Betio, Bairiki, and Bikenibeu Sewer System Subproject Initial Environmental Examination

Initial Environmental Examination

August 2014

Kiribati: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project

Prepared by Ministry of Public Works and Utilities, Government of Kiribati for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area

REPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND UTILITIES

SOUTH TARAWA SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SECTOR PROJECT

CONTRACT DOCUMENTS For the Rehabilitation of Sewerage and Saltwater Systems in Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu

Contract No. KIR-STSISP-Works ICB-01

VOLUME 4

BEIA – Sewerage system and Anaerobic Digester – ICB01 and Environmental Consultations

Environmental License

RAP – Resettlement Action Plan August 2014

CONTENTS

 BEIA – Sewerage system and Anaerobic Digester – ICB01  Environmental Consultations  Environmental License  RAP – Resettlement Action Plan

SOUTH TARAWA SANITATION SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Sewer System Subproject

BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (BEIA)

Prepared By: The Kiribati Ministry of Public Works and Utilities and Their Consultant Snowy Mountain Engineering Corporation International Ltd.

Date: May 30, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (i-Kiribati) ...... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... vi 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ...... 8 1.1 Shaping this Basic Environmental Assessment (BEIA) ...... 8 1.2 The Project ...... 8 1.3 The BEIA ...... 8 2 THE NEED for the project ...... 9 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE Proposed Activity ...... 9 3.1 Infrastructure Improvements ...... 9 3.1.1 Sewer System Improvement ...... 13 3.1.2 Proposed Implementation Schedule ...... 15 3.2 Environmentally Significant Activities ...... 16 3.3 Taking Harvesting, Growing or Keeping Organisms ...... 16 3.4 Generating Waste Substances or Energy ...... 16 3.4.1 Sewage System Repair ...... 16 3.4.2 Anaerobic Digester ...... 16 3.5 Effect on Coral Reef, Mangrove or Seagrass Bed ...... 16 3.6 Effects on Protected Species or Ecological Communities ...... 16 3.7 Activity in a Nationally Protected area or World Heritage ...... 16 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 16 4.1 Physical, Chemical Resources ...... 16 4.1.1 Geology Topography and Soil ...... 16 4.1.2 Climate ...... 19 4.1.3 Climate Change ...... 19 4.1.4 Freshwater ...... 19 4.2 Ecological resources ...... 20 4.2.1 Marine ecosystems ...... 20 4.2.2 Terrestrial ecosystems ...... 20 4.2.3 Protected areas ...... 20 4.3 Culture ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.4 Human and Economic Development ...... 21 4.4.1 Population ...... 21 4.4.2 Economy ...... 21 4.4.3 Public Health ...... 22 5 BEIA and Data collection Methodology ...... 22 6 ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ...... 22 6.1 Alternative to/within the existing Subprojects or infrastructure ...... 22 6.2 The “no project” alternative ...... 22 6.3 The Sewer System Rehabilitation Subproject ...... 23 6.4 The Sewer System Rehabilitation (using fresh water) ...... 23 6.5 The Preferred Alternative ...... 23 7 The project: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES...... 24 7.1 Conveyance and Disposal of Sewage ...... 24 7.1.1 Effluent within sewer piping systems ...... 24 7.2 Risks associated with Climate Change and Variability ...... 25 8 MITIGATION, MONITORING, REPORTING and Cost ...... 26 8.1 Environmental Management Plan: Mitigation Measures ...... 26 8.2 Environmental Management Plan: Monitoring Measures ...... 28 8.2.1 Monitoring Implementation Details ...... 29 8.3 Positive Effects ...... 30 8.4 Reporting ...... 30

8.4.1 MPWU and CSE ...... 30 8.4.2 Contractor ...... 31 8.5 Costs ...... 31 9 GREIVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 32 9.1 During Construction ...... 32 9.2 During Operation ...... 33 10 POLICY AND LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS ...... 33 10.1 National Legislation for Environmental Protection ...... 33 10.2 Specific Requirements for Environmental Assessment ...... 34 11 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 35 11.1 Public Consultations ...... 35 11.2 Summary of issues raised at consultation and disclosure meeting ...... 35 11.3 Means of addressing issues raised ...... 36 11.4 Further consultation and disclosure during the construction phase ...... 36 12 Implementation and Institutional Arrangements ...... 36 13 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 37

List of Figures Figure 1. Existing Saltwater Flushed Sewer System in Betio Source: IEE 2011 ...... 10 Figure 2. Existing Saltwater Flushed Sewer System in Bairiki; Source IEE-2011 ...... 11 Figure 3. Existing Saltwater Flush Sewer System in Bikenibeu-Source IEE-2011 ...... 12 Figure 4. Anaerobic Digestion process (A) leading to production of methane, CO2, digestate solids and digestate liquor (copied from Wikipedia), and (B) generic diagram of a simple anaerobic digester...... 15 Figure 5. IKONOS satellite image of Tarawa Atoll in 2003 showing the study area (image copyright GeoEye). The inset shows the location of Kiribati in relation to the other Pacific countries (source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2011, p 8)...... 18 Figure 6: Summary of the grievance redress steps...... 34

List of Tables Table 1. General operating specifications of thermophilic, single stage-low solids anaerobic digester ...... 13 Table 2-Environmental Management Plan: Mitigation Table (EmiT) ...... 26 Table 3. Environmental Management Plan: Environment Monitoring Table (EMoT) ...... 29 Table 4. Estimated Mitigation and Monitoring Costs for Subproject ...... 31

ANNEXES Annex 1 Record of Consultation and Information Sessions Annex 2 Mitigation and Monitoring Cost Estimate Annex 3. South Tarawa Sewerage Grid: The Sewage Network to be upgraded and examples of issues to be addressed

Acronyms and Abbreviations

BEIA Basic Environmental Impact Assessment CEWP Construction Environmental Work Plan ciguatera A food-borne illness when larger fish eating fish such as barracuda eat smaller ones and accumulate the toxin in the muscle tissue. The toxins are produced by algae such as Gambierdiscus toxicus which live in tropical and subtropical waters and often bloom when nutrient enrichment occurs. These conditions are increasing in Kiribati cm/s Centimeters per second CSE Construction Supervision Engineer (SMEC) CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia) ECD Environmental Conservation Division of MELAD EMiT Environmental Mitigation Table ( a component of the EMP) EmoT Environmental Monitoring Table (a component of the EMP) EMP Environmental Management Plan EU European Union FC Fecal coliform FE Fecal enterococci GOK Government of Kiribati HDD Horizontal Direct Drilling IEE Initial Environmental Examination ( ADB style Environmental Assessment KAP II Kiribati Adaptation Project-Phase II L Liter m/min Meters per minute MELAD Ministry of Environment Lands and Agricultural Development MFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MHMS Ministry of Health and Medical Services MPN Most Probable Number ( used in microbiology) MPWU Ministry of Public Works and Utilities NE From the northeast NZAP New Zealand Assistance Program PUB Public Utilities Board of Kiribati SAPHE Sanitation, Public Health and Environmental Improvement Project (1995) SE From the southeast SOPAC Secretariat of the Pacific Community STSISP South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement, Sector Project (this project) TUC Teinainano Urban Council T/yr Metric tons per year USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WHO World Health Organization

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (i-Kiribati) Te riiboti ibukin kamatebwaian rotakin te otabwanin man tekarikirake iaon katamaroan bwaibu n nakotaari ao bwaibu ake a otinako i tanrake e moan tia n te ririki ae 2011. Tekamatebwai anne e butimwaeaki ao ni kariaiaki iroun ana Bangke ni Karikirake Atia (ADB) ao ana rabwata te Tautaeka ibukin Tararuan Mwakuri (MPWU) ao Tararuan Te Mwane (MFEP). E ngae n anne ao te rabwata are tabena Tararuan Te Enwaeromenta (MELAD) iaan te tua e bon aki mena inanon tain rinanoan te ribooti anne. E kunea aio te Bangke ao n noora riain rinanoan ao kabwatan teriiboti anne iroun te Botaki ibukin Tararuan Te Enwaeromenta imwain wakinan te karikirake. E rinanoaki te ribooti anne n Eber1 2014, ma e a manga tauaki rinanoakina ibukina bwa iai te katautau bwa e na bitaki aron karaoan taian baibu n nako-taari ake a tiki nako tanrake. Ibukin kakoroan nanon te tua are ana riai bitaki ni kabane ni kamatataki n te riboti ao e tua iai te Botaki ibukin te Enwaeronmenta bwa e tamaroa riki ngkana ni kauamaeaki taian ribooti iaon te katamaroa ibukin iaon te aba ma are i taari. Bwa e aonga ni waaki te mwakuri ibukin te katamaroa iaon bwaai ake iaon te aba ao are i taari e a taninga tian te babaire iaona.

Taian bwai ake e kamwakura te kainnako tinaniku iaon Betio, Bairiki ao Bikenibeu a bon bongata ao ni maan ao angina a bon tangira te onobwai. Te bwam ibukin bwamwian taari are e kabongaonaki ibukin taian kain-nnako-tinaniku ni ikotaki ma bwaina nako a tangira te onobwaoi ae korakora. Taian tangke ma bwaina nako a bon mka naba ao a tangira oneakia. E bon tangiraki naba te kaitiaki inanon bwaibu n nakotaari ake iaon te aba. Mangen te kaitiaki aio, are te ran e ana bon kanakoaki nakon taian bwam ake a tiki nako taari ao mangena ake a matoatoa ana tenakoaki n te tabo ni mange imwin kaitiakana.

Bwaibu n nakotaari iaon Betio, Bairiki ao Bikenibeu man auti ake a toma ma PUB ana katamaroaki naba n te karikirake aio ao ana toma nakon te bwaibu are e otinako i tanrake. Imwain otinakon nakotaari n nako taari ao iai teraumea are e na butimwaei nakotaari man auti n raumeai bwaai aika a bubura are e kona ni bonota ao n urua te bwaibu are e otinako nako tanrake. Bwaai aikai n raonaki ma kanoan taian septic ma irouia aomata ana uotaki nakon te auti ibukin bwainaorakiana are e na kateaki n te tabo ni mwange ae ngkai. Te tabo aio e kantaningaki bwa e na kona ni karaoa tekaeti (gas) ae te methane are e kona te auti aio ni manga kabongana ibukin kainanoan te korakora (ae nanonaki ikai bon te ai ibukin kabuean bwaai ake a karenanoaki iai) ao ni kona naba ni kaotinakoa kanan te aroka are e kona ni kabonganaki ibukin te ununiki irouia aomata. E kataningaia MPWU bwa karekean kanan te aroka ae akea boona bon uarokoan karikirakean teununiki. Ngkana iai ae aki kabonganaki ao e na bon katukai n te tabo ni mange.

