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A Synchronic Analysis of Tagalog Phonemes

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A Synchronic Analysis of Tagalog Phonemes A SYNCHRONIC ANALYSIS OF TAGALOG PHONEMES by FE ALDAVE YAP B.S.E., University of Santo Tomas, 1956 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Classics Division of Linguistics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1967 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that die Library shall make it freely available for reference and study- I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of" this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Classics. Division of Linguistics The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date April. 196? ABSTRACT The title "A Synchronic Analysis of Tagalog Phonemes" as defined in the introduction, is the object of this study.* It attempts to give a purely synchronic description of the phonemic system of the Tagalog language as spoken by the present investi• gator who has made herself the informant for this investigation.1 The purpose is to shape this material into the form of a useful introduction and a sound orientation for students of general linguistics, or linguists interested in the Philippine national language The phonemes of Tagalog are analyzed in terms of the formula:* C U = V D Unit refers to the phoneme.1 There are 21 segmental phonemes in Tagalog.1 They are classified and their patterns are established on the basis of the distinctive features by which they stand in contrast with each other.1 Among consonants there are two main dimensions of phonemic contrast: point of articulation and manner of articulation.^ A further contrast of voice versus breath exists in the stop phonemes only;* The main distinctive features of Tagalog vowels involve two-dimensional contrasts in height and advancement of the tongue.1 There are other, subsidiary, features like lip-rounding, tenseness and laxness of the tongue, length, etc.'1 Such contrasts are here represented by schematic diagrams: *Pike, Unit (U) = Contrast (C), Variation (V) and Distri• bution (D). This information in capsule was explained by Prof.' R.> Roe of the SIL in a seminar at the University of the Philippines in 196k.' iii (i) Tagalog Consonant Pattern (ii) Tagalog Vowel Pattern These phonemes have allophones which are either in com• plementary distribution or in free variation.' The variations of phonemes within given morphemes are here considered to be morphophonemic alternations.' The basic syllable structures of Tagalog are CV and CVC, e.%;?, tubig /tutolg/ 'water'v Tagalog words represented ortho- graphically with a final vowel may end with either /?/ or /h/ which is not reflected in the writing system.*' The two are in contrastive distribution? Thus, bata /b£ta?/ 'child*' vs.; bata /h&tah/ 'bathrobe').N Consonant clusters occur In all positions.1 Initial clusters iv may be summarized in the following formula: C = Consonant C]_C2 = the first and second C C2 = s 1 r w y Ci = t if C2 = s Ci = p b k g if C2 = 1 Cx=pbtdkg ifC2=r C^ = any C except w y if C2 = w or y These clusters may be illustrated in the following examples: tsa /tsah/ 'tea'1, klase /klaseh/ 'class1, diyan /dyan/ 'there', kwento /kwentoh/ 'story'1, etc.*'. Suprasegmentally, Tagalog has three kinds of stress: primary /*'/. secondary /V and weak (unmarked); three levels of pitch: /l/, /2/ and /3/» reading from low to high; and two terminal junctures: "single bar" /|/ and "rising-1 juncture /J7if! Stress plays an important role in Tagalog and it is a distinctive phenomenon which conveys meaning.' Stress is corre• lated with length.) The following pairs of words are distin• guished only by stress or length: baga /b£:ga?/ 'lungs* and baga /ba^gah/ "ember' vs.' baga /bagS':?/ 'abscess' and baga /baga^h/ 'interrogative marker'1.* The scope of this study does not include a detailed present• ation and analysis of Tagalog suprasegmental features.' Many interesting problems concerning the suprasegmental phenomena remain unsolved.^ The solution to these problems is left for later study;i TABLE. OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures or Illustrations .i.y.uV;y.W.i.V^.V.Uy.i.y viii List of Symbols and Abbreviations.^.i.';U^.1^.uli<w:.i.^.5.i.i.^^.1J ix The Tagalog I^guage.^i.^.UU.^ xiii Acknowledgments ;1;y.W.V.VuW«V^^ xix Dedioatlon.'i^.^&Vi^Vito^ xxi , l.i INTRODUCTION^.^.^ 1 l;tl Statement of the Problem.i;t^.^I.^'^.i.';i.^y.^;u'i;^.^l.'.^ 1 1^2 Scope and Organization of the Materials1 1^3 Previous Studies Made on the Subject.^.^^•V^.^.^ 2 lA Sources of Data and Methods of Approach^.y.