Menopon Picicola: a New Junior Synonym of Menacanthus Pici (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Menoponidae)

Zootaxa 4915 (1): 148–150 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Correspondence ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4915.1.11 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B6E4B8EC-AB85-4A15-A2B9-1DDB8275799A

Menopon picicola: a new junior synonym of Menacanthus pici (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Menoponidae)

RICARDO L. PALMA1 & TERRY D. GALLOWAY2 1Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand. 2Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0124-8601 1Corresponding author. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-384X

Packard (1873) described Menopon picicola as a new species, based on ten lice taken from two species of woodpeckers of the genus Picoides—P. arcticus (Swainson, 1832) and P. dorsalis Baird, 1858—collected in Wyoming, U.S.A. in August 1872. Considering that (1) Packard (1873) neither designated a holotype nor a single type host, (2) his type material is most likely lost, and (3) no additional lice from either of those two species of Picoides have been reported in the literature, the taxonomic status of Menopon picicola has not been confirmed. Based on the albeit brief original description of Menopon picicola, most subsequent authors from the mid-20th cen- tury agreed that this louse species should be placed in the genus Menacanthus Neumann, 1912, because there were no re- cords of Menopon from Piciformes, and considered it as a valid taxon. However, Złotorzycka (1965) placed M. picicola in the genus Picacanthus Eichler, 1953—a genus now widely regarded as a junior synonym of Menacanthus—and restricted its type host to the species Picoides arcticus, but without examining any material. Therefore, as no proper description or material from either of the original hosts were available, Price & Emerson (1975) regarded Menopon picicola as a nomen dubium (see Synonymy below). We collected seven lice from two specimens of black-backed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus, which we have identi- fied as Menacanthus pici (Denny, 1842) based on the diagnostic features used by Price & Emerson (1975) to separate the species of Menacanthus known from woodpeckers. These features are: size of head ventral spines, number of gular setae, area of gular pigmentation, number of long marginal pronotal and metanotal setae, number of tergal and sternal setae, presence or absence of stout marginal pleural setae, morphology of the male genitalia, and shape and chaetotaxy of the female subgenital plate. We have compared these diagnostic features of our samples of Menacanthus from Picoides arcticus with authenticated specimens of Menacanthus pici from the yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus, 1766), the northern flicker, Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), the hairy woodpecker, Leuconotopicus villosus (Linnaeus, 1766), and the pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus, 1758), all from Manitoba. Considering that we have not found any significant morphological difference among all these samples that would justify the recognition of M. picicola as a distinct species from M. pici, here we demote Menacanthus picicola to the status of subjective junior synonym of M. pici. Also, we designate a neotype for M. picicola (see below).

Synonymy This synonymy refers to Menopon picicola only. A complete list of other junior synonyms of Menacanthus pici is given by Price & Emerson (1975).

Menacanthus pici (Denny, 1842) Menopon pici Denny, 1842: 200, 219, pl. 20: fig. 5. Type host: Picus viridis Linnaeus, 1758. Menopon picicola Packard, 1873: 731, fig. 58. New synonymy Type hosts: Picoides arcticus (Swainson, 1832) and Picoides dorsalis Baird, 1858. Menopon picicola Packard, 1873; Harrison 1916: 43. Menacanthus pici (Denny, 1842); Hopkins & Clay 1952: 214.

148 Accepted by J. Weckstein: 18 Dec. 2020; published: 20 Jan. 2021 Menacanthus picicola (Packard, 1873); Hopkins & Clay 1952: 214. Picacanthus pici (Denny, 1842); Złotorzycka 1965: 56. Picacanthus picicola (Packard, 1873); Złotorzycka 1965: 56. Type host restriction. Type host: Picoides arcticus (Swainson, 1832). Menopon picicola Packard, 1873; Price & Emerson 1975: 784. Nomen dubium. Menacanthus picicola (Packard, 1873); Price et al. 2003: 124. Type hosts: Picoides arcticus (Swainson, 1832) and Picoides tridactylus dorsalis Baird, 1858.