Inanon tain wakinan te karikirake/mmwakuri ao taben te Kambwana are e na karaoa te karikirake bon karaoan ao kaotinakoan te riiboti ni katoa namakaina ao te Itinia are e na tara te mmwakuri e na riai ni karaoa uoua te riiboti n teririki, teuana n nukan ao teuana ni banen teririki. Ngkana e a waaki kabonganakin te bwaibu imwin tian te mwakuri ni katamaroa ao taben MPWU karaoan te riiboti iaon tamaroa n taari ni uakaan ma bwibu n naakotaai ake a otinako i tanrake. E na riai n otinako uoua te riiboti n teuana te ririki ibukin aio ni ikotaki ma te riboti iaon (i) tararuan te auti ibukin bwain aorakian mangen te nakotaari are e na tei n tetaboni mange ao (ii) aron tararuakin kanan te aroka are e a otinakomai iai.

E na taraia MPWU bwa e na tia te riiboti ao ni karokoaki n taabo ake ana riai n roko iai inanon teniua te wiki imwin tiana.

Ngkana e iraki kainibaire ake e kaweneaki n te riiboti aio n aron karaoan te kamatebwai n taina are e baireaki ao e na bon kona n totokoi kanganga ake a kona n riki man korakoran otinakon te nakotaari man bwaibu aikai, kamanoan te enwaeronmenta man tararuan te kemikoro are e na kabonganaki, ao e na bon uarereke te kanganga ae e na reke ao ni kantaningaki norakin te marurung nakon te bota n aomata imwin katamaroan bwaibun te kain-nako-tinaniku.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The environmental assessment for the sewer system and sewage outfall rehabilitation subproject (the Core Subproject) was originally completed in 2011 as an ADB Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). That IEE was approved in 2012 by ADB and the Kiribati’s Ministry of Public Works and the Ministry of Finance. However, the Environmental Conservation Division (ECD) of the Ministry of Environment, Agriculture and Land Development (MELAD), which is responsible for all environmental approvals, was not included in the review or approval process. On learning this, the ADB indicated that ECD needed to provide an approval before the work could proceed. A revised BEIA was submitted April 2014, the review was however put on hold by ECD upon learning that the methodology to be used for constructing the outfalls is not finalised. It is a requirement under the Environment Act that all activities and methodologies are fully addressed in the BEIA. ECD advised that BEIA for sewer system and anaerobic digester is separated from sewage outfall so that the work can start on the former while the latter is being finalised. This BEIA is the product of that.

The existing sewerage systems in the towns of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu are in poor repair and partially inoperable. The seawater intake and pumping system will be fully reconstructed to insure sufficient flows, prevent the inflow of fine materials and generally improve operations. The water towers at Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu will be repaired and rusted components replaced. The tanks and associated pipe works at Betio and Bairiki will be replaced, with 22,000 L tanks made of non-corrosive high UV-resistant material. The saltwater flushing systems will need to be cleaned using jetting equipment. The sewage system network will be inspected, cleaned and repaired where necessary. This will be a complex operation as care will be needed in disposal of polluted flushing. The jetting and flushing equipment will be used to separate the liquids from solids and liquids will be returned to the outfall pumping stations for pumping to sea while solids will need to be disposed of in designated landfill areas..

An anaerobic digester will be constructed within the existing landfill site area for processing of sludge collected from septic tanks and sewage screens designed to remove larger sewage particles that could damage pumps, pipes and clog outfall diffusers. The digester would be designed to use the methane, a by-product of the anaerobic process, to provide the necessary energy (methane) to heat the digester. MPWU will then undertake to provide the dry and liquid digester by products, referred to as digestate or bio-fertilizer, to the local population to help with the national effort to improve diet by encouraging home gardening. MPWU hopes that the availability of free natural fertilizer will be an important incentive for more home gardens. Unused digestate will be composted at the landfill site.

The environmental management plan (EMP) prepared as part of this BEIA includes 8 preconstruction period mitigative and monitoring actions, 9 construction period actions and 6 operating period actions. Most important during the pre-construction phase will be the distribution of the environmental documentation, including the EMP to all stakeholders including the successful contractor(s), the completion of a pre-construction briefing/workshop for MPWU and the contractor and the completion of a second pre-construction outfall survey. During the construction period, environmentally responsible construction practices, management of all wastes and proper off-island disposal, recognizing the very limited space and facilities on Tarawa, will be essential.

Reporting will be completed regularly during the construction period, i.e., monthly by the contractor, and semi-annually by the CSE, on behalf of the MPWU. Operating period water quality survey and short reports will be completed by MPWU semi-annually, including reporting on the operation of the digester and management of the digester’s bio-fertilizer.

MPWU commits to overseeing the completion and distribution of all reports within three weeks of the end of any reporting period, as stated above.

Finally, if the work is undertaken according the guidelines defined in this BEIA, the benefits of the project, in terms of the improvement of the health if the South Tarawa population, will outweigh the impact of the sewage discharge on the coastline and the reef ecosystem.

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1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

1.1 Shaping this Basic Environmental Assessment (BEIA) 1. The original environmental assessment was for the sewer system and sewage outfall rehabilitation subproject (CP-1) and was completed in 2011 as an ADB Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). That IEE lacked data on current, water quality and bottom conditions in the discharge zones of the three outfalls. The ADB and the construction supervision engineer (CSE) agreed that a field survey filling this gap would be completed and an revised environmental assessment submitted to ECD for approval and also filed with ADB. 2. It was further agreed that the IEE would be updated and augmented with the additional field survey, and submitted, according the Kiribati legislation, as a BEIA to ECD. ADB would assess the completeness of the additional survey but not undertaken a new review and approval process other than by the senior safeguards officer assigned to this project1. 3. During the BEIA review process, ECD learned that the major scope for the project, construction of the outfall by the Horizontal Directional Drilling, is most likely to be changed to Over the Reef methodology. Under the current Environment regulation, the BEIA can only be approved and displayed publicly when the activities involved are finalised. ECD recommended that for the project to go ahead a BEIA for the sewer system and anaerobic digester for which the activities are final is separated from sewage outfall which is still being finalised.

1.2 The Project 4. The whole project involves (i) the rehabilitation of the saltwater flushed sewerage systems in the urban areas of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu (Figure 1-Figure 3 and Annex 3) on South Tarawa, including provision of equipment essential for operation and maintenance of the systems and (ii) the upgrading or replacement of the ocean outfalls at the urban centres of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu, and (iii) the construciton of an anearobic digester to process collected sewage sludge. The integrity and effectiveness of these systems is an essential part of the solution to the growing and intense problem of public health related to poor sanitation.

1.3 The BEIA 5. This BEIA involving only the sewerage system and anerobic digester to be installed at Nanikai, was prepared by the consultant on behalf of the Government of Kiribati (GOK), in order to insure that the project would proceed in an environmentally acceptable fashion in compliance with GOK and international regulations, standards and guidelines. The BEIA identified possible future impacts, assessed their significance and defined ways to avoid/prevent them from occurring or specify mitigative measures reducing unavoidable impacts to an acceptable level. Where possible the BEIA authors also identified positive effects. 6. Specifically the BEIA complies with the GOK’s Environmental, Act 1999, 2007 and according to the Environmental Assessment Regulation(2009). All of ADB’s requirements were met via the completion of an initial environmental examination (IEE) which was approved by both the GOK and ADB in 20122. 7. The BEIA for the outfall/discharge upgrading will be submitted separately once the construction methodology is finalised.

1The project for which the 2011 IEE was prepared and approved is essentially the same as this one, for which the BEIA is being prepared ( See Section 1.1) 2 See Section 1.1 for further details

2 THE NEED FOR THE PROJECT

8. The existing sewerage systems in the towns of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu are in poor repair and partially inoperable. The poor state of the systems causes difficulties for connected households with the day to day use of their toilets, discourages households to connect to the system (and thereby abandon open defecation or the use of poorly designed onsite systems), and allows leakage of raw sewage, worsening unsanitary conditions and allowing pollutants, such as nitrates, nitrites and phosphates compounds to enter the freshwater lenses and lagoon. The system was rehabilitated between 2001 – 2003 under the Sanitation, Public Health and Environment Improvement (SAPHE) Project but became seriously deteriorated within the space of approximately 5 years. The state of the systems contribute to intense and rapid degradation of the quality of lagoon water and of water in the freshwater lenses beneath islets resulting in water-born illnesses, manifested most clearly in the levels of infant mortality which, at 46 per 1000 live births (almost 5%) is the highest in the Pacific. The rehabilitation of the sewered network is essential if sanitary living conditions are to prevail in the three urban areas and in South Tarawa in general3. 9. The subproject complements further subprojects which comprise community engagement, support to the development of onsite and cluster sanitation systems and of improved water supplies. 10. This subproject referred to as the South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project (STSISP) has the following stated outputs: (i) improved sanitation and hygiene practices among South Tarawa’s population, (ii) effective collection, treatment and disposal of sewerage in South Tarawa by the Public Untilities Board (PUB), (iii) assistance to MPWU and PUB to build the capacity to effectively and efficiently plan and manage water and sanitation services in South Tarawa, and to (v) training in project management services for MPWU, ensuring efficient and effective project implementation.

3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY

3.1 Infrastructure Improvements 11. The sewer systems cover the three main urban areas of South Tarawa. The layout of the three systems is illustrated in Figure 1 through Figure 3 and Annex 3. The system uses saltwater (supplied via intake galleries in the intertidal zone which pump water into tanks on towers) to create hydraulic pressure to flush toilets and carry the effluent to the screening plant and through the outfalls. The perforated pipes within the saltwater galleries are wrapped in a poorly constructed geo-textile fabric and fine sand has entered the pipes and accumulated in the nearby pump wells. The pumps well housing are in a dilapidated state and the saltwater towers are badly rusted. 12. The reticulation system ( the system of sewer pipes valves and conveyances as shown in Figure 1–Figure 3) , isolation valves and hydrants are generally inoperable due to corrosion and are mostly buried by sand and aggregate or have been buried under the road network when this was upgraded. However, all fixtures are mapped and recorded on a GIS system and can be located, albeit with difficulty. 13. In short, the entire sewerage system and the associated maintenance equipment needs rehabilitation and in some cases replacement, (particularly mechanical and elctrical equipment) and technical capacity building is urgently needed ( See project Design Report for further Details).

3These actions cannot resolve the problem without better population control and the limit to in-migration to this very densely populated area.

