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Cambodian Migrants' Social Protection, Local CAMBODIAN MIGRANTS’ SOCIAL PROTECTION, LOCAL INTEGRATION AND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES IN THE THAI BORDER VILLAGES OF KHOK SUNG, SA KAEO PROVINCE Phra Kimpicheth Chhon A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Program in International Development Studies Faculty of Political Science Chulalongkorn University Academic Year 2014 Copyright of Chulalongkorn University การคุ้มครองทางสังคมผอู้ พยพชาวกมั พชู า การปรับตวั ร่วมกบั ทอ้ งถ่ิน และหลากหลายมิติ แห่งเขตแดนในหมูบ่ า้ นชายแดนไทย อาเภอโคกสูง จงั หวดั สระแกว้ พระกิมพิเชษฐ ์ ชอน วทิ ยานิพนธ์น้ีเป็นส่วนหน่ึงของการศึกษาตามหลกั สูตรปริญญาศิลปศาสตรมหาบณั ฑิต สาขาวชิ าการพฒั นาระหวา่ งประเทศ คณะรัฐศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย ปีการศึกษา 2557 ลิขสิทธ์ิของจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวทิ ยาลยั Thesis Title CAMBODIAN MIGRANTS’ SOCIAL PROTECTION, LOCAL INTEGRATION AND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES IN THE THAI BORDER VILLAGES OF KHOK SUNG, SA KAEO PROVINCE By Phra Kimpicheth Chhon Field of Study International Development Studies Thesis Advisor Professor Supang Chantavanich, Ph.D. Accepted by the Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master's Degree Dean of the Faculty of Political Science (Associate Professor Ake Tangsupvattana, Ph.D.) THESIS COMMITTEE Chairman (Assistant Professor Jakkrit Sangkhamanee, Ph.D.) Thesis Advisor (Professor Supang Chantavanich, Ph.D.) External Examiner (Thanida Boonwanno, Ph.D.) iv กิมพิเชษฐ์ ชอน : การคุม้ ครองทางสังคมผูอ้ พยพชาวกมั พูชา การปรับตวั ร่วมกบั ทอ้ งถ่ิน และ หลากหลายมิติแห่งเขตแดนในหมูบ่ า้ นชายแดนไทย อาเภอโคกสูง จงั หวดั สระแกว้ (CAMBODIAN THAI ABST RACT MIGRANTS’ SOCIAL PROTECTION, LOCAL INTEGRATION AND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES IN THE THAI BORDER VILLAGES OF KHOK SUNG, SA KAEO PROVINCE) อ.ที่ปรึกษาวิทยานิพนธ์หลัก: ศ. ดร.สุภางค์ จันทวานิช{, 119 หน้า. งานวิจยั น้ีออกแบบเพื่อศึกษาการปรับตวั ร่วมกบั ทอ้ งถ่ิน และการคุ้มครองทางสังคมของผู้อพยพชาว กมั พูชาในหมู่บา้ นชายแดนไทย อาเภอโคกสูง จงั หวดั สระแกว้ ชาวกมั พูชาที่อาศยั อยสู่ ามารถแบ่งงออกไดส้ าม กลุม่ ดว้ ยกนั คือ อดีตผู้อพยพจากภัยสงครามเขมรแดง ผสู้ มรสกบั ไทย และแรงงาน โดยเน้นการศึกษาเรื่องกระบวนการเจรจาต่อรองในหลากหลายมิติแห่งเขตแดนทางกายภาพ ทาง สังคม และทางกฎหมายของผอู้ พยพเพื่อใหเ้ ห็นวา่ การปรับตวั ร่วมกบั ทอ้ งถ่ินมีนยั สา คญั ก่อให้เกิดการยอมรับจาก ชุมชน และเป็นปัจจยั นา ไปสู่การคุม้ ครองทางสงั คมไดอ้ ยา่ งไร เพื่อให้ภาพแบบองค์รวม งานวิจัยจึงครอบคลุมไป ถึงสาเหตุและปัจจยั ที่มีผลตอ่ การตดั สินใจเลือกพ้ืนที่ในการต้งั ถ่ินฐานใหม่ในหมู่บา้ นชายแดนไทยอา เภอโคกสูง ประกอบด้วยปัจจัยทางภูมิศาสตร์ ประวัติศาสตร์ และลกั ษณะความสมั พนั ธ์ทางกลุม่ ชาติพนั ธุ์ การวิจยั ในคร้ังน้ีโดยอาศยั วิธีการเชิงคุณภาพที่มีผูเ้ ขา้ ร่วมให้การสัมภาษณ์มากกวา่ หน่ึงร้อยคน และ ประยกุ ตใ์ ชก้ บั การสงั เกตการแบบไมม่ ีส่วนร่วมในหกหมูบ่ า้ นชายแดนไทย เพื่อศึกษาวิถีชีวิต สารวจความคิดเห็น และทศั นคติจากผอู้ พยพชาวกมั พชู าและชาวบา้ นเพื่อนา ไปสู่การวิเคราะห์หาองคป์ ระกอบการคุม้ ครองทางสังคม ที่มีอย ู่ และข้อจา กดั ระหวา่ งชุมชนและภาครัฐในฐานะเป็นผใู้ ห ้ จากศึกษาพบวา่ กระบวนการการปรับตวั ร่วมกบั ทอ้ งถ่ินของผอู้ พยพส่วนใหญม่ ีผลมาจากความสา พนั ธุ์ ระหวา่ งกลุ่มชาติพนั ธุ์เดียวกนั ในหมู่บา้ นชายแดนไทยกมั พูชา รวมถึงการสมรสระหวา่ งผูอ้ พยพและชาวบา้ นใน พ้ืนที่เป็นตวั ช่วยสร้างเครือข่ายสนบั สนุนในขณะที่อาศยั อยใู่ นหมูบ่ า้ นไทย ปัจจยั เหล่าน้ีทา ให้ผูอ้ พยพชาวกมั พูชา อาจไม่ไดถ้ ูกมองในแง่ลบจากชาวบา้ นในพ้ืนที่เหมือนกบั แรงานต่างดา้ วทว่ั ไป ในทางตรงกนั ขา้ มพวกเขาไดร้ ับ การยอมรับเช่นเดียวกบั สมาชิกในหมูบ่ า้ นโดยเปิดโอกาสให้เขา้ ถึงสวสั ดิการและประกนั สังคมภายใต้การบริหาร จัดการของชุมชน ส่วนจากภาครัฐน้นั มีขอ้ กา จดั โดยสถานภาพทางกฎหมายของผอู้ พยพเป็นอุปสรรคตอ่ การเขา้ ถึง สิทธิในการได้รับการคุ้มครองทางสังคม ซ่ึงดูเหมือนวา่ ขอ้ จา กดั ที่แตกต่างระหวา่ งชุมชนและรัฐสามรถช่วย สนับสนุนบางบทบาทที่ขาดไปของอีกฝ่ายได้ สาขาวิชา การพฒั นาระหวา่ งประเทศ ลายมือชื่อนิสิต ปีการศึกษา 2557 ลายมือชื่อ อ.