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A Portrait of Christ the Hero in the Epistle to the Hebrews

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A Portrait of Christ the Hero in the Epistle to the Hebrews Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2012 A Portrait of Christ the Hero in the Epistle to the Hebrews Jeremy Miselbrook Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Miselbrook, Jeremy, "A Portrait of Christ the Hero in the Epistle to the Hebrews" (2012). Dissertations. 422. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/422 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2012 Jeremy Miselbrook LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO A PORTRAIT OF CHRIST THE HERO IN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN THEOLOGY BY JEREMY SCOTT MISELBROOK CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2012 Copyright by Jeremy Miselbrook, 2012 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I live and work in the company of heroes. This dissertation is due largely in part to a number of people and organizations who have served to support my lifetime of learning. For the purpose of this acknowledgment, I would like to mention those whose efforts directly affected the following dissertation, and to offer them my sincere gratitude in helping me achieve this goal. I offer my thanks to the members of the Theology Department at Loyola University Chicago. I would like to acknowledge the valuable guidance of my dissertation director Dr. Thomas Tobin, whose contributions to my studies and writing cannot be overstated. Dr. Robert Di Vito has served both as a committee member and former Program Director during my time with the department—offering aid and encouragement all along the way. Dr. Urban von Wahlde has provided helpful guidance as a teaching mentor and reader. I would also like to give a special thanks to Dr. Wendy Cotter who has aided me in the formation of my topic, and has provided much support as current Program Director. To my colleagues in the Department of Theology, the Graduate School, and the College of Arts and Sciences, I offer my gratitude. In particular, I wish to acknowledge the invaluable help that Catherine Wolf and Marianne Wolfe have provided for every step of the experience at the university. I have an earthly and heavenly host of family and friends who have provided many forms of support over the years. Their good thoughts and kind words have fortified iii my efforts. As they take pride in this achievement, they should know it is their achievement as well. Most importantly, I acknowledge the contribution of my wife and partner of 20 years, Kathleen “Kas” Marie Drysdale Miselbrook. Her sacrifices have been costly. Her willingness to endure this task with me has proven her virtuous character. Her love has been life-changing. I dedicate my dissertation to her. iv For Kas TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 Subject and Research Question 1 Overview of Literature Review 3 Literature Review 3 The Argument for an Archetype in Hebrews 3 Some Prominent Proposed Archetypes 4 The Argument for a Hellenistic Hero Archetype in Hebrews 6 The Next Steps 43 Methodology 43 Chapter Two Overview 43 Chapter Three Overview 49 Chapter Four Overview 53 Chapter Five Overview 54 CHAPTER TWO: ESTABLISHING CHARACTERISTICS FOR HEROIC REFERENCES 58 Introduction 58 Describing the Greco-Roman Hero 59 Classic Description of Greco-Roman Heroes, Heroines, and the Hero-Cult 59 Characteristics for Greco-Roman Heroes Summarized 65 Heracles: The Exemplary Hero 65 Introduction 65 The Widespread Myths of Heracles 69 The Philosophic Literary Portrayals of Heracles 99 Archegos As a Term for “Hero” 116 Primary Descriptions of Archegos 117 Heracles as Archegos 121 Christ as Archegos 122 Archegos as “Hero” in Hebrews 123 Conclusion 124 CHAPTER THREE: HEBREWS 2 AND 11–12 125 Introduction 125 Overview of the Structure and Temporal-Spatial Framework of Hebrews 126 The Structure of Hebrews 126 The Temporal-Spatial Framework in Hebrews 137 The Message of Hebrews 2 140 Introduction 140 vi Hebrews 2:5–9: The Christological Interpretation 144 Hebrews 2:10–18: The Significance of the Incarnation 157 The Message of Hebrews 2 Summarized 179 The Message of Hebrews 11–12 181 Introduction 181 Hebrews 11 182 Hebrews 12 197 The Message of Hebrews 11–12 Summarized 206 Conclusion 207 CHAPTER FOUR: CHRIST AND HERACLES WITHIN THE HEROIC PARADIGM 209 Introduction 209 Christ and Heracles Within the Heroic Paradigm 211 Heroes are Deceased 211 Heroes Have Divine-Royal Parentage 214 Heroes Have Solidarity With Humanity 219 Heroes Perform Supernatural Deeds and Victories 223 Heroes Experience Suffering and Death 231 Heroes Become Objects of Worship 239 Heroes Are Considered Beneficent Forces of Post-Mortem Power 244 Heroes Are Upheld for Their Virtuous Example 