Figure 1. Existing Saltwater Flushed Sewer System in Betio Source: IEE 2011 10

Figure 2.Existing Saltwater Flushed Sewer System in Bairiki; Source IEE-2011

Figure 3.Existing Saltwater Flush Sewer System in Bikenibeu-Source IEE-2011

3.1.1 Sewer System Improvement 14. The seawater intake and pumping system will be fully reconstructed to insure sufficient flows, prevent the inflow of fine materials and generally improve operations (see details in Design Report Section 6.4.5, pgs 51-55) 15. The water towers at Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu will be repaired and rusted components replaced. The tanks and asociated pipe works at Betio and Bairiki will be replaced, with 22,000 L tanks made of non-corrosive high UV-resistant material. 16. The saltwater flushing systems will need to be cleaned using jetting equipment. The sewage system network will be inspected, cleaned and repaired where necessary. This will be a complex operation as care will be needed in disposal of polluted flushing. The jetting and flushing equipment will be used to separate the liquids from solids and liquids will be returned to the outfall pumping stations for pumping to sea while solids will need to be disposed of in designated landfill areas. Contractors will take care to minimise smells during the flushing process. 17. About 10% of the sewerage conveyance system may have to be replaced due to long neglect and heavy corrosive damage ( for details see Chapt. 7 of the Design Report). A major effort will be made to reduce smells emanating from pumping stations and manholes. All metal and plastic materials replaced, will be collected and disposed of using a recycling/reuse firm, contracted by MPWU. MPWU or its contractor will provide copies or bill of ladings of materials shipped offshore. If materials can be resused, such as metal for artificial reef frameworks, MPWU will explore these options. 18. The sludge collected from basket wells and milliscreens located at each outfall pumping station will be used as feed material for the anaerobic digester (see Table 1 and Figure 4) to be installed as part of the project and which will generate methane used to power the digester and its components. The digester will treat the larger organic sludge particles screened from the sewage stream as well as septic tank sewage, and will include two 20 foot containers with non- corrosive linings, galvanized and industrial paint finishes, a dewatering unit (bins and internal sieves) in a separate 20 foot container, followed by a tank for the collection of residue liquids. The general design features of the digester are presented in Table 1, however details wil be prepared during the detailed design stage by the selected contractor, and copies of these reports will be submitted to ECD and TUC for follow up discussions. 19. The digester will be location in the Nanikaai Landfill facility and the digestate liquid (bio- fertilizer) will be transferred to the tanks as defined in parargraph 18, at the Nanaaki landfill, where only this material is to be stored. It will be tested for heavy metal content prior to release as a soil improvement material. MPWU will encourage local residents to use the digestate and nutrient rich-odorless liquor as fertilizer as part of the national vegetable growing initiative of the GOK. MPWU will organize a workshop with governmens of Taiwan and Japan as well as NGOs such as the Mormons. Unused liquid digestate will be deposited in a set of lined drying ponds where the material will be allowed to dry, forming granualar fertilzier material that is considerably more bio-available than raw slurry. This will be bagged and made available for land application. As a last resort, if material accumulates, it wil be trucked to the sewage treatment plant and treated for ocean dicharge. Table 1. General operating specifications of thermophilic, single stage-low solids anaerobic digester Item Description Details Location of Digester Nanikaai Landfill All processed materials from digester to be placed in organic waste “cell” of the landfill site, since mixing with inorganics like old batteries, will cause rapid corrosion of materials and heavy metal laiden leachate-- Digester Type Thermophilic-or high Thermophilic required in order to temperature operating insure that processed sludge is safe to

system: a single stage-low use as fertilizer, etc. solids capacity Source of waste 99% domestic from The survey of the source materials households and possibly during the 2012 Sanitation Roadmap restaurants—No industrial or work by Fraser-Thomas. facility where toxic/hazardous materials are used Pre-treatment Removal of inorganic This inorganic material will be materials such as plastic, deposited in the landfill by sewage used diapers, etc. will be treatment facility operators. completed at by sets of screens, which will cleaned daily Energy to power the Methane is generated by the Burning methane that is recovered digester anaerobic digestion process from the digestion process to heat the and it is captured in the digester vessel is environmentally digester unit and routed back beneficial, since we are recycling a gas tank, to be burned to energy. heat the digester External power supply In order to start the process The system will also require some and initially heat the electricity to power the pumps. Lighting digester—a fuel such as systems and controls. This will not be diesel or kerosene will be a burden on the national grid. required to bring the digester to an operating temperature. Treated Sludge volumes The processed sludge is a The treated material or bio- fertilizer thick liquid very high in will be virtually odour- free, with some nutrient content. For every traces of H2S and NH3 when it is fresh ton of material fed to the out of the digester. Prior to its release digester, about 92% will be for use as compost/fertilizer it will be recovered as digestate tested for heavy metal content, (bacteria and pathogen free specifically Cr, Zn Pb, Hg, As, and Cu, fertilizer)liquid and will and if found unsuitable, will be pumped into holding tanks at emptied into a lined pond and water the landfill site, tested for will be allowed to evaporate and the heavy metal content and remaining dry material will become then, if shown to be suitable landfill material. for land application,offered free to residents.

20. Given that Kiribati does not have a protocol for the handling and management of digestate, MPWU will organize a a set of three meetings with ECD and TUC to present a protocol, based on the one in place in the UK over the past 30 years4, and agree on an initial trail management method over the first two years of operation , followed by the preparation of a national protocol. 21. A serious problem with the use of a digester is that it cannot operate efficiently if the sewage sludge feed contains salt water, as is now the case with the systems in the three project areas. This issue will need to be addressed before a digester can be built.

4lhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/quality-protocol-anaerobic-digestate

Solid Digester Digestate liquid

Digestate (bio-fertil.)

Figure 4.Anaerobic Digestion process (A) leading to production of methane, CO2, digestate solids and digestate liquor (copied from Wikipedia), and (B) generic diagram of a simple anaerobic digester5.

3.1.2 Proposed Implementation Schedule 22. ADB and GOK agreement on the overall seector project was obtained in 2012, and implementation of the loan began in late 2012. The calll for bids was released in November 2013, with a bid submission deadline of early January 2014. Bid evaluation will take place between January and April 2014 with construction scheduled to commence in Q3 of 2014 and will be completed with the commissioning of the rehabilitated system and equipment in Q4 of 2016. The environmental assessment documentation has been referenced in the bid documents, with contractors alerted that the EIA and its EMP will need to be fully implemented and therefore accounted for on their bids.

5 Digestate will be reused not disposed of as shown in the general diagram.

3.2 Environmentally Significant Activities 23. The work will involve one significant activity; the preparation of the trenches if required for the new/rehabilitated sewage system network. The trenching for the placement of new sewers where needed will require excavation of 1m-deep trenches causing temporary access restrictions, and possibly the removal of a number of trees. The locations of the trenches if required will be known after the sewage pipeline is inspected.

3.3 Taking Harvesting, Growing or Keeping Organisms 24. No such activity will take place for any aspect of this project.

3.4 Generating Waste Substances or Energy 25. Methane gas will be generated from the digester but will be used to provide heat for the system.

3.4.1 Sewage System Repair 26. The restoration of the sewage reticulating system will involve the removal of damaged sewage pipe and corroded equipment used to manage the system. MPWU will contract a licensed recycling firm to collect all metal, plastics and electrical equipment and reuse or recycle it.

3.4.2 Anaerobic Digester 27. Anerobic digestion (Figure 4) of the larger sewage sludge particles collected by the milliscreen devices as well as septic tank liquid waste will result in the generation of methane, carbon dioxide and solid and liquid digestate6. 28. The methane will be burned and used to heat the digester while both the solid and liquid digestate will be distributed as biofertilizer. MPWU or PUB will conduct training sessions in the use of biofertilizer and any unused solid material will be disposed of on the landfill site and liquid put back into the sewage treatment plant, treated and discharged to the sea.

3.5 Effect on Coral Reef, Mangrove or Seagrass Bed 29. The rehabilitation of sewage system/network and installation of anaerobic digester have no direct impact on the coral reef, magrove and seagrass bed.

3.6 Effects on Protected Species or Ecological Communities 30. There is currently no protected species ad ecological communities on South Tarawa and Betio.

3.7 Activity in a Nationally Protected area or World Heritage 31. This project will not impact any nationally protected area or World Heritage site.

4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Physical, Chemical Resources

4.1.1 Geology Topography and Soil 32. South Tarawa comprises a series of islets, oriented east-west and connected by causeways. It adjoins North Tarawa, which similarly, comprises a series of islets, orientated approximately north-west south-east to form Tarawa atoll. It lies at a latitude 10o20’ North

6http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Using%20quality%20digestate%20to%20benefit%20crops.pdf

16 and 172o – 173o East, approximately 150km north of the equator. The atoll developed from a volcano which appeared between 55 million and 65 million years ago (during the Palaeocene geologic epoch). Over time, the peak of the volcano sank below sea level as a result of subsidence of the ocean floor. As an atoll, the island surface is formed by successive coral deposits around the old and now submerged volcano(Figure 5). Atolls originate as coral reef formations at the tidal level at the rim of the original volcano. These formations rise in successive layers of dead coral. At various times in the growth of the reef, rises above sea level and coral ceases to grow. Coral growth resumes again when the atoll drops below the surface of the sea. The vertical growth from this process keeps the reefs at or near the surface of the ocean as the volcano subsides. The atolls of North and South Tarawa, and the surrounding reef delineate the edges of the lagoon which occupies the site of the former volcanic core. The atolls and the lagoon cover the peak of the former volcano, which rises sharply from the sea bed.The rock is variable in consistency, reflecting the growth patterns of the coral, which forms dense colonies (coral heads) and large voids between the heads. The coral heads form hard rock, while the voids fill with coral derived fragments that form a softer rock.

Figure 5.IKONOS satellite image of Tarawa Atoll in 2003 showing the study area (image copyright GeoEye). The inset shows the location of Kiribati in relation to the other Pacific countries (source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2011, p 8)

33. With a high demand for housing and infrastructure and therefore building materials, pressure on beach sand, gravel and aggregate is intense. This threatens ecosystems and the ability of coastal areas to provide protection from sea surges. However, with carefully planned extraction, adequate supplies of material can be made available at reduced impact. This activity is supported under the Environmentally Safe Aggregates for Tarawa (ESAT) project funded by the European Union (EU) and implemented by SOPAC in 2012. 34. The atolls have soils derived exclusively from coral deposits which are predominantly sandy in texture, with a significant silt component formed from abrasion within the sand deposits. Its depth to the groundwater or freshwater lenses varies between 1 and 4 m. Over much of the island, deposition and breakdown of organic matter has led to the formation of a very thin layer of topsoil. The soils are free draining when uncompacted, have poor nutrient

18 status and are generally alkaline. The surface relief is extremely low, attaining a maximum of 3m above sea level. Measurements show that gradual uplift is taking place, as a result of the dynamics of ocean floor movements, in the order of 1mm per year7.

4.1.2 Climate 35. Tarawa has a maritime tropical climate. Two seasons occur, characterised mainly by the wind patterns but also by rainfall. Between October and March, easterly tradewinds predominate and rainfall is generally higher, while between April and September, more variable winds occur including westerlies, which can be strong and rainfall is lower. Temperatures generally vary between 28°C and 32°C, averaging 31°C, though monthly averages remain very constant between 26°C (February) and 28°C (September). Rainfall averages 2,027 mm annually; however this varies widely, between 398mm and 4,333mm. Rainfall patterns are influenced by the convergence patterns of tradewinds. El Niño events bring higher rainfall to Tarawa while during La Niña events the reverse happens. The island is subject to intermittent droughts, when the drier season can extend well beyond the months of April to September. Unlike many other Pacific islands, Tarawa rarely experiences cyclones.