ที่ปรึกษาหลัก v # # 5781202824 : MAJOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES KEYWORDS: ENGLISH ABST RACT KIMPICHETH CHHON: CAMBODIAN MIGRANTS’ SOCIAL PROTECTION, LOCAL INTEGRATION AND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES IN THE THAI BORDER VILLAGES OF KHOK SUNG, SA KAEO PROVINCE. ADVISOR: PROF. SUPANG CHANTAVANICH, Ph.D. {, 119 pp. This thesis is designed to examine the local integration and social protection for Cambodian migrants in the Thai border villages of Khok Sung district, Sa Kaeo province. Cambodian migrants can be divided into three groups: former refugees, intermarriage migrants and current migrant workers. Much attention is paid to the migrants’ negotiation the multiple boundaries of physical, social and legal in order to see how local integration and local acceptance are met and transformed into social protection. In order to see the phenomenon from the inclusive view points, this study also covers the causes of the migration flow into the preferred destination in which links to the geographic, historical and demographic conditions of ethnic relations between Thai-Cambodian borders’ population. The research methods draw upon extensive interview with more than one hundreds interviewees and key informants and also apply with ethnographical technique of non-participant observation. I visited the migrants and local people with different villages, seeing their livelihoods, attitudes and perceptions from migrants and local citizens to find out the different limitations of existing social protection items for migrants from local collective practice and state based mechanism. This study reveals that migrants’ settlement and local integration process are strongly influenced by ethnic and intermarriage relations between Cambodian migrants and host citizens in Khok Sung district. These conditions provide the migrants with the networks as supporting systems and the sympathizers in the receiving society. The migrants seem to be recognized by the local villagers or by themselves as the members of host community in a different way than what outsiders would imagine so-called migrants and aliens. They are totally included into community welfare and insurance programs except only what are so called legal barriers and selective included by state based mechanism into social protection schemes. Therefore, it seems that the differences of existing social protection items from the community and the state can eventually able to supplement some roles during the absence of one another. Field of Study: International Development Student's Signature Studies Advisor's Signature Academic Year: 2014 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would to like to first press my deep gratitude to my thesis supervisor Professor Supang Chantavanich for her endless support and guidance with useful and helpful suggestions until my thesis has been brought to the completion. I would also like to thank my thesis committee members, Assistance Professor Dr. Jakkrit Sangkhamanee and Dr. Thanida Boonwanno for constructive comments and suggestions that make this thesis done in an appropriate way. I wish to thank the Director of Master of Arts in International Development Studies Program (MAIDS), Assistance Professor Dr. Naruemon Thabchumpon and all professors and staff of the Chulalarlongkorn University who always provide lessons, knowledge, and assistance during the period of my study at the University. I am in debt to the Consortium of Development Studies in Southeast Asia (CDSSEA) for a full scholarship if without this scholarship my hope and dream never become true. A special thanks to Marisa Autayapong and her colleagues from Nutrition Department of Chularlongkorn Kindergarten School who always support me with food during full courses of my study. I would also like to thank all of my classmates from MAIDS program for being good friends and inspired me to learn a lot of things from all of them. Last of but not least, I would like to express appreciation to my beloved mom who gives me life, faith, hope and inspiration to never give up and say no of challenges I face throughout my life. She stands behind my success and always gives strong support when I need help. This thesis is dedicated to you. CONTENTS Page THAI ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv ENGLISH ABSTRACT................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... vi CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. x List of Figures ............................................................................................................... xi List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Question ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Sub-questions ............................................................................................. 3 1.3. Objectives ........................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Terminology Used .............................................................................................
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