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Page 1 of 201 MASORETE scribeS – vernacular versions – semantic error by David L. Burris Page 2 of 201 Page 3 of 201 Page 4 of 201 Page 5 of 201 Page 6 of 201 Page 7 of 201 Page 8 of 201 Page 9 of 201 Page 10 of 201 Page 11 of 201 Page 12 of 201 Page 13 of 201 Does the Hebrew Masoretic text underlying the KJV have any errors? Contents 1. 1 The Masoretic Text 2. 2 Masoretic Readings Defended 1. 2.1 No Copyist Errors 2. 2.2 No Numerical Contradictions 3. 2.3 No Missing Words 4. 2.4 Not Inferior to the Dead Sea Scrolls 5. 2.5 Not Inferior to the Septuagint The Masoretic Text The Hebrew text underlying the KJV is reliable and does not have any demonstrable error. By God’s grace and providence there are not as many variant readings among the Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts as there are among the Greek New Testament manuscripts. Most of the variants concern pronunciations which do not affect translation. Many believe that the KJV is based on the Hebrew Masoretic text of the Second Rabbinic Bible, edited by Jacob Ben Chayyim and printed by Daniel Bomberg in 1525. However, the KJV appeared to follow the First Rabbinic Bible, edited by Felix Pratensis in 1517-1518, as this first edition includes Joshua 21:36-37 and Nehemiah 7:68 whereas the second edition omits these verses. Except for these two passages, the KJV appeared to follow the Ben Chayyim text. Many recent versions of the Bible are based on the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, the third edition of the Masoretic text edited by Rudolph Kittel. There are eight places where differences between the two texts (the Ben Chayyim and the Rudolph Kittel) affect translation – they are: 1 Kings 20:38, Proverbs 8:16, Isaiah 10:16, Isaiah 27:2, Isaiah 38:14, Ezekiel 30:18, Zephaniah 3:15, and Malachi 1:12. Page 14 of 201 Verse Ben Chayyim Rudolph Kittel 1 Kings 20:38 “ashes upon his face” “bandage over his eyes” Proverbs 8:16 “all the judges of the earth” “all who judge rightly” Isaiah 10:16 “Lord” “LORD” Isaiah 27:2 “vineyard of red wine” “pleasant vineyard” Isaiah 38:14 “LORD” “Lord” Ezekiel 30:18 “Be darkened” “Be held back” Zephaniah 3:15 “see evil” “fear evil” Malachi 1:12 “table of the LORD” “table of the Lord” With only eight significant variants between the Jacob Ben Chayyim and the Rudolph Kittel editions, the Hebrew texts underlying the KJV and modern translations are fairly similar. However, modern textual critics believe that some verses in the Bible are erroneous in all editions of the Masoretic text. These critics believe that a Bible translation must consult the Masoretic text as well as other ancient witnesses such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, Samaritan Pentateuch, Aramaic Targum, Septuagint, and the Latin Vulgate. The prefaces of some of the leading translations have the following to say about the translators' view of a deficient Masoretic text: NIV: “The translators also consulted the more important early versions – the Septuagint; Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion; the Vulgate; the Syriac Peshitta; the Targums; and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome. Readings from these versions were occasionally followed where the Masoretic Text seemed doubtful and where accepted principles of textual criticism showed that one or more of these textual witnesses appeared to provide the correct reading.” ESV: “In exceptional, difficult cases, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Septuagint, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Syriac Peshitta, the Latin Vulgate, and other sources were consulted to shed possible light on the text, or if necessary, to support a divergence from the Masoretic text.” NASB: “In the present translation the latest edition of Rudolf Kittel’s Biblia Hebraica has been employed together with the most recent light from lexicography, cognate languages, and the Dead Sea Scrolls” (The NASB then lists these witnesses of cognate languages under its Abbreviations page: Aramaic, Septuagint, Latin, Syriac)" Page 15 of 201 These scholars consult these other sources because they believe that some passages are corrupt in all editions of the Hebrew text. For more on this, please read: Question: Aren't some Textus Receptus readings based on little or no Greek manuscript evidence?. A careful study, however, will reveal that the Masoretic readings underlying the KJV are demonstrably inerrant. Masoretic Readings Defended No Copyist Errors The following are supposed copyist errors in the Masoretic text. Each link will take you to a separate page describing why there is no error in the Masoretic text: ▪ Leviticus 20:10 Does the Masoretic text erroneously repeat a line? ▪ 1 Samuel 6:19 Did God slay "50,070" or "70" men? ▪ 2 Samuel 8:4 700, 7,000 or 1,700 horsemen? ▪ 2 Samuel 15:7 "Forty years" or "Four years"? ▪ 2 Samuel 24:13 “Seven years” or “Three years”? ▪ 1 Kings 4:26 “40,000” or “4,000”? ▪ 2 Chronicles 22:2 “Forty and two years old” or “Twenty-two years old”? ▪ 2 Chronicles 36:9 “Eight years old” or “Eighteen years old”? ▪ Psalm 22:16 "They pierced" or "Like a lion"? ▪ Isaiah 9:3 "Not increased the joy" or "Increased the joy"? No Numerical Contradictions The following are alleged numerical contradictions in the Masoretic text, in addition to those in 1 Samuel 6:19, 2 Samuel 8:4, 2 Samuel 15:7, 2 Samuel 24:13, 1 Kings 4:26, 2 Chronicles 22:2, 2 Chronicles 36:9 noted above. The following alleged contradictions generally appear even in versions other than the KJV: ▪ 2 Samuel 10:18 and 1 Chronicles 19:18 "700" or "7000" of the Syrians? ▪ 1 Kings 7:15 and 2 Chronicles 3:15 Were Solomon's pillars "18 cubits high" or "35 cubits high"? ▪ 1 Kings 7:26 and 2 Chronicles 4:5 "2000" or "3000" baths? ▪ 1 Kings 9:28 and 2 Chronicles 8:18 "420" or "450" talents of gold? ▪ 2 Kings 15:30 and 2 Kings 15:33 How many years did Jotham reign? Page 16 of 201 No Missing Words The following are places where the Masoretic text supposedly is missing some words. Each link will take you to a separate page describing why there are no missing words in the Masoretic text: ▪ Genesis 4:8 "Let us go into the field." ▪ Joshua 21:36-37 "And out of the tribe of Reuben, Bezer with her suburbs, and Jahazah with her suburbs, Kedemoth with her suburbs, and Mephaath with her suburbs; four cities." ▪ 1 Samuel 13:1 “One year” or “[missing number]”? (How old was Saul when he began to reign?) ▪ Nehemiah 7:68 "Their horses, seven hundred thirty and six: their mules, two hundred forty and five:" ▪ Psalm 145:13 "The LORD is faithful in all his words and kind in all his works." Not Inferior to the Dead Sea Scrolls The following is a place where critics believe that the Dead Sea Scrolls provide a better reading. The link will take you to a separate page describing why the Masoretic text reading is good: ▪ Deuteronomy 32:8 "Sons of Israel" or "Sons of God"? ▪ Isaiah 49:12 “Sinim” or “Syrene/Aswan”? Not Inferior to the Septuagint The following is a place where critics believe that Jesus preferred the Septuagint reading over the Masoretic text reading. The link will take you to a separate page describing why Jesus was not preferring the Septuagint reading over the Masoretic text reading: ▪ Luke 4:18-19 The following is a place where critics believe that the New Testament author preferred the Septuagint reading over the Masoretic text reading. The link will take you to a separate page describing why the author was not preferring the Septuagint reading over the Masoretic text reading: ▪ Luke 3:36 Conclusion Having considered the above, there is no reason to question the reliability of the Hebrew text underlying the KJV. – KJV Today Page 17 of 201 Page 18 of 201 Part_Two Page 19 of 201 Page 20 of 201 Page 21 of 201 Page 22 of 201 Page 23 of 201 Page 24 of 201 Page 25 of 201 Page 26 of 201 Page 27 of 201 THE GENEVAN VERSIONS 1. Events from 1541–1557. 2. Whittingham’s Testament of 1557. 3. The Genevan Bible of 1560. 4. Marginal Notes. 5. Popularity of the Genevan Bible. 6. The Bassandyne Bible. § 1. Events from 1541–1557. — For some years after the publication of the Great Bible there was a time of suspense in the external history of our English Bible. No new versions appeared, a proposed revision by the Bishops falling through, owing to Gardiner’s pressing the retention of so many Latin words in the text that it would have been practically unintelligible. Nor, which is far more serious, were the older versions left undisturbed. In 1543 Parliament passed an Act for the “Advancement of True Religion,” in which all books of Tindale’s translation were “clearly and utterly abolished and extinguished, and forbidden to be kept or used”; and no one belonging to the class of apprentices, servants, husbandmen, or labourers was permitted to read the Old or New Testament at all either in public or in private. The reason for such an absurd enactment it is difficult now to understand, but it doubtless arose out of King Henry’s complaint that the book was “disputed, rhymed, sung & jangled in every alehouse & tavern, contrary to the true meaning and doctrine of the same.” Three years later the proscription was extended in still more rigorous terms to the writings of Wycliffe, Coverdale, and many others, so that practically only the Great Bible was left.
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