4.1.3 Climate Change 36. The incidence and severity of droughts can be expected to worsen with the occurrence of climate change. Climate change is of intense concern, and also carries risks of higher sea surges, hotter or cooler periods, loss of land area and constriction of freshwater lenses. Predictions from a World Bank study8 suggest that South Tarawa could lose between 25% and 54% of its land mass by 2050, and in the recently prepared Tarawa Water Master Plan9, it is predicted that the thickness of the freshwater lenses below South Tarawa may be reduced by 18% to 19%10. In contrast Biribo and Woodroffe (2013)11 reported that since 1968 South Tarawa had gained 450 ha of land 80% of this due to reclamation activities. Over this same period North Tarawa has remained stable with no appreciable change.

4.1.4 Freshwater 37. Rainwater that is not returned to the atmosphere via evapo-transpiration flows into the ground and collects through infiltration through the soil layers, into a number of shallow lens that forms in the underlying strata of the atoll. The lens is convex in profile, and thickest at the centre. The size of the lens is strongly dependent on the amount of rainfall and the withdrawal rates. While this provides a valuable source of freshwater extracted through wells, it is subject to pollution from human and animal waste as well as depletion from over- extraction, resulting in in seawater intrusion. These lenses (referred to as groundwater) from Bonriki reserve currently feeds the potable water distribution system, which supplies water, disinfected by chlorination, to consumers. Neighbouring Buota in North Tarawa, which has significantly lower population densities, has additional reserves of groundwater and supplies water to South Tarawa via a pipeline which is currently being rehabilitated. Desalination of

7Geoscience Australia (2009) South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project (SPSLCMP)Survey Report February/March 2009: EDM Height Traversing Levelling Survey. The report provides comparisons of data between 1992 – 2009 showing relative movement of bench marks on Tarawa over time. This is updated by personal communication with the Geoscience Australia surveyor who visited Tarawa in May 2011. 8World Bank (2000).Cities, Seas and Storms: Managing Change in Pacific Island Economies. Vol IV: Adapting to Climate Change, World Bank, Washington 9 White, I (2011): Tarawa Water Master Plan Te Ran, Groundwater, Government of Kiribati 10 South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project (2009) Pacific Country Report on Sea Level and Climate Change: Their Present State for Kiribati. 11Biribo, Namoi and Colin Woodroffe.2013.Historical area and shoreline change of reef islands around Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati. Sustain Science (Springer)8 :345–362

19 seawater, an energy intensive and therefore expensive process, is identified in the Tarawa Water Master Plan as a last resort12.

4.2 Ecological resources

4.2.1 Marine ecosystems 38. Mangrove and coral ecosystems have significant ecological significance. Mangroves occur on reef mud flats at the lagoon margins at certain areas, and provide a coastal protection function as well as an important habitat for marine organisms. Mangroves have been subject to depletion, but mangrove forest areas are being rehabilitated by the government under the World Bank funded Kiribati Adaptation Project Phase II (KAP II). Sea grass beds, which provide an important habitat for shellfish and other organisms, occur extensively within the lagoon particularly toward the southeast. Measurements suggest that the extent of seagrass beds is in fact expanding13. 39. Coral formations occur within the lagoon and on a gently sloping terrace that extends out from the reef edge, into ocean waters. Limited flora and fauna occur on the intertidal reef flat, due to repeated exposure to the sun during low tides. 40. Pelagic fish form an important part of the local economy, both through commercial fishing activities and game fishing, focusing on tuna and tuna like fish. Stocks of economically important species are becoming increasingly exploited and stocks of yellow fin and bigeye tuna in the area may be over-exploited and in decline14. There is also an observed decline of species such as shark and red snapper (Lethrinusgibbus)15. Sykes24 found surprisingly low numbers of marine invertebrates during her sampling work in 2011 in the vicinity of the hospital and East to Bikenibeu.

4.2.2 Terrestrial ecosystems 41. The present day vegetation cover in the project area of S. Tarawa is substantially influenced by human habitation and is dominated by coconut palm, flame tree (Delonixregia sp) , breadfruit and papaya. Some trees will be removed to make way for the new sewer line, but will be replanted.

4.2.3 Protected areas 42. Kiribati has a number of protected areas, none of these occur on or around areas where the project construction is planned..

4.3 Culture 43. The original inhabitants of Kiribati are Gilbertese, a group of Micronesian origin and their Cultural and traditional practices are strongly upheld. Having evolved in a high degree of isolation, there are strong indigenous customs. The communities have absorbed the creeds of a number of churches, introduced to the islands by missionaries operating in the Pacific since the late eighteenth century, and church services and functions are an important part of daily life.

12Desalinization should however be considered since it will lead to major health and economic benefits and energy efficient methods are available. This has been proven in many locations and small islands, e.g. Aruba, a desert island in the southern Caribbean, where since the installation of a desalinization plant, the standard of living has increased many fold. The total annual worldwide use of seawater for desalination equals about 0.0005% of the Pacific Ocean`s volume of 714 million km3 of seawater. 13Paulay, G (2000). Benthic Ecology and Biota of Tarawa Atoll Lagoon: Influence of Equatorial Upwelling, Circulation, and Human Harvest. Atoll Rersearch Bulletin No. 487. National History Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 14FAO Fisheries Resources Monitoring System http://firms.fao.org/firms/resource/16001/en 15Tebano, T (2008) Community Consultation, Risk Assessment, Training and Island Profiling. Report for Kiribati Adaptation Project Phase II. Bairiki.

44. Land, land rights and lagoon rights are subject to both traditional ownership, where decisions are made by landowners and village communities, and government responsibility, as defined in current legislation. However, in practice the enforcement of decisions is often not taken by either group. The situation regarding the management and recovery of the lagoon is compromised by a belief on the part of different users that their actions have little effect and therefore, there is no perceived need to take responsibility16. 45. The i-Kiribati are closely tied to the sea and as such have evloved strong small island survival skill, practiced for centuries and adhered to to this day. Some of the problems with lagoon contamination are closely linked to these traditional practices.

4.4 Human and Economic Development

4.4.1 Population 46. South Tarawa is densely populated, such that in the main urban areas of Bonriki, Bikenibeu, Bairiki and Betio, land is almost entirely taken up by residential, commercial and communal buildings and their surrounding compounds. The population stands at some 51,000 people representing an average population density of around 3,193 people per sq km over the 15km2 of land area. Within the urban areas, such as Betio, it reaches 8,990 people per sq km and is very high among Pacific capitals (the population density in Apia is 6,534 people per sq km, in Majuro 2,628, Nuku’alofa 2,073 and 1,872 in Funafuti). While measures were taken in the past to encourage migration to outlying atolls, at present extensive in-migration occurs and the population of South Tarawa is growing between 3.9 and 4.5 % per year. In 2010, at the time of the last census, the population of South Tarawa represented some 48% of the total population of Kiribati. The average household size is large, at 7.5 persons per household and households with 15 or more inhabitants are not uncommon.

4.4.2 Economy 47. The economy of Kiribati remains precarious, due to the huge transportation costs within the country (the gaps between the three island groups are approximately 1000km), paucity of natural resourcesand 2000km distance to the closest international market. Kiribati has no reliable fresh water supply both historically and now as the freshwater lenses on the island are being drained, contaminated and are increasinglyt saline, due to the growing population. Fresh water is a critical component of a healthy population and economuy and to date no conserted actoins to address are being taken; case in point being the continued support by the government for the installation of septic tanks sewage systems on Tarawa, knowing that there is an almost 100% chance of its operation will lead to rapid freshwater lense (groundwater) contamination. Fishing licenses, copra and seaweed provide some international revenue, and many Kiribati families rely on remittances from family members working offshore, often in international shipping. Some tourism takes place; with 3,000 and 4,000 visitors per year. Competition is high among Pacific nations to market traditional attractions such as tranquil secluded beach locations, and Pacific culture, and Kiribati, while having this attractions in abundance, is not well located in terms of proximity to the major markets of the United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand and therefore does not compete easily with other tourist destinations in the Pacific. 48. Much of the economy of the nation centers on the capital South Tarawa which is the main seaport and the international air gateway. The service sector accounts for most employment and 80% of jobs are with the public sector.

16Philips, G.D. (1995). A survey of Tarawa Residents and their Perceptions of Tarawa Lagoon.In: Abbott, R.R. & Garcia, J. (eds.). Management plan for Tarawa Lagoon, Republic of Kiribati, Volume III.ManagementPlan.Technical Report of BioSystems Analysis Inc., Tiburon CA.

4.4.3 Public Health 49. The incidence of illnesses relating to deficiencies in water supply and sanitation are highly significant. According to the WHO, the infant mortality rate in 2010 was 46 per 1000 live births, which is the highest in the Pacific and is attributed mainly to infant diarrhea. Gastronitestinal disorders are common in the adult population, with significant outbreaks occurring as frequently as twice a year, according to local clinics and the WHO. 50. The high incidence of diarrhea and other human waste vector diseasesare major causal factorsin degrading public health on South Tarawa17. The prevalence of these diseases results from a number of transmission pathways where pathogens and toxins are spread from human, animal and solid waste via seawater in the lagoon, seawater on the reef flats to consumed fish and shellfish, water from the contaminated freshwater lens and unsanitary living conditions, to humans. Inadequate sewage treatrment also leads to the build up of nitrates in the thin soils and quickly ending up in the freshwater lenses, which was concentrations rise become toxic to humans. At concentrations of >10mg/L nitrates in drinking water leads to methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) in infants and at 45 mg/L should not be consumed by adults. 51. The culturally accepted habit of deficating in the sea and tethering pigs on the shore . allowing waste to drain into the sea, has led to serious pathogen contaminatiion issues,especially on the lagoon side. Open defication practiced by 20% of the population has led to a toxic lagoon and a drastic decline in the safety of edible/safe seafood18. To begin to reverse this situation, a range of interventions focusing on the immediate infrastructure improvements in the three communities is urgently required.

5 BEIA AND DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY

52. This BEIA has been prepared with data collected during several site visits, both along the sewer line alignments, consultations, field investigations, discussions with environmental specialists,civil engineers, and review of secondary sources of information and scientific literature relating to the subproject. 53. Data on existing environmental conditions in relation to the construction and operation of new sewers, sewer connections, pumping stations, a salt water intake system, were collected from both primary field surveys and secondary sources. This work revealed that only some water quality data existed. No air or noise data were found. An examination of the recent World Bank EIA for the national road construction provided no quantiative information.

6 ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERNATIVES

6.1 Alternative to/within the existing Subprojects or infrastructure 54. Constrained by available funds, conventional sewage treatment was not considered. Less expensive treatments such as oxidation ponds were not considered due to a lack of land and the unwillingness of planners to divert the little arable land to oxidation ponds. The proposal to reclaim land on which to construct oxydation ponds to allow bacteria to naturally degrade the sewage was rejected due the the dangers of sea surges and flooding.

6.2 The “no project” alternative 55. Under the “do nothing” option, the sewer systems would continue to deteriorate, more household toilets would become inoperable and dependence on open defecation would

17This is not the case in North Tarawa where the population is much smaller and a successful on site sanitation (composting toilets) program has been implemented. 18National Health and Climate Change Action Plan, 2011.