^^v'^iU 3 l.<5 Definition of Terms Used;t.U^^.^.Uu^l.U^;!.ul.^i1.i.,^;i^^ 5 Z.i The Sounds of Speech s Phonetics.i^.^i.^i.^ij.'ii'.^-.^.i^.i 6 33 Contoids aid VocoldiS^^^jJ^.^^^.^:^^J.^^^^^$^^^ 6 ty;1 Relations Between Phonetics and Phonemics.^.uWiuu! 8 5.1 The Concept of Phoneme;1;<&H.^;U^.-^ 10 6^ Inventory of Tagalog Phonemes;«.ii!.^.i.'.Ul.i.i^.l.^^^.<.ii.v^ 1^ 7.- Segmental Phonemes.'.N;y;'';^;>«^.!^.^ 15 7.1 Cons onant s J .< j J-JU3 J ;y .'I,;f .1 .y ,-f .i ;ri ;t.l.i;< ^ ;•>'. i;i.»;; ;i.1,! f 15 7 JlitL Stops^.1^iy.'.y.^y.V^;W;^ 15 7.U.-2 Nasals^.U.^U.y^.^J.U;^^ 17 7;'1^3 Fricatives ;u$;U^^,V^;^^ 18 7.1^ Laterali;yv.^;U^.i^ 18 7;i^5 Flap^&i&i&W^ 18 vi 7$1*$6 Send vowels ;i;U.iW33iUV^ 19 7^2 VOTels.H.U^.^^^ 21 7;i3 Interpretation of Semivowels^^sy.^JU^^^^iU^;^?^.^ 22 7'-^ Diphthongs^iU'^.^I.^.V^ 23 8.4 Distinctive Features.25 8.0. Consonant Pattenis^.^;*^ 25 8iim Voice versus Volcelessness';^.^^ 26 8iai'2 Point versus Manner of Articulation^.1.*.^.^^^.^^;^ 28 8*2 Tagalog Vowel Patterns^.%^^.^^^;i.^^.!i.i.?.i.^yii.3if;^5.i^ 30 9.1 Contrast, Variation and DistributionSi^ii^^^.'i'.^i^i.i 31 9^1 Contrast 31 9J2 Variation and Distributionil.<Ji!^.^.^.i.^i1il.i.!.!J.^.i^.y 91 9. '2.1 Allophonic Alternation of Consonants .U;<;i;?.UU^ii;l.ij 94 9^2.12 Allphonic Alternation of Vcmels^^.^^;^.wM^i^^ 97 9^22*3 Alternation of Diphthongs^ii.^J;^'^.^.';)^.!.'.';^.^^^^^ 101 Foreign Sounds 102 10 ii PhonotactiGs;^^.y?i.i.U*^ 107 10.1 Syllable StructureS^iW.^.^ 107 10^2 Consonant Clusters (CC) .".!U^.J.U^^.U^.J^^.'1;'i!iUl.i^.^.i;i 109 10.12ill Prevocalic Consonant Clusters (CC-) ^..f.liiwi.ri^iii'i.1.ul 110 10. :2i!2 Intervocalic Consonant Clusters (-CC-)iuVuV.-.'.ViU 124 10.'2.3 Prejunctural Consonant Clusters (-CC) •i'V.V.iii.^.iiVii 125 10^3 Vowel Frequency127 ! l , i i l ;i i! l 11;' Morphophonemic Mternationsi ;!.U .'U .'.i. 'i^iil.^ . i?.;; .U ^i 128 vii 12.' Suprasegmental Features;W5^;V.y^;,;U.>;1^. 134 ; ! : 1 13* Alternative Formlations;^y;U^;«.-V ;y.*J.y.^. .*.y.'. .l; 142 14.1 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS .*;W^J^Ji^ 1^9 BIBLIOGRAPHY;!.'!.1.1;'.1.^'.'.1.^;'. ^.i.i;i.i.:.i.y.i.1.';Ui.';i.1.i.i;';y.< 151 IITOEX^v.y;y.uuy;^v.y^ 155 List of Figures or Illustrations Fig. 1: Map of the Philippines, Showing Tagalog-Speaking Areas Fig. 2: Philippine Cultural-Linguistic Groups (HRA Files) Fig. 3: Cross Section of Head, Showing Principal Speech Organs Fig. 4: A Chart of Tagalog Contoids Fig. 5: A Chart of Vocoids Fig. 6: A Chart of Diphthongs Fig. 7: A Table of Phonemic Symbols Fig. 8: Consonant Phonemes (with Examples) Fig. 9: Vowel Phonemes and Diphthongs (with Examples) Fig. 10: Voiced-Voiceless Stop Pattern Fig. 11: Tagalog Consonant Pattern Fig. 12: The Tagalog Vowel Triangle Fig. 13: The Vowel Triangle (Expanded) List of Symbols and Abbreviations [ ] Brackets; enclose phonetic transcription ([p]) / / Slant lines or.bars; enclose phonemic transcription (/V) // // Double slant lines; enclose morphophonemic trans• cription {// e - 1 //) ** Squiggle; means "alternates (varies) with" or "in alternation with" ([X] « L~l]) ** Til or tilde; over a vowel, indicates nasalization of the vowel ([o]) ^ In phonetic transcription, used under i, and u to indicate glide values (ai^ = /ay/) * Raised caret; indicates a sound with slightly higher articulation ([o*]) > Cedilla; indicates palatalized sound ([ts]) Hyphen; indicates the position of a phoneme or affix in a word (r-for initial r; -r- for intervo• calic rj -r for final r, or -in for suffix in; -in- for infix in) *< Acute accent; in phonemic transcription, over a vowel of a word indicates primary stress (/mahaiL/ 'dear') *>• Grave accent; in phonemic transcription, over a vowel of a word indicates secondary stress (/lalakad/ 'will walk1) '• Superior vertical tick; in phonetic transcription, before the stressed syllable, indicates primary stress (/»sa:mah/ 'to go') Inferior vertical tick; before the stressed syllabi indicates secondary stress ([isa:'sa:mah] 'will go' Colon: indicates vowel length (['ba:ta?J 'child') Single bar; indicates terminal juncture. Rising juncture; indicates terminal juncture. means "becomes 0 means "comes from" for consonant for consonant clusters for initial clusters for final clusters for medial clusters for vowel for semivowel Indicates a syllabic structure consonant-vowel- consonant Institute of National Language Summer Institute of Linguistics Philippine Center for Language Study ••nvfrrmirc' WAJOR CULTURAL-LINGUISTIC GROUPS f .1 LUZON ,LORO EZ3 ••. 0. £5^53 A PAY AO TIHOOIAH L3sl KALINO* ^__J 1UANAC .
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