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UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnation Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 SOTERIOLOGIES OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY WITHIN THE INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT OF THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE: BARNABAS AND CLEMENT OF ROME AS CASE STUDIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By ROGER STEVEN EVANS, B.S., MDiv, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1996 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Timothy Gregory Joseph Jynch Ad\fc Nathan Rosenstien Department of HistoV UMI Number: 9620011 UMI Microform 9620011 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 To My Wife Christine ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my sincere thanks to Dr Timothy Gr^ory for his guidance and encouragement through this process. Working with Dr. Gregory on this dissertation has made me a better scholar. I also wish to thank Dr. Joseph Lynch whose insights into the sometimes difficult arguments helped me to clarify my own positions. I want to thank my wife and children for their patience, knowing that whenever I was sitting in front of the computer, I could not be fully present for them. I thank Ted Bartter who has guided my theological growth. And finally Drs. John Kampen and Ed Motschiedler for giving me the time to do this work. m CURRICULUM VITA Name: Roger S. Evans Address: 2945 Princeville Dr., Pickerington, OH 43147 Telephone: Home: (614) 866-4788; Office: (513) 376-2946 ACADEMIC DEGREES: B.A., Columbia Union College, 1976 MDiv., Andrews Theological Seminary, 1979 M.A., The Ohio State University, 1987 Thesis - “The Soteriology of Clement of Rome Within the Intellectual Matrix of the Early Roman Empire.” Ph.D., The Ohio State University, 1996 Dissertation - “Soteriologies of Early Christianity Within the Intellectual Context of the Early Roman Empire: Barnabas and Clement of Rome as Case Studies” Dr. Timothy Gregory, Advisor. MAJOR FIELD: History FIE L D S : I)IIistorical: A) Greek: Classical, Hellenistic B) Roman: Republic, Empire C) Byzantine (through 10th century) D) Medieval E) Reformation F) Development of British Common Law and Growth of Parliament G) Aamerican Church History II) Theological: A) New Testament B) Early Church C) Medieval Church D) Reformation E) American F) African-American Christianity III) Languages: Greek: Classical, Koine. Byzantine IV TEACHING EXPERIENCE: Adjunct Professor of History - Ohio Wesleyan University 1990: Foundations of European History, Medieval Civilization, Introduction to Historical Thought Assistant Professor of Church History - Payne Theological Seminary (A .M .E.) African American Church History American Church History History of Christian Thought History of the Conflict Between Judaism and Christianity Introduction to Ministry Issues of Sexism in the Christian Church North African Theology Through Augustine Seminar in Reformation History Senior Seminar ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES I) Chair: Educational Programs Committee II) Chair: Campus Life Committee. III) Chair: Committee on Minority and Women Issues III) Member: Educational Support Committee IV ) Member: Steering Committee V) Faculty Representative for Payne with the Ohio Council of Churches. V I) Faculty Advisor for one-third of the Payne students. PAPERS: “The Anthropology of St. Augustine.” “A Biblical Theology of Wine.” “Antisemitism in the Writings of the Early Christian Church Fathers.” “A Historiography of 16th Century Anabaptism.” PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS: American Academy of Religion American Historical Association North American Patristic Society American Society of Church Historians REFERENCES: Dr. Timothy Gregory, Professor of History The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 Dr. Jan Hallenback, Professor o f History Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, OH 43015 Dr, John Kampen, Academic Dean Payne Theological Seminary Wilberforce, OH 45384 Dr. Kenneth Strand, Chair Department of Church History Andrews Theological Seminary Berrien Springs, M D 49104 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................... ii ACKNOLWEDEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii VITA ............................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I. Methodological Approach ........................................................................... 9 II. The Use of Zcorfip and ZtorripLa ..................................................................... 16 The Ancient Pagan Writers The Ancient Christian Writers III. The Use of ALKaioowri ................................................................................ 24 The Ancient Pagan Writers Hellenistic Judaism The Septuagint Philo and Josephus The New Testament The Other Apostolic Fathers IV . Possible Intellectual Influences on Barnabas and Clement ...................... 42 Judaism Old Testament First Century C.E. Judaism New Testament Christianity Gnosticism Hellenistic Paganism Stoicism Mystery Religions V. Soteriological Themes in Early Christianity ............................................ 86 The Ped^ogical or Chri st-the-Teacher Model of Salvation The Christus Victor Model of Salvation The Recapitulation Model of Salvation The Platonic Model of Salvation The Reconciliation Model of Salvation C O N C L U S IO N ...........................................................................................................107 CLEMENT OF ROME INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... I l l Chapter VI. The Historical Context of Clement of Rome .........................................114 Authorship V II. Possible Intellectual Influences on Clement ......................................... 118 Judaism Post New Testament Christianity Stoicism V III. The UseofôiKaioaûi/T] in Clement ...................................................... 129 IX . The Use of aipa in Clement .................................................................... 132 Analysis of Chapter 7.4 Analysis of Chapter 21.6 X. The Use of epya in Clement .................................................................... 142 A Comparison of 9.3 and 10.6 A Comparison of 30.3 and 32.3-4 Analysis of Chapter 33.8 Analysis of Chapter 58.2b X I. The Use of Xurpov* in Clement ................................................................ 152 Analysis of 12.7 Analysis of 55.2 Analysis of 59.4 CONCLUSION FOR CLEMENT.......................................................................... 156 BARNABAS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 161 Chapter XII. Historical Context of Barnabas ...........................................................162 Authorship Time of Authorship Place of Authorship The Audience of the Epistle X III. Possible Intellectual Influences on Barnabas ...................................... 185 The Religious Context of Second Century C .E Alexandria The Jewish Population o f Second Century C.E. Alexandria viii X IV . Evidence o f a Jewish Influence in the Epistle .................................... 191 Parallels with the Qumran Community XV. The UseofoiKaLoauini in Barnabas ................................................... 203 Analysis o f 1.6 and 11.7 Analysis o f 4.12 Analysis o f 4.10 Analysis of 5.4 Analysis of 13.7b X V I. The Place of “Works” in Barnabas .................................................. 220 Analysis o f 4.1 Analysis o f 17.1 Analysis of 19.1 X V II. The Use of Xurpov in Barnabas ..........................................................226 Analysis o f 19.10 Analysis o f 14.5,6 /(V lll. The Use of dipa in Barnabas ............................................................ 230