22 increase. In the intertidal areas, water would continue to be heavily polluted by effluent from the sewer system while parts of it remain operational, or increasingly from open defecation should the sewer systems eventually fail altogether. The existing unsanitary conditions would increase in severity. In 1977, a severe cholera outbreak occurred on South Tarawa, which prompted the provision of the sewer system and outfalls to alleviate the unsanitary conditions that prevailed and gave rise to the outbreak. This event, which took place when the population in the urban areas was far lower than now, gives an indication of what can be expected should this infrastructure become completely degraded.

6.3 The Sewer System Rehabilitation Subproject 56. The alternative to achieving effective control of human waste, enabling sanitary living conditions in the sewered areas of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu is the installation of a combination of onsite and cluster sanitation systems in preference to the sewered system. Cluster and onsite systems offer the advantage that wastewater can be treated prior to discharge, but also several disadvantages. These are (i) limited space for the installation of treatment tanks, composting facilities or other treatment facilities (ii) difficulty with ensuring uniform sound level of operation and maintenance and (iii) the difficulty of collecting and treating the treated effluent which will still have significant pollutants such as nitrates and phosphates in solution. The treated effluent can either be processed on site via a living system that uses plants to denitrify soil, which is very demanding of space, or has to be collected and transported to a an ocean outfall. This would be more expensive and less reliable than connecting the reticulated system to the ocean outfall, as proposed. These systems are, however, appropriate to areas outside the sewered area and will be addressed under another subproject under the STSISP. 57. To achieve effective removal of pathogens contained in the effluent and curb pollution of water and the residential environment from effluent, one or a combination of three measures can be taken, (i) treatment of the effluent, (ii) increased separation of the point of discharge from inhabited areas and (iii) dilution of the effluent to bring the concentration of contaminants to acceptable levels. The outfalls function by means of the second two measures. The provision of a treatment system alone would be an alternative to the subproject, although a further alternative (within the subproject) would be the use of a treatment plant in tandem with the outfalls. However, scope for the provision of a greater level of effluent treatment is limited by funds and space. The treatment of effluent involves settlement to collect solids and biological treatment where harmful components of the effluent are broken down by aerobic processes. Both of these processes require the effluent to remain in ponds for a period. Ponds would have to be sited well away from the coast, and would require in excess of 1,600 sq m in each location. In each case, homes are situated around the serviced areas and the provision of such a facility would require significant involuntary resettlement and land acquisition at considerable cost. The option, both to treat waste instead of use an outfall, or to use both, is considered unfeasible on the grounds of (i) cost and (ii) the spread of contamination in the event of a major sea surge.

6.4 The Sewer System Rehabilitation (using fresh water) 58. The sewer system relies on the use of saltwater for flushing. The alternative to this is the use of freshwater (whether from wells, from rainwater, or a combination). However the use of groundwater to flush toilets would increase demand on the freshwater lenses, which are vulnerable to shrinking during drought periods that are predicted to become more severe with climate change.Should freshwater be used for flushing, the effluent would be less dense and the plume would pop up quickly, increasing the chances of the sewage washing back over the reef edge into the intertidal reef flat area, which is used for swimming.

6.5 The Preferred Alternative 59. In view of severe cost limitations, of available land, very limited water, cultural tradition concerning human waste management and great urgency to address the growing water

23 pollution problem on South Tarawa, the approach to ugrade and enhance the existing sewage disposal system in the three most densly populated towns on South Tarawa was selected. The increasing discharge of raw sewage into the intertidal area was leading to ever increasing disease outbreaks and overall economic losses to the country. For the areas outside the three project sub-areas, on site sanitation systems are being proposed with 28 to be tested and the most successful replicated across the island to further reduce open defecation and the spread of gastrointestinal diseases.

7 THE PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

7.1 Conveyance and Disposal of Sewage

7.1.1 Effluent within sewer piping systems 60. The reconstructed sewer system will provide for rapid transport of household wastewater from homes within the sewered areas on South Tarawa, and collection of seepage from septic tanks and other small scale sanitation facilities outside the sewered areas, for discharge at the ocean outfalls. The use of seawater19 as a flushing agent ensures a high salt (as close to seawater as is practical) content and thus making the sewage plume less bouyant, taking longer to reach the surface and affording more time for subsurface mixing. 61. Construction and Air Quality- Excavation operations to replace components of the sewer network will generate dust, both from the operations themselves and from excavated material while it is on site. Again, this will be mitigated by daily wetting of the material and removal to stockpile sites within two days. 62. In order to ensure that emissions from diesel generators, vehicles and other machinery are kept within acceptable measures, the Contractor will be required to provide equipment that conforms to international emission standards, verified by emission test certificates and maintenance records, as in the case of control of noise emissions. 63. Occupational Health and Safety - Work on the sewer systems will pose some potential hazards to both workers and the public, resulting from excavation, vehicle movements and the use of electrical power. Safety to workers and the public will be enhanced since MPWU will require the Contractor to: a) Provide briefing and training of workers on safety precautions, and their responsibilities for the safety of themselves and others. b) Provide protective clothing including hard hats, protective footwear and high visibility jackets for use during any construction activity. c) Ensuring that equipment and vehicle operators hold licenses where applicable, and have been trained specifically in the operation of each item of equipment, d) Arrange for the provision of first aid facilities, training of at least one member of staff at each site in first aid, emergency transport to the hospital, and allocate responsibility for ensuring that these arrangements are continually in place, e) Arrange for regular safety checks of vehicles and material, and allocate responsibility for this to a designated, qualified and experienced Health and Safety Officer within the Contractor’s staff, provide hazard warning signs around excavation sites, and direct vehicle and pedestrian traffic away from work sites. f) The Contractor will be required to maintain a register of accidents detailing date, circumstances, severity, action taken and outcome in each case.

64. Risk of damage to property. Work on the sewer systems will take place within the existing alignments and will not therefore encroach significantly on private property,

19The proposed use of an anaerobic digester to process the solid materials screened from the septage needs salt concentrations of less than 7000mg/L for the digestion to take place. This limiting condition will need to be carefully examined.

24 however, excavation work and the installation of components as well as vehicle movements, present some risk of damage to property, including fruit trees and other plants as well as access restriction. These risks will be mitigated by (i) the appointment of an experienced site supervisor by the Contractor at each site and (ii) planning works to avoid damage to property and living plants to the extent practicable. At the start of each sewer excavation the contract supervisor will file a checklist confirming that necessary pre-palnning was completed. 65. To determine exactly where conflicts between the sewer and manhole repair is to take place a survey of the network was completed (See Annex 3) in February 2014. In general the issues are not serious, since most of the sewers will not be replace but rather cleaned out and repaired. 66. A number of the damaged or poorly functioning sewer lines that will need to be cleaned out using various augers and pressure-cleaning devices, which will be disruptive, but is required if the system is to function. 67. Risk of accidental damage to utilities-For the improvements to the sewer systems, some excavation work may potentially affect water supply pipelines and power cables. Risks will be minimized by (i) obtaining plans from the PUB showing the locations of pipelines and power cables and (ii) consultation with local residents on the location of utilities prior to commencing excavation operations. 68. Risks associated with hazardous materials -Fuels, paints and lubricants will be used, which pose a hazard to the organisms living in the intertidal reef flat area and bathers (though this hazard is limited as all construction operations take place on land) and to contamination of the soil. All fuels or other potentially hazardous materials shall be stored at secure and managed sites, identified by the Contractor. Stores shall be secured and locked with access restricted to nominated Contractor’s staff and have floors made of concrete or other impermeable material and shall have bins containing fine sand to place on and contain any spills. Any surplus hazardous materials shall be removed from the island when the Contractor demobilizes. The Contractor’s workshop will have waste disposal bins to store filters, rags and waste oil, for disposal at the landfills. 69. Worker Sanitation- will be made at worksites and any facilities accomodating workers, ensuring that no raw sewage is released directly into the soil or into lagoon or coastal water. These arrangements will be either (i) arrangements with nearby homes or institutions that are connected to the sewer system or (ii) use of portable toilets which are emptied daily into manholes within the sewer system. 70. Need for Aggregate- The sewer pipe will be prefabricated and puchased by the project and will be either concrete or plastic, to be decided by the contractor. The pumping station structures will be small and will require very small quantities of premixed concrete provided by local suppliers. The digester facility will require some concrete for the pouring of a facility based and the construction of some of the tanks, again a relatively small quantity of aggregate material, likely less than 2000m3, or approximately 90-95 truck loads of material spread out over a 2-year construction period.

7.2 Risks associated with Climate Change and Variability 71. The current climate change assessment report of the Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change20 emphases risks related to sea level rise, sea surge risks, temperature rise, decreases in rainfall (whether long term or in terms of extreme dry years or season) and storm severity. The main vulnerabilities faced by the people of Tarawa can be summarized as (i) sea-level rise which exacerbates the severity of sea surges, increased rates of coastal erosion and heightened risks to public and private infrastructure (ii) more intense and more

20 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a scientific body established by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization in 1988 as the leading international body on the assessment of climate change, and is based in Geneva.

frequent storms which increase risks of damage from sea surges, high winds and strong inundation on public and private infrastructure and (iii) more frequent and longer periods of drought: which cause both intense short term difficulty and, of greater concern, long term damage to the freshwater lenses that exist beneath the islets. 72. The use of an ocean outfall for the treatment of sewage by dilution and rapid dispersal is the preferred response to the risks of sea surges that are anticipated from climate change. In response to the urgency of conservation of freshwater lenses, saltwater is chosen as the flushing medium for the systems, reducing reliance on well water for this purpose.

8 MITIGATION, MONITORING, REPORTING AND COST

73. The mitigation and monitoring activities defined and recommended in this BEIA are summarized in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), presented as two cross referenced tables, defining impacts mitigative measures needed to prevent or reduce effects ( the Environmental Mitigation Table or EMiT), and monitoring actions to track compliance and effectiveness of the mitigative measure (the Environmental Monitoring Table or EMoT). The EMP also includes location, time and responsibility information, permitting follow up investigators to track all work undertaken. An estimate of the cost of the full implementation of the EMP is also provided in this chapter.

