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Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations January 2015 Scaffolding Early Engineers' Design Learning with a Videogame: Investigating the Influence of Minecraft sa a Platform for Design Ideation Corey Schimpf Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Recommended Citation Schimpf, Corey, "Scaffolding Early Engineers' Design Learning with a Videogame: Investigating the Influence of Minecraft as a Platform for Design Ideation" (2015). Open Access Dissertations. 1430. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/1430 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated 1/15/2015 PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Corey Schimpf Entitled Scaffolding Early Engineers' Design Learning with a Videogame: Investigating the Influence of Minecraft as a Platform for Design Ideation For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Is approved by the final examining committee: Alice Pawley Brian Castellani Chair Alejandra Magana Brent Jesiek Monica Cardella To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity in Research” and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): Alice Pawley Approved by: Ruth Streveler 11/23/2015 Head of the Departmental Graduate Program Date i SCAFFOLDING EARLY ENGINEERS’ DESIGN LEARNING WITH A VIDEOGAME: INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF MINECRAFT AS A PLATFORM FOR DESIGN IDEATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Corey T. Schimpf In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy i December 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii I dedicate this dissertation to my mother, whose unyielding support and encouragement propelled me to finish the degree even after her passing. ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Alice Pawley, for her support, patience and thorough feedback on several drafts of this dissertation. I also want to thank my committee members, Drs. Monica Cardella, Brent Jesiek and Alejandra Magana for their critical feedback and measured appraisals that helped this document coalesce. I particularly want to thank my committee member, mentor, and colleague Dr. Brian Castellani who pushed me to pursue graduate school, served on both my masters and PhD theses and acted as a sounding board through my graduate career. I also want to thank Dr. Kacey Beddoes for her support and acting as an outside observer as I navigated writing the dissertation. I owe deep thanks to Dr. Joyce Main for allowing me to work on her research team and explore several interesting and important studies that also gave me a much needed break from the solitude dissertation writing. Finally, I want to thank Dr. Ming-Chien Hsu and Matilde Sanchez-Pena for their support as we commiserated on the challenges of dissertation work. iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Study Overview ......................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Overview of Minecraft ............................................................................................... 9 1.4 Educational Framework ........................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF GAMES AND DESIGN ............................ 13 2.1 Informal Learning .................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Gaming Research ..................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Commercial Games .......................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Commercial Games for Learning ..................................................................... 26 iv 2.2.3 Serious Games ................................................................................................. 28 2.2.4 Implementation Strategy .................................................................................. 33 2.3 Research on Engineering Design Practices ............................................................. 36 2.3.1 Implementation Strategy: Design Studies ....................................................... 43 2.4 Gaming Culture and the Digital Divide .................................................................. 46 2.4.1 Gaming Culture and Depictions of Gender and Race ..................................... 46 2.4.2 Implementation Strategy: Gaming Culture and the Digital Divide ................56 CHAPTER 3. METHODS .................................................................................................58 3.1 Context and Data Collection Procedures ..................................................................59 3.1.1 Context: Engineering 1 ...................................................................................59 3.1.2 Participants .....................................................................................................62 v Page 3.1.3 Data Collection Procedures ............................................................................63 3.2 Analytical Methods ..................................................................................................66 3.2.1 Mixed Methods Design ...................................................................................66 3.2.2 Scale Construction ..........................................................................................70 3.2.3 Analysis of Variance .......................................................................................73 3.2.4 Discourse Analysis .........................................................................................74 3.2.5 Thematic Analysis ..........................................................................................82 3.2.6 Visual Content Analysis .................................................................................85 3.3 Instructional Framing and Procedures .....................................................................91 3.3.1 Perspective on the Design Process .................................................................91 3.3.2 Content, Assessment, and Pedagogy (CAP) Model .......................................92 3.3.3 CAP Applied ...................................................................................................94 3.3.4 Pilot Game-based Learning Activity ..............................................................97 3.3.5 Game-based Learning Activities ....................................................................99 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...............................................................106 4.1 Visual Content Analysis ........................................................................................108 4.1.1 Visual Content Analysis Discussion ............................................................115 4.2 Factor Analysis for Design Scale Identification and Testing ...............................119 4.2.1 ANOVA Comparisons ..................................................................................123 v 4.2.2 ANOVA Discussion .....................................................................................128 4.3 Discourse Analysis Results ...................................................................................132 4.3.1 Engineering Discourses ...............................................................................134 4.3.2 Gaming Discourses ......................................................................................141 4.3.3 Discourse Analysis Discussion ...................................................................149 4.4 Informal Use Taxonomy .......................................................................................154 4.4.1 Taxonomy Discussion ................................................................................161 4.5 Cross-Method Integration ....................................................................................165 4.5.1 ANOVA and Discourse Analysis ..............................................................165 4.5.2 Visual Content Analysis and Discourse/Thematic Analysis .....................167 vi Page CHAPTER 5. RECOMMENDATIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS ....170 5.1 Synthesized or Theoretically-Derived Dimensions ............................................172 5.2 Recommendations for a Serious Gaming Platform ............................................180