250 Conclusion 257 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION: THE HEROIC PORTRAIT OF CHRIST IN HEBREWS 258 Introduction 258 Where the Author of Hebrews Diverges from the Classic Heroic Portrait 258 The Heroic Portrait in Hebrews 2 and 11–12 261 The Significance of Jesus as a Christian Hero 264 Areas for Further Study 266 BIBLIOGRAPHY 270 VITA 286 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BAGD Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker. Greek- English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 2nd ed. Chicago, 1979. BDAG Bauer, W., W. Danker, W.F. Arndt, and F.W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. BDB Brown, F., S.R. Driver, and C.A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1907. BZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CD Damascus Document HAL Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J.J. Stamm. Hebräisches un aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament. Fascilcles 1–5, 1967–95. HALOT Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J.J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited by M.E.J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–99. HRCS Hatch, E. and H.A. Redpath. Concordance to the Septuagint and Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament. 2 vols. Reprint. Grand Rapids, 1983. JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society LSJ Liddell, H. G., R. Scott, and H. S. Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. with revised supplement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. LXX Septuagint MT Masoretic Text NIB The New Interpreter’s Bible viii NIDOTTE W. A. VanGemeren ed. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997. NT New Testament OT Old Testament TDOT G.J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren eds. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Translated by J.T. Williss, G.W. Bromiley, and D.E. Green. 8 vols. Grand Rapids, 2004. TDNT Kittel, Gerhard and Gerhard Friedrich, eds. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Translated by Geoffrey Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964–76. WTJ Westminster Theological Journal ix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Introduction Subject and Research Question The Epistle to the Hebrews has been noted as one of the most intricate documents of the NT. The author artistically employs a multiplicity of well-known images and ideas which resonate with his audience while simultaneously exemplifying Christ as the paragon of these images. The provenance of these images which appear in Hebrews has long been a subject of scholarship. The most prevalent proposed backgrounds in scholarship have been Judaism, Hellenism, Gnosticism and various combinations thereof (with ancient authors such as Philo being dominant in most cases). Additionally, the sources discovered at Qumran aid in the study of figures such as Melchizedek. The author of Hebrews presents a portrait of Christ that places him in relation to other figures known to his audience. The author places Christ alongside those characters and uses them to convey his intricate Christology. The author of Hebrews, however, artistically utilizes references to archetypes and ideas commonly known to his audience without fully explaining or justifying his use of them. By placing Christ in the context of these ideas, the author uses these familiar concepts to show Christ’s superiority. For example, the author fills the epistle with 1 2 references to foundational figures in Jewish history1, cultic practices2, and themes3 that would be most significant to an audience familiar with those references. In every context, the author portrays Christ as the figure who supersedes and/or embodies the greatest fulfillment of the precedent referred to. In a more subtle example, the author utilizes athletic terminology in 12:1–3 that most suitably would have significance to an audience familiar with athletic terminology used in a Greco-Roman stadium.4 In this athletic context, Jesus is portrayed as both the "objective" and "standard" for "endurance" (12:1–2). The author intentionally builds upon the foundations of commonly known references such as these to display a multi-faceted portrayal of Christ. This dissertation will investigate how the author of Hebrews places Christ in the context of Greco-Roman heroic references to portray Christ's superiority over all other heroes. The author uses heroic language and imagery that the audience would have understood to be parallel to the figures, legends, and themes of Hellenistic heroes that were incorporated into Roman mythology. The author uses these heroic references to elucidate the Christology of the epistle and to relate his portrayal of the heroic Christ to the audience.
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