8.1 Environmental Management Plan: Mitigation Measures 74. In Table 2 all required mitigative measures are listed, starting with the actions required during the design or pre-construction period, then the construction period and finally operating period of the sewage works. Overall responsibility for implementing the Environmental Management Plan rests with the MPWU, which during design and construction period will be supported by the PIU consultants. 75. The preconstruction period measures all relate to planning items to prevent impacts from taking place such as provision of adequate environmental documents to the contractor. As well a briefing to MPWU and contractor (s) to fully understand and implement the mitigative and monitoring measures will also be completed. 76. The consultations completed as part of the IEE in 2011 will be followed up with an information session at least one sewer trenching operation to advise residents of the work to be done and of the grievance redress (complaint) mechanism in place. 77. During the construction period mitigative actions will be undertaken, all related to the excavation of the sewer trenches, including equipment maintenance and construction waste management. All these mitigative actions must be implemented by the contractor,and will be monitoring by the PIU consultant. 78. In contrast with many projects, where construction leads to the potentially sever effects, for this one it will be the operating period, once the sewage works are activated. The focus will be on the effects of the discharge of raw sewage at the three outfall sites and the water quality conditions downstream. The mitigative action to control the discharge, specifically nutrients will be the installation of an anearobic digester treat at least some of the waste and remove –bacteria and some nutrients. A 3-year bacteria and water quality monitoring program will be undertaken. Table 2-Environmental Management Plan: Mitigation Table (EmiT) Environmental Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Responsibility Implementation Supervision 1. PRECONSTRUCTION PERIOD-These are not actually impacts but rather failures to act, causing negative impacts during the construction period 1.1 1.1 MPWU office Once a contractor Contract MPWU Updated EMP and BEIA Distribute EMP, the BEIA and instructions to the contractor has been selected Supervision not provided to consultant contractor (CSE) 1.2 1.2 Work sites Prior to MPWU

Environmental Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Responsibility Implementation Supervision Resettlement /Loss or Compensation as provided for in the Resettlement Plan for commencement of damage to property the project. works

1.3 1.3 Work sites Prior to CSE Occupational health and Inclusion of Occupational Health and Safety requirements commencement of safety measures not in Bid Documentation, including: (i) allocation of works specified in Bid responsibility for safety inspections to a designated, Documentation qualified and experienced Health and Safety Officer within the Contractor’s staff ; (ii) training of workers on safety precautions, for themselves and others and for implementing emergency procedures; (iii) provision of protective clothing and equipment to workers as CSE and appropriate; (iv) ensuring that vehicle and equipment MPWU operators are properly licensed and trained; (v) arranging for provision of first aid facilities; (vi) emergency evacuation procedures; (vii) provision for regular safety checks of vehicles and material; (viii) provision of hazard warning signs at the construction sites; and (ix) requirement for the Contractor to maintain a register of accidents detailing date, circumstances, severity, action taken and outcomes

1.4 1.4 All sites Prior to CSE/MPWU and MPWU Potential risks due to A community participation meeting is needed prior to commencement of contractor public not well informed commencement of work, so that the community within the works on the grievance vicinity of the drilling site knows the grievance redress mechanism and how it is mechanism and how it is operated. operated 1.5 1.5 CSE office At least 3 weeks CSE MPWU Failure to brief and train CE, will be responsible preparing and delivering a ½ day prior to start MPWU and workshop Contractor(s) in EMP implementation 2. CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

2.1 2.1 Work sites at Continuously, Contractor CSE Generation of Use of bins and skips at construction site for the collection sewage networks during construction construction waste not of waste. Removal of non-hazardous waste to landfill. properly handled Separate collection of fuel drums and any other containers that have held hazardous chemicals and removal from the island on demobilization.

All metal and plastic materials replaced due to corrosion, will be collected and disposed of using a recycling/reuse firm, contracted by MPWU

Sea dumping not allowed. 2.2 2.2 All work sites Continuously, Contractor CSE Accidental damage to Ensuring that all works operations take place in the during construction property presence of the Contractor’s supervisor, who shall be responsible for taking all reasonable precautions to prevent damage to property. It is expected that this supervisor be fully aware ofthe grievance redress mechanism as defined in the BEIA. 2.3 2.3 All work sites Continuously, but Contractor CSE Accidental damage to Obtaining plans from the PUB showing the locations of prior to the start of utilities pipelines and power cables, and mark prior to start of excavation at any drilling and/or excavation forsewers. roadside areas- during construction Consultation with local residents on the location of utilities prior to commencing excavation operations

2.4 2.4 All work sites Continuously, Contractor CSE Noise nuisance from Providing information to nearby residents about the duration during construction construction activities. of noise and dust generating operations. Prior to Planning of construction operations to minimize public Contractor’s nuisance. Limit construction operations to take place during Mobilization daytime hours (7am to 6pm) only.

Vehicles, plant and equipment are to conform to international of noise emission and upkeep, such as (i) Part 204 of US Federal Regulations - Noise Emission Standards for Construction Equipment (40 CFR 204) or (ii) Directive 2000/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the noise emission in the environment by equipment for use outdoors.

2.5 2.5 All work sites and Prior to Exhaust emissions and Procurement of vehicles and plant that conform to depots Contractor’s black smoke excessive international emission standards and maintenance to Mobilization Contractor CSE ensure continuing conformity. The Contractor will supply

Environmental Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Responsibility Implementation Supervision emission certificates for all vehicles and plant, and submit records of maintenance and repair to the supervising engineer. 2.6 2.6 Work sites Continuously, Contractor CSE Pollution from chemicals All fuels or other potentially hazardous materials shall be during construction and fuels stored at secure and managed sites, identified by the Contractor. Stores shall be secured and locked with access restricted to nominated Contractor’s staff and have floors made of concrete or other impermeable material and shall have bins containing fine sand to place on and contain any spills. Ensure that any vehicles are maintained to international standards as defined previously in relation to noise, preventing oil leakages and excessive exhaust emissions.

2.7 2.7 All work sites Within 2 weeks of Contractor CSE Removed trees and The contractor will be required to replace all vegetation and completion of vegetation along sewer trees removed along the trenching route and drilling sites construction at a line trenches not with material approved by the local communities as well as work site replanted the forest department.; as soon as work is completed at a site 2.8 2.8 NA Within 1 week of Contractor CSE Failure to prepare and The contractor(s) will be responsible for filing monthly each month submit monitoring monitoring checklist reports, defining the mitigative reports measures undertaken, issues arising and future activities- based on the EMP 3. OPERATION PERIOD 3.1 3.1 Work sites (1)-(2) When (1)-(2) PUB MPWU Health and safety risks Proper procedures on how the system is cleaned and operation phase associated with (1) removed are clearly defined prior to the operation phase starts and cleaning and removal of regularly. milliscreening equipment Proper equipment and gears for the above operation are (2) operation of sludge procured prior to the operation phase (3) prior to the start PUB and digester of operation and as Contractor Maintenance schedule is defined and cost to adequately the final check with cover the cost of maintenance is secured prior to the contractor operation phase. Maintenance schedule should at least cover the operation life of the equipment.

3.2 3.2 Nanikaai Landfill Prior to operation PUB Potential risks from the Maintenance schedule is defined and cost to adequately phase failure of the sludge cover the cost of maintenance is secured prior to the digester to be installed operation phase. Maintenance schedule should at least at Nanikaai landfill cover the operation life of the digester.

Plans for replacement should also be in place. 3.3 3.3 Poor management of MPWU will encourage local residents to use the digestate anaerobic digester and liquor as fertilizer as part of the national vegetable wastes growing initiative of the GOK. Unused liquid will be taken to the local sewage treatment plant, treated and disposed of through the ocean outfalls.

MPWU or PUB will conduct training sessions in the use of bio-fertilizer

8.2 Environmental Management Plan: Monitoring Measures 79. The EMP’s monitoring Table 3( EMoT) lists the actions that MPWU and its consultant(s) will undertaken to record compliance by the contractor and the determine the effectiveness of the mitigative measures defined in Table 2. Specifically the tasks during monitoring will be to, (i) understand the contribution of the improved infrastructure to improved water quality, and trends in relation to possible reductions in the practice of open defecation and (ii) to obtain the benefit of views from local communities on changes that occur in living conditions as the improved sewer system come into operation. The process of obtaining community feedback is also expected to help foster a sense of ownership among the user communities. Water quality changes in groundwater and in the lagoon will be dependent on further factors including changes in behavior, improved sanitation in residential areas outside the sewered areas, improvements in solid waste management and decreases in the practice of illegal dumping of solid waste. A second subproject, the On –Site Sanitation installation and testing work will provide varying toilet types for testing, in a effort to reduce open defecation. As part of this work groundwater monitoring wil be intense and therefore not undertaken as part of this subproject.

80. The monitoring actions match exactly the mitigation tasks presented in Table 2,and are cross referenced, allowing for each due diligence inspection. The water quality testing will allow comparison with suitable international standards, and indirect obesrvations on attainment of water quality standards depending on a reduction in open defecation, illegal dumping of solid waste and improved animal (pig) waste management as well as the performance of the sewer systems.. 81. Monitoring during construction will focus in inspecting work sites to confirm construction waste and fuel management is according to specifications and acceptable standards specified in the contractor’s country of origin (if Kiribati standards do not exist).

8.2.1 Monitoring Implementation Details 82. Both compliance and effects monitoring actions,as defined in the EMoT (Table 3) will take place as part of day to day construction supervision, and will be the primary responsibility of the contractor, and supervised by CSE.

Table 3. Environmental Management Plan: Environment Monitoring Table (EMoT) Environmental Issue Monitoring Details Timing Executing Reporting Unit Responsibility 1. Preconstruction Period 1.1 1.1 After the contractor has been CSE CSE Updated EMP and BEIA not Confirm with all stakeholders that BEIA documentation selected but before mobilization provided to contractor has been received on later than 1 month before contractor mobilization 1.2 1.2 Prior to commencement of work CSE CSE Resettlement /Loss or Ensure that the scope of work is confined to what has damage to property been identified and necessary compensation mechanism are in place 1.3 1.3 Prior to commencement of work CSE CSE Safety hazards to workers Obtain written confirmation that Occupational Health and and local people, and Safety measures are included in contract documentation effects of temporary worker and contractor has signed off. populations in the area 1.4 1.4 Prior to commencement of work CSE CSE Potential risks due to public File meeting minutes of public consultation for submission not well informed on the to ADB in semi-annual monitoring report grievance mechanism and how it is operated 1.5 1.5 Within 3 weeks of CSE CSE Failure to brief and train File a written record of the training session provided by commencement of construction MPWU and Contractor(s) in CSE for inclusion in the semi-annual report to ADB EMP implementation 2.0 Construction Period 2.1 2.1 monthly Contractor CSE Generation of construction Inspection to ensure that non-hazardous materials are waste collected and dispose of in the landfill, and hazardous materials are stored safely.

Inspection to ensure that all hazardous waste are shipped out of the Kiribati at the completion of the project.

