Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids S. Heiberg Statoil, Norway Oil Shale J.R. Dyni U.S. Geological Survey Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil R.F. Meyer & E.D. Attanasi U.S. Geological Survey Natural Gas J.T. Hoogakker International Gas Union Uranium H.-H. Rogner International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear H.-H. Rogner & A. McDonald International Atomic Energy Agency Hydropower R.M. Taylor International Hydropower Association Peat J. Rieley & J. Silpola International Peat Society Bioenergy A. Brown IEA Bioenergy Agreement Solar Energy D.Y. Goswami International Solar Energy Society Geothermal Energy R. Bertani & J.W. Lund International Geothermal Association Wind Energy D. Milborrow Energy Consultant, UK Tidal Energy I.G. Bryden The University of Edinburgh Wave Energy T.W. Thorpe Oxford Oceanics, UK Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion H. Krock The University of Hawaii 2010 Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council ii Foreword This, the 22nd edition of the World Energy Special thanks go to Dr Iulian Iancu, Chairman Council's Survey of Energy Resources (SER), is of the SER Executive Board, to Ms Elena the latest in a long series of reviews of the status Nekhaev, Director of Programmes, to Dr Robert of the world’s major energy resources. It covers Schock, Director of Studies, and to the Studies not only the fossil fuels but also the major types Committee for guiding the production of the of traditional and novel sources of energy. Survey. The Survey is a flagship publication of the World Finally the WEC thanks the Joint Editors Judy Energy Council (WEC), prepared triennially and Trinnaman and Alan Clarke for compiling, timed for release at each World Energy validating and formatting the data and country Congress. It is a unique document in that no notes. Once again they have successfully and entity other than the WEC compiles such wide- professionally completed this enormous task, ranging information on a regular and consistent both achieving an excellent quality and keeping basis. This highly regarded publication is an to the planned schedule. The WEC is grateful to essential tool for governments, industry, them for their knowledge, dedication, tenacity investors, NGOs and academia. and inspiration. The WEC is grateful to all those Member C.P. Jain Committees, institutions and specialists who Chair WEC Studies Committee have contributed their expertise and data to this Survey. 2010 Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council iii Introduction In 1936 the World Power Conference, the the case for previous editions of the SER, the organisation which eventually became the World World Energy Council has neither commissioned Energy Council, published the first of a series of nor itself carried out any fresh quantification of Statistical Year-books. This pioneer work energy resources/reserves. represented ‘an attempt to compile and publish international statistics of power resources, Notwithstanding the efforts of an UN/ECE Ad development and utilization, upon a Hoc Group of Experts to codify and standardise comprehensive and comparable basis’. Nearly the terminology of reserves and resources three-quarters of a century later, this essentially reporting (leading to the UN Framework remains the objective of the Year-book’s direct Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral descendant, namely the twenty-second edition Reserves and Resources), it remains a fact that, of the WEC’s Survey of Energy Resources. at the present time, almost every country that possesses significant amounts of mineral Despite considerable development along the resources still uses its own unique set of way, with gradually extended coverage of expressions and definitions. It will take some energy resources (notably in the field of the considerable time for the methodology devised ‘Renewables’) and the provision of more by the UN to be applied globally. In the comprehensive tables and increasingly detailed meantime, the resources and reserves specified Country Notes, the basic problems facing the in the present Survey conform as far as possible compilers of the Survey remain much the same. with the definitions specified by the WEC. They were indeed foreshadowed by a somewhat melancholy comment in the Introduction to Whilst each major energy source has its own Statistical Year-book No. 1: ‘The work of editing characteristics, applications, advantages and the tables, and more particularly the definitions, disadvantages, the fundamental distinction is proved even more arduous and difficult than had between those that are finite and those that are, been anticipated’. on any human scale, effectively perpetual or everlasting. Any review of energy resources is critically dependent upon the availability of data, and The Finite Resources comprise a number of reliable, comprehensive information does not organically-based substances – coal, crude oil, always exist. While the basis of the data oil shale, natural bitumen & extra-heavy oil, and compilation for the present Survey was the input natural gas, together with the metallic elements provided by WEC Member Committees (in uranium and thorium. One type of energy response to a questionnaire sent out in July resource – peat – is to some extent intermediate 2009), completion necessitated recourse to a in nature, with both finite and perpetual elements multitude of national and international sources in its make-up. and, in a few instances, to estimation. As was 2010 Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council iv The principal Perpetual Resources are solar compiled for the present Survey consist of the energy, wind power and bioenergy, all of which information available on known resources, in are ultimately dependent on an extra-terrestrial terms of the remaining discovered amount in source, namely the Sun. Other perpetual place at end-2008. For the first time, the resources are derived from geothermal heat at amounts under this heading, together with the various depths, and from various forms of corresponding recoverable reserves, have been marine energy – tidal energy, wave power and requested in respect of three levels of probability ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). or confidence, namely proved (or measured), probable (or indicated) and possible (or Reserves and Resources inferred). In WEC usage, resources refer to amounts that While the data provided in this connection by are known or deduced to be present and WEC Member Committees or extracted from potentially accessible. Energy resources may be official published sources are by no means categorised as either finite (e.g. minerals) or complete in regional or global terms, nor perpetual, such as the so-called Renewable necessarily all entirely comparable, they serve to resources (solar, wind, tidal, etc.). illustrate the scope for eventual access to further coal, oil and natural gas supplies, over and In the context of finite resources and reserves, the World Energy Council distinguishes between above that indicated by current estimates of amounts in place and quantities recoverable, economically recoverable reserves. and between proved and additional (i.e. non- In addition, the Questionnaires sent to WEC proved). Combining these concepts, the Member Committees requested information, as following four categories are obtained: available, on undiscovered resources of the principal fossil fuels, in terms of the estimated Proved Amount in Place, of which: additional amount in place and the amount recoverable from such resources. The Proved Recoverable Reserves; information received in this regard is reported in the Country Notes on coal, oil and natural gas, Additional Amount in Place, of which but overall was insufficient to form the basis of a Additional Reserves Recoverable worldwide summary table. In all cases, the responses to the These four categories form the basis of the fossil Questionnaires reflect the Member Committees’ fuels section of the Questionnaire sent out to interpretation of the WEC categories in