Designation of a neotype Price & Emerson (1975) failed to obtain any specimens of Menacanthus picicola, and our search in several louse collec- tions held in the U.S.A., Canada and Europe also failed to locate any of the syntypes of M. picicola, which are now pre- sumed lost. Emerson (1948) also regarded as lost the type of another species described by Packard (1873), and designated a neotype for it. Since Packard (1873) did not designate a holotype of M. picicola and his material originated from two host species, it is advisable to designate a neotype for M. picicola to confirm its correct taxonomic status and restrict the identity of its type host. Although Złotorzycka (1965) restricted the type host to Picoides arcticus, she did not examine any specimens to justify such designation, which was not subsequently accepted by Price et al. (2003). It is highly prob- able the lice observed by Packard (1873) are the same species as those we record in the present study. Only the downy woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens (Linnaeus, 1766), is known to be infested by more than one species of Menacanthus in addition to M. pici, that being Menacanthus eurysternus (Burmeister, 1838) (see Price et al. 2003). Price (1975) regarded infestations of M. eurysternus on hosts other than Passeriformes likely to be accidental or the result of straggling, with the exception of infestations on African barbets, Lybius spp. (Piciformes: Picidae). Therefore, here we designate as the neotype of “Menopon picicola Packard, 1873” a slide-mounted male (together on a slide with a female) from a specimen of Picoides arcticus from Selkirk, Manitoba, 23 Sep. 2018, BBWO/1660/CEN/18, collected by T.D. Galloway. The host was obtained from the Wildlife Haven, Manitoba Wildlife Rehabilitation Organiza- tion. The morphology of the neotype agrees with that of males of M. pici in the diagnostic features. The neotype of M. picicola is deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes (CNC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, located at the Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Additional specimens are designated as neoparatypes (see below). The concept of Menacanthus pici is currently applied to many louse populations living on different woodpecker species (Price et al. 2003), with some of those populations described and named as different taxa (Price & Emerson 1975). Based on examination of CO1 extracted from M. pici infesting two species of woodpeckers, using primers LCO1490 and HCO2198, Galloway & Lamb (2016) suggested that M. pici is probably a species complex requiring revision (GenBank accession numbers: SUB8461646 Seq1 MW265680, M. pici from Colaptes auritus; SUB8461646 Seq2 MW265681, M. pici from Sphyrapicus varius). We agree with that statement and believe a systematic molecular and morphological analy- sis of Menacanthus from many woodpecker species is needed to elucidate the taxonomy of this group of lice.

Material examined Menacanthus pici (Denny, 1842) Ex Sphyrapicus varius—yellow-bellied sapsucker: 1♂, 1♀, Winnipeg, 9 Oct. 2001, T.D. Galloway/D. Holder, YBSA/1475/CEN/01; 5♂, 5♀, Glenlea, 13 Oct. 2001, T.D. Galloway/D. Holder, YBSA/1542/CEN/01; 3♂, 3♀, Win- nipeg, 3 Oct. 2002, T.D. Galloway/D. Holder, YBSA/1412/CEN/02; 2♂, 2♀, Winnipeg, 27 Apr. 2003, T.D. Galloway/D. Holder, YBSA/139/CEN/03; 3♂, 3♀, Winnipeg, 27 Apr. 2003, T.D. Galloway/D. Holder, YBSA/184/CEN/03; 3♂, 3♀, Winnipeg, 29 Apr. 2003, T.D. Galloway/D. Holder, YBSA/150/CEN/03; 4♂, 4♀, Winnipeg, 29 Apr. 2003, T.D. Gallo- way/D. Holder, YBSA/-/CEN/03; 2♀, Winnipeg, 12 May 2003, T.D. Galloway/D. Holder, YBSA/194/CEN/03; 2♂, 2♀, Winnipeg, 22 Apr. 2004, T.D. Galloway/R. Gnanapragasam, YBSA/177/CEN/04; 1♂, 1♀, Brandon, 25 Sep. 2014, T.D. Galloway, YBSA/1053/CEN/14. Ex Leuconotopicus villosus—hairy woodpecker: 2♂, 2♀, Winnipeg, 25 Oct. 1995, T.D. Galloway, HAWO/1178/ CEN/95; 2♂, 2♀, Ste. Anne, 3 Dec. 1996, Manitoba Natural Resources, T.D. Galloway/L.M. Babey; 2♂, 2♀, Gimli, 17 Dec. 1997, T.D. Galloway, HAWO/1210/CEN/97; 2♂, 2♀, Kleefeld, 2 Feb. 2003, T.D. Galloway/D/ Holder, HAWO/8/ CEN/03. Ex Dryocopus pileatus—pileated woodpecker: 3♂, 3♀, Winnipeg, 28 Feb. 2004, T.D. Galloway/C. Ryckman. a new junior synonym of Menacanthus pici Zootaxa 4915 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 149 Ex Colaptes auratus—northern flicker: 3♂, 3♀, Winnipeg, 8 May 2003, T.D. Galloway/D. Holder, NOFL/205/CEN/03. Ex Picoides arcticus (Swainson, 1832)—black-backed woodpecker: Neotype ♂ of Menopon picicola, Selkirk, Manitoba, 23 Sep. 2018, T.D. Galloway, BBWO/1660/CEN/18. Neoparatypes: 1♂, 2♀, same collection data as the neotype; 3♀, High Lake, Manitoba, 27 Jun. 2018, [window strike], T.D. Galloway. All specimens are deposited in the J.B. Wallis/R.E. Roughley Museum of Entomology, Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2, and in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongare- wa, Wellington, New Zealand.

Acknowledgements We thank: the staff at the Wildlife Haven for the care they exercised in providing the black-backed woodpecker from Sel- kirk and other birds for this study; Craig and John Christie for providing the bird from High Lake; Christopher C. Grinter, (The California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.), Charlie Konemann, (K.C. Emerson Entomology Museum, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, U.S.A.), Crystal Maier (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.), and Gregory Zolnerowich (Kansas State Museum of Entomology and Prairie Arthropod Research, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.) for searching the types of M. picicola, albeit without success. Also, we thank Leanne E. Peixoto (Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark) for generating the CO1 data referenced in this paper, Mahmood Iran- pour (National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) for uploading the sequence files to GenBank, Daniel R. Gustafsson (Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China) for his review of the first draft of this paper, one anonymous reviewer, and the many people who as- sisted in washing birds to obtain samples of lice.

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