2.2 2.2 monthly Contractor CSE Accidental damage to Visual inspection of project sites, and records of property grievance made and actions taken 2.3 2.3 monthly Contractor CSE Accidental damage to As above utilities 2.4 2.4 monthly Contractor CSE Noise nuisance from As above and conduct a set of interviews with closest construction activities. residents to establish impacts and actions taken by contractor 2.5 2.5 monthly Contractor CSE Excessive exhaust As above and check for maintenance records, age of emissions and black smoke equipment and operation within specifications and instruct contractor to correct problem within 2 days. 2.6 2.6 monthly Contractor CSE Pollution from chemicals Regular inspection of sites for pollution from storage of and fuels hazardous materials and likely leakages and exhaust emissions from the drilling rigs and vehicles 2.7 2.7 During construction Contractor, CSE Trees and vegetation not Confirm that revegetation has taken place or local working with replaced or consultation consultation agreed to another approach to mitigate CSE with local landowners losses consultant completed

Environmental Issue Monitoring Details Timing Executing Reporting Unit Responsibility 2.8 2.8 Collect report monthly from Contractor CSE Failure to prepare and Have available full record of monthly monitoring checklist contractor submit monitoring checklist reports reports 3. Operating Period 3.1 3.1 MPWU- MPWU Health and safety risks Ensure that the procedure is in place and equipment Prior to operation phase, and Consultant associated with cleaning required are procured during actual cleaning and and removal of Ensure odor is contained during operation, and lids of wet removal operation milliscreening equipment (2) wells are closed properly after completion of operation operation of sludge digester and

3.2 3.2 MPWU- MPWU Potential risks from the Regular monitoring of digester on site monthly Consultant failure of the sludge digester to be installed at Nanikaai landfill 3.3 3.3 MPWU- MPWU Poor management of Consult with MPWU and obtain written record of actions Quarterly Consultant anaerobic digester wastes taken to train locals to use digestate material—and further training in the use of the bio-fertilizer

83. Consultations with communities will be carried out quarterly, once construction has been complete and changes can be perceived.

8.3 Positive Effects 84. This subproject is also expected to contribute significantly to a reduction in the levels of contamination of lagoon, coastal and groundwater. Long term monitoring of water quality has not, to date, been successfully established in Kiribati but is provided for in the National Sanitation Policy of 2009 and is to receive support from the NZAP. This support, which is yet to be finalized, is expected to cover (i) an audit of laboratory processes, equipment and quality assurance at the MHMS, (ii) support to conducting water quality testing, reporting and analysis for between 25 and 30 25 sites along the lagoon and ocean sides of North and South Tarawa and (iii) capacity building. The program is expected to commence in mid 2014 and run for two years initially. MPWU intends to work closely with MHMS and the new lab, during the water quality and bacteria surveys around the three outfalls.

8.4 Reporting

8.4.1 MPWU and CSE 85. Construction Period Environmental Monitoring Report- MPWU will be submitting mandatory semi-annual monitoring reports to the ADB, reporting in EMP implementation and general environmental conditions as the construction progresses. Given that the construction will be two years, three reports will be submitted by the CSE, on behalf of MPWU. Copies of these reports will also be submitted to ECD for their record and use, should they wish to conduct an audit. Reports will be submitted within two weeks of the end of each six-month period. 86. Operating Period Annual Environmental Monitoring Report- Once the project becomes operational, MPWU will also submit annual environmental monitoring and compliance reports to ADB, reporting on the water quality sampling program and the changes in the coastal contamination as a result of the project. These annual reports will also contain a record of the system’s maintenance program, specifically related to the milliscreens.handling of sludge and operation of the anearobic digester. Reports will be prepared for te first three years of operation and submitted to ADB as well as ECD. These report will be prepared by the MPWU’s Project Management Unit, or a consultant retained by MPWU. Reports will be submitted within 4 weeks of the end of each monitoring year.

8.4.2 Contractor 87. Monthly Monitoring Report-Once the successful contractor has been appointed and at least one month before mobilization the CSE will hold a 1 day briefing and workshop session to make clear the requirements of the EMP and the contractor’s responsibility. The monitoring and reporting requirements of the contractor will also be reviewed at that time. 88. Using the EMP tables presented in the BEIA, the contractor will be required to prepare a EMP implementation timetable, integrating the tasks defined in the EMP into the daily work schedule, referred to as the construction environmental work plan (CEWP). Secondly, this CEWP, the contractor will prepare a monitoring checklist and complete this monthly confirming actions taken according to the EMP. The checklist, accompanied by a set of photographs, will be submitted to the CSE for use in the semi-annual monitoring report. 89. Construction Completion Report- Within three months of the end of the construction period, the contractor will be required to prepare a completion report, specifically addressing the handling and disposal of hazardous materials, disposal of the use drilling lubricants, revegetation and rehabilitation of trenching areas and management of all the old sewerage works equipment and piping that was replaced.

8.5 Costs (Sewer system and outfall rehabilitation) 90. The mitigation and monitoring costs is a combination for the sewer system and outfall rehabilitation and were estimated based on approximate unit labour costs and other assumptions shown in Annex 6 the pdf of the excel spreadsheet on which the estimate was based. The total estimated cost is about USD116,304.00 (Table 4). For the 6 month pre- construction period, the estimated budget for the implementation of seven basic tasks will be about US $ 28,000.00, with the largest single item being the follow up marine outfall survey. Table 4. Estimated Mitigation and Monitoring Costs for Subproject Project Periods Totals Pre-Construction Period (6 months) $27,949 Construction (24 months) $54,600 Operating Period ( Included in operating cost) $0 Total $82,549 International Airfares 12,000 Per diem 13,500 Contingency Costs @ 10% of total $8,255 Grand Total $116,304 Note: estimate based on labour cost of USD120/day for national and between $300 and $750/d for internationalstaff.

91. The construction period costs were estimated to be considerably higher since monitoring will be needed monthly for two years. The proper handling and disposal of the drilling lubricants, the management and disposal of hazardous construction materials and the inspection and mainenance of equipment to minimize air pollution and nose equalled USD34,500, or more than 60% of the costs, not including per diem and airfare charges. It may be that these costs are included as part of the construction operating cost, in which case they should not be double counted. 92. Operating costs were not estimated as these are the responsibility of MPWU and integration into the day-to-day operation of the sewage system. The water quality and bacteria survey conducted three times a year for 4 operating years are estimated to cost betweenUSD15,000 and 20,000/year including sample analysis. 93. Funds for the per-construction and construction period work will come from the loan and the operating period costs will be born by MPWU and will be estimated in more detail during the construction period.

9 GREIVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

94. Members of the public may perceive risks to themselves or their property, or have concerns about the environmental performance of the project. These issues may relate to construction and operation and therefore they will have rights to file complaints for the contractor and the MPWU to address promptly and sensitively, and for complaints to be made without retribution. The following steps (Figure 6)were designed to permit easy filing of grievances , and to have them addressed, wherever possible, at the subproject level with the contractor the CSE and MPWU, and provides recourse to higher levels until resolution is reached.

9.1 During Construction 95. During construction, the contractor will be required to comply with the EMP, including any issues relating to noise and dust nuisance and exhaust emissions. The contractor will appoint one staff member as a liaison officer for each worksite to receive complaints and initiate corrective action as appropriate. This name will be made available to the CSE. Further, the name and contact details of the contact person for each site will be presented on a notice board at work sites and at the MPWU. The notice board will also state (i) that members of the public with a grievance or concern have the right to register complaints and for appropriate and reasonable action to be taken to address any valid complaint and (ii) that complaints can be made to the individuals concerned either verbally, in person, or in written form and that (iii) a written response will be provided within 48 hours. 96. The contractor will maintain a complaints book on site, containing complaint forms that are filled out in duplicate, with one copy provided to the complainant. The forms will record date, time and nature of the complaint and information on the rights of the complainant and process to be followed for assessing and acting on the complaint. Registering a complaint wil be at no cost to the complainant. 97. The contractor will then address the complaint and take corrective action agreed to with the complainant. For minor complaints, such as noise or dust nuisance, or disregard of safety procedures, immediate corrective action will be taken. For more serious issues requiring guidance or further discussions, the contractor will raise the issue with the CSE. A written response will be prepared, stating either (i) the nature and duration of action that has been taken, (ii) where an issue is not readily addressed by direct action on site, the steps that have been taken for resolution or (iii) complaint is considered invalid, an explanation as to why. In each case, the complainant will be informed as to their rights for the next step. The response will be handed to the complainant or made available for them to collect, within 48 hours of the complaint being received. 98. Should the complainant remain dissatisfied with the action taken or the explanation received, the matter/complaint file will be forwarded to the CSE. 99. The CSE will have assigned a member of staff with the role of community liaison. The name of this individual will be provided on the complaints registration form, with contact details and notice that this individual can be approached for follow up in respect of the complaint and that this may be done in person, by phone or in written form. 100. The CSE Project Manager will consult with MPW and on their behalf review the complaint and the response of the contractor, then make a decision to be referred to the complainant within a maximum of two weeks. If the complainant remains dissatisfied with the Project Manager’s decision, the grievance may be filed with the Magistrate’s Court, which involves a registration fee of $3.00. The Magistrate’s ruling will be binding on all parties.

9.2 During Operation 101. On completion of the works, and when the contractor’s defects liability period has passed, the infrastructure is handed over to the PUB. The PUB, as the enterprise responsible for infrastructure service delivery, will be required to receive and act on complaints relating to the operation and maintenance of the sewer systems. The PUB will inform the public as that complaints and grievances should be lodged at its head office in Betio or at site offices. A complaints register will be maintained, and copies of each complaint and record of its follow-up will be provided to the MPWU.

10 POLICY AND LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS

10.1 National Legislation for Environmental Protection 102. The constitution of the Republic of Kiribati vests the natural resources of Kiribati in the people and Government, who through various ministries and agences provide the protection to public health, the health of animals and plants and the conservation of the environment. Specific legislation on environmental protection and management is provided for in the Environment Act (1999) and a number of other legal instruments. The Environment Act was amended in 2007 to better reflect the needs of the 21st century and to provide the means for the inclusion of the Environmental (General) Regulations of 2009 (which repeals previous regulations to the act) which specifies how EIAs are to be prepared. These two legal instruments have guided the preparation of this BEIA. 103. Other legislation that this project triggers is (i) the Public Utilities Ordinance of 1977 which vests responsibility for the protection and security of water resources in the Public Utilities Board, and includes regulations for the protection of water reserves, (ii) the Public Health Ordinance of 1926, (iii) Public Health Regulations of 1926, both of which provide for public health measures including sanitation, solid waste collection and drainage, (iv) the Foreshore and Land Reclamation Ordinance of 1969, which regulates extraction of material such as sand, gravel, reef mud and rock, (v) the Marine Zones (Declaration) Act of 1983 which provides for protection and conservation of the marine environment, where these are not otherwise covered by national or international law and (vi) the Local Government Act, 1984 which empowers local government bodies to issue by-laws relating to environmental

Figure 6: Summary of the grievance redress steps.

protection. The Contractor must be fully aware of these regulations and ordinances and MPWU and CSE will brief the contractor concerning these requirements during the pre- construction briefing and workshop session (See EMP item 1.8). 104. The key agency which MPWU will report to for all environmental matters will be MELAD`s ECD, and will commit to providing reports as defined for the pre-construction, construction and operating period of the project, and submit environmental survey data as needed.

10.2 Specific Requirements for Environmental Assessment 105. Environment licenses are required for all activities that are deemed environmentally significant, as listed in a scheduled by the Minister of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development (MELAD); and which require one of two types of assessments, the basic or

34 comprehensive EIA.MELAD, under the direction of its Principal Environment Officer (PEO)is responsible for issuance of decisions on the type of environmental assessment the proponent must pursue and on any special studies or surveys required. The ECD of MELAD prepares all reviews and decisions which the PEO assesses and writes a final decision21. On approval of the EIA document, and finding it compliant, ECD issues a certificate to proceed to construction,pending the results of a public review period. ECD may prescribe any conditions to the licenses to undertake any additional work that the proponent is bound by law to implement. ECD will then set out the timetable for the publication and disclosure of the environmental assessment reports then issue the final certificate to proceed22.

