Tesis Dirigida Por Gabriel Perezzan Pardo

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Tesis Dirigida Por Gabriel Perezzan Pardo Estudio sobre animación televisiva estadounidense (1960-2019): El poder de las sitcom. Claves sociales y culturales de su evolución Tesis dirigida por Gabriel Perezzan Pardo FACULTAD DE BELLAS ARTES DE CUENCA, DEPARTAMENTO DE ARTE UNIVERSIDAD DE CASTILLA-LA MANCHA CAROLINA FRANCISCA DELAMORCLAZ RUIZ 1 Índice 1. Introducción ............................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Historia y desarrollo de las series de animación ............................................... 7 1.2. La evolución de las series animadas: de las sitcom familiares a las obras milénicas 8 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 13 2.1. History and development of the series of animation .............................................. 13 2.2. The evolution of the animated series: from the familiar sitcom to the millennial works 14 3. Metodología de la tesis .......................................................................................... 18 3.1. Introducción a la metodología de la tesis ................................................................ 18 3.2. Delimitación del estado de la cuestión ..................................................................... 19 3.3. Marco metodológico: el porqué de la elección de los sistemas de investigación inductivo y etnográfico.......................................................................................................... 21 3.4. Trabajo de campo y el uso de metodologías específicas para la validación de fuentes recabadas en la red .................................................................................................. 22 3.5. Estado de la cuestión ................................................................................................. 25 3.5.1. Fases del estado de la cuestión.......................................................................... 25 3.6. Perspectivas y aplicaciones didácticas dentro de las TIC ...................................... 26 3.7. Marco teórico e histórico .......................................................................................... 27 4. Evolución de las sitcom familiares animadas a través del tiempo..................... 34 4.1. Las sitcom animadas: De Pebbles Picapiedra a Stewie Griffin ............................. 34 4.1.1. Los Picapiedra, ¿Sitcom familiar o parejas con hijos? ....................................... 36 4.1.2. Los Simpson, la compleja relación entre padres e hijos ..................................... 41 4.1.3. Padre de familia; la no familia y los falsos niños ................................................. 47 4.1.4. ¿Cuándo se convirtió el niño en personaje? De ser parte de la decoración a convertirse en un mini adulto ............................................................................................... 49 4.2. El paisaje sublime de Gravity Falls .......................................................................... 51 4.2.1. Gravity Falls, título de crédito como carta de presentación. .......................... 51 4.2.2. Los abetos Douglas como icono de un género ................................................. 52 4.2.3. Los personajes; evocaciones de un pasado cercano ........................................ 54 4.2.4. La fauna folclórica de Gravity Falls ................................................................. 57 4.2.5. Lo sublime y el folclore contemporáneo como pilares de Gravity Falls ........ 59 Parte II: perspectiva social y cultural a través de las series animadas .................... 62 5. La animación como herramienta multicultural y su impacto social ................ 63 2 5.1. Los Picapiedra, la primera familia de clase media americana. Irrupción y hegemonía caucásica ............................................................................................................. 64 5.2. Primeras representaciones étnicas. De la segregación a la representación multicultural en la animación .............................................................................................. 67 5.3. Rick y Morty, el multiculturalismo extraterrestre .................................................. 71 5.4. De Los Picapiedra a Rick y Morty: Camino hacia el multiculturalismo con mucho humor 74 6. Feminismo en la animación: del ama de casa al personaje intersexual ........... 77 6.1. Mercantilización del personaje femenino ................................................................ 78 6.2. Wait Till Your Father Gets Home, el camino hacia la emancipación ..................... 81 6.3. Marge Simpson, el ama de casa pluriempleada ...................................................... 87 6.4. Sailor Moon: La expansión global de los arquetipos de Naoko Takeuchi ............ 94 6.5. La introducción del LGBTI en la animación y nuevos modelos de familia ....... 107 6.5.1. El caso de Steven Universe .............................................................................. 113 6.5.2. El caso de Lars ................................................................................................. 113 6.5.3. Steven y el rupturismo con lo normativo y patriarcal ................................. 121 6.6. De Los Picapiedra a Steven Universe ...................................................................... 123 7. Los conflictos bélicos en la animación ............................................................... 133 7.1. Polarización ideológica; la hamburguesa capitalista y la ensalada comunista .. 133 7.2. Avatar: Los niños en los conflictos bélicos ............................................................. 137 7.3. Las sitcom y la propaganda bélica ......................................................................... 149 7.4. Los Simpson (el antes y el durante del conflicto) .................................................. 152 7.5. Padre de familia: después de la guerra .............................................................. 162 7.6. Evolución de la guerra y la animación .................................................................. 166 8. Conclusiones ........................................................................................................ 170 8.1. Primera etapa (1960-1973): la familia tradicional y los roles económicos en el American Dream .................................................................................................................. 171 8.2. Segunda etapa (1974-1988): La transición televisiva ........................................... 175 8.3. Tercera etapa (1989-2009): Nacimiento y consolidación de la sitcom satírica ... 178 8.4. Cuarta etapa (2010-2019): La animación milénica .............................................. 180 8.5. Conclusiones generales: percepción y reacción por parte del público ............... 182 9.1. First stage (1960-1973): the traditional family and economic roles in the American Dream ................................................................................................................. 185 9.2. Second stage (1974-1988): The television transition............................................. 188 9.3. Third stage (1989-2009): Birth and consolidation of the satirical sitcom .......... 192 9.4. Fourth stage (2010-2019): Millennial animation .................................................. 194 3 9.5. General conclusions: public perception and reaction .......................................... 196 Glosario ....................................................................................................................... 198 10. Bibliografía fundamental: ............................................................................... 203 Martínez González, M. (2007). Jóvenes y Feminismo: ¿hacia un feminismo de la “subversión”? Inguruak: Soziologia Eta Zientzia Politikoaren Euskal Aldizkaria = Revista Vasca de Sociología y Ciencia Política, (43), 97. Extraído de: https://www.academia.edu/2335212/Jóvenes_y_Feminismo_hacia_un_feminismo_de_la_s ubversión_Youngs_and_Feminism_Towards_a_Feminism_of_Subversion_ ....................... 204 10.1. Bibliografía consultada ....................................................................................... 206 10.2. Filmografía ................................................................................................... 213 10.3. Índice de figuras .................................................................................................. 219 11. Anexo primero: Estancia doctoral en Dinamarca ........................................ 222 11.1. Ciclo de entrevistas y experiencia durante la estancia de doctorado internacional en The Animation Workshop ............................................................. 222 12. Anexo segundo: Prácticas docentes en la Escuela de Artes Pedro Almodóvar. 231 12.1. Perspectivas y aplicaciones didácticas dentro de las TIC ........................ 231 4 Agradecimientos A Gabriel Perezzan, director y tutor de esta tesis, por su paciencia y sus consejos. A todas esas personas que creyeron en este trabajo y permitieron su difusión en publicaciones y conferencias, por todas sus críticas constructivas con las que este texto se fue limando y definiendo. Al departamento Centre for Education and Animation y la universidad a la que pertenece, The Animation Workshop (VIA University College, Viborg: Dinamarca). Gracias a su invitación se pudo realizar la estancia internacional de doctorado. A mi familia: a mi madre, padre, hermano y abuela. A mi compañero, mi pareja, mi
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