11 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

11.1 Public Consultations 106. During project preparation, both formal and informal consultations took place with participants from the three urban areas and the wider public. These included informal discussions with residents within and outside the sewered area during site visits, formal meetings at community halls (maneabas), focus group discussions with women, men, youth and children, and a questionnaire survey. Meetings at each of the three sites to disclose information on the project, including descriptions of environmental impacts, and to seek feedback relating to the project and any concerns, were held on 1 and 2 July 2011. A report on the meetings is included as Annex 1. 107. During the course of the consultations, many of the issues raised related to the current state of the infrastructure. Information and views provided included (i) that the outfall at Bikenibeu and at Bairiki had ceased to function around two years ago, and that there are some leaks in the outfall pipes (ii) where the outfall has failed, a build-up of sludge develops at the shorelineand bad odours persist,(iii) the sewerage system in each town does not operate well, and large quantities of well water are required to flush toilets (iv) many homes within the sewered area are not connected to the system however householders continue to arrange connections, often undertaking the work themselves while others construct septic tanks (v) defecation at the beach remains widespread, and is often preferred over using a toilet and is even considered to be a social activity (vi) householders with functional toilets often allow neighbors and their visitors to use their toilets, but some people are often embarrassed to ask for the use of a neighbor’s toilet and (vii) few people have an understanding of how disease is transmitted, and few wash their hands after defecation.

11.2 Summary of issues raised at consultation and disclosure meeting 108. At the disclosure and consultation meetings of 1 and 2 July 2011, the public were informed as to the principal impacts of the rehabilitation of the sewer system and construction of drilled outfalls, including benefits to the living environment and effects of more efficient dispersal of effluent via the outfalls, potential risks associated effluent plumes during stagnant conditions, and the fact that some noise, dust and increased traffic would cause nuisance during construction. 109. Issues raised at these meetings again, related to the existing situation caused by the poor state of repair of the infrastructure, to lasting impacts of original construction, and some further concerns. Issues relating to the state of the existing infrastructure were (i) bad smells from manholes and other parts of the sewer systems (Betio, Bikenibeu); (ii) the salterwater supply is not functional, and therefore the investment of money and effort in constructing home toilets is not justified (Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu), (iii) public toilets are not maintained and are in poor repair (Betio). Concerns over lasting impacts of existing

21A decision almost always in line with the EDC recommendation. 22ECD has confirmed that contract bidding can proceed before EIA approval is complete, recognizing that any requirements defined in the EIA would require additions to the contractor`s mitigation and monitoring tasks.

35 infrastructure were (i) removal of trees where excavation took place to lay pipes and other components of the sewer network (Bikenibeu) and (ii) damage to the reef caused by blasting to create the trench for the existing outfall pipe has caused further erosion (Bikenibeu). Further concerns raised were (i) effects on fish, and (ii) damage to fruit trees when leakages occur in the saltwater flushing system. No concern was expressed over temporary effects of construction.

11.3 Means of addressing issues raised 110. The issues of main concern, namely the effects of the current state of the infrastructure, will be addressed by the proposed infrastructure improvements. Concern over the removal of vegetation may not apply during the construction phase, as excavations will be limited to sites where individual items of equipment or damaged sections of pipe need to be replaced. However, the need to avoid the removal of or damage to trees during excavation, and replanting as required, is included in the EMP. Effects on fish populations were examined and found to be negligible, other than of course the discharge of raw sewage beyond the edge of the atoll reef, leading to potential increases in toxic algan blooms and the spread of ciguatera. The EMP includes a monitoring process that will track changes in nutrient enrichment and make regular assessment of algal blooms linked to sewage discharges. The effects are difficult to predict, but are likely to consist of changes in the occurrence of different fish species, rather than harm to the fish population as a whole. Risks of damage to vegetation from leaks in the saltwater system will remain, but will be mitigated by improvements in the management and implementation of improved maintenance that is expected to result from capacity building and maintenance support components of the STSISIP.

11.4 Further consultation and disclosure during the construction phase 111. 130. During construction, the contractor will disclose information on the location, duration and of construction operations. The contractor will assign a liaison officer at each site, who will be responsible for receiving, and acting on complaints. Consultation meetings will be held every three months at each site to gather feedback and give the opportunity for community members to air any concerns that need to be addressed during construction23. 112. Further public consultation will be made when the decision on the methodology is finalised for the sewage outfall.

12 IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

113. Selection of a contractor is expected before the end of April 2014, and implementation is due to start within four months of that date. Construction will take over an approximately two year period. The executing agency for the STSISP is the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MFED). Within MFED, an existing Project Management Unit (PMU) has been established to oversee current infrastructure improvement projects and has assumed the oversight management functions for the STSISP. Additional consultant support to the PMU is being provided through a national project coordination officer, national project finance officer and international procurement specialist (CSE consultant) to ensure that there is sufficient human resource capacity for effective and efficient project management. 114. The implementing agency is the Ministry of Public Works and Utilities (MPWU). The MPWU is the project owner, as defined by the Environment Act, 1999 (amended 2007). A project implementation unit (PIU) has been established within MPWU to oversee project

23 In parallel with this project is another long term community engagement and health program. This is ongoing and will be a good venue for discussion concerning the new sewage services other means to reduce the habit of open defecation and the better management of pig waste.

36 implementation and will be supported by a team of consultants, the CSE, with responsibility for day-to-day project management support, construction supervision, capacity building and technical support to the preparation of further subprojects. The Team Leader and Deputy Team Leaders of the CSE manage the day to day activities, including safeguards. 115. The Environmental Specialist and Safeguards (Environment and Resettlement) Officer is responsible for carrying out an Environmental Impact Assessment on behalf of the MPWU, and in accordance with national laws and the requirements of MELAD. 116. Neither MPWU or the contractor have capacity to implement the EMP measures credibly and therefore a training workshop will be organized. It will be held before the contractor is mobilized, likely sometime during the 2nd quarter of 2014 and delivered by CSE and the MPWU.

13 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

117. This Environmental Assessment has included site visits, consultations with a range of project stakeholders, and a review of documentation. No significant negative environmental impacts that cannot be properly managed are envisaged, provided that the EMP is fully implemented. 118. Outcomes in terms of improved public health will result, but will also be dependent a reduction in unhygienic practice such as open defecation, illegal dumping of solid waste, and uncontrolled release of pig manure. 119. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) covers key design considerations related to sound construction and long term serviceability of infrastructure including provisions to mitigate environmental effects during construction such as noise and dust nuisance, safety, and impedance to traffic. The Monitoring plan provides for community feedback, linkage with ongoing water quality monitoring programs and monitoring for compliance with the EMP. 120. Construction mitigation measures will focus in environmentally sound construction practices, careful management of all wastes generated by the work. Construction will be preceeded with a contractor briefing-workshop. 121. The BEIA specifies a set of compliance monitoring reports; once during the pre- construction period and monthly during the construction period ending with and summary report and at least five annual reports during the operating period. These are to be submitted to MPWU management as well as MELAD and the Health Department as required (see EMP Items 1.8, 2.10 and 3.5). 122. The overall finding of the BEIAis that the subprojects will not cause significant environmental problems and that potential adverse impacts are manageable through the implementation of the EMP. The subproject can therefore be classified under ADB Category B and GOK`s Basic EIA. No further environmental assessment is therefore required, however the operating period monitoiring program will carry on through year seven.

APPENDICES

Annex 1: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

ADB TA-7359 (KIR) :SOUTH TARAWA SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SECTOR PROJECT REPORT ON PROJECT DISCLOSURE AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION 1 – 2 July, 2011. Project Disclosure Team – 1. TemakeiTebano – Lead Facilitator, Community Participation and Consultations Specialist (National consultant) 2. MaketaIotebwa – Water Technician, Ministry of Public Works and Utilities (MPWU) 3. Maria Tito – Public Relations Officer, Public Utilities Board (PUB) 4. KomeriOnorio, National Consultant, Environmental Specialist (National consultant) 5. TabaioMetutera – Engineer – (National consultant) 6. Sam Sesega – Land Resettlement/Gender/Poverty Specialist 7. Regina Fay - Project Assistant/Secretary

Introduction – ADB’s Public Communications Policy requires the Bank to work with the borrower/client to ensure that relevant information (whether positive or negative) about social and environmental safeguard issues is made available in a timely manner, in an accessible place, and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected people and to other stakeholders, including the general public, so they can provide meaningful inputs into project design and implementation. This brief report describes the Project Disclosure and Community Consultations process for the South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project conducted by the MPWU, PUB and Project consultants. The disclosure was conducted on the 1 – 2 July 2011 in three separate meetings in the three communities affected by the Project. The objectives were to present the Project to the public, particularly the local communities that will be directly affected, to inform and to raise awareness, and, as part of the project design process, to provide an opportunity for them to express views, concerns and issues that would be considered in project detailed design.

Public Notification – The general public was informed of the impending consultations and disclosure via radio on the Wednesday and Thursday before the first community meeting on Friday. A project brief was prepared, translated and given to Radio Kiribati and the item was aired several times as a new item on both the local Gilbertese and English news on Wednesday and Thursday 29 and 30 June respectively. The news item specifically invited all interested members of the public to the meetings, with details of venues and times included.

Two weeks earlier, the first meetings with community leaders took place to request the meetings, to determine suitable dates and times, and to book the maneabas24. During these meetings, the community leaders were asked to spread the word and invite all community members, including women to the meetings. The final dates and

24Community meeting houses

8A‐3 times for the Disclosure i.e. 1 – 2 July, were dictated by the local communities availability. An important part of engaging the local communities was getting them to have responsibility for the preparation of refreshments. We provided each with an initial amount of $100.00 and the community prepared what they thought was appropriate for the expected number. We offered to top up the refreshment money if a higher than expected number of people turned up. Local people are encouraged to attend by the knowledge that some food will be served.

Involvement of GOK - MWPU and PUB MPWU and PUB were represented in the Project Team that conducted the disclosure and community consultations. A Water Technician and Public Relations officer respectively from both organizations joined the team. Both contributed during the questions and answers sessions. All questions – and there were many – related to the mandates of both agencies were directed to them to respond to. Many comments were directed at the poor state of the sewage system and these were responded to by the agencies representatives. Both also provided translation service of the proceedings to the Resettlement Specialist who (do not speak Gilbertese) was taking notes of the proceedings.

Meeting Process and Presentations - For each community meeting, the Project team arrived early (30min) to set up the presentations (PowerPoint, etc.), and to confirm arrangements for refreshments25. While waiting for more people to arrive, early arrivals were handed a copy each of the Project Information Booklet (PIB) translated in Gilbertese to read, and the Attendance sheets for recording their names and gender. The meetings were facilitated by the local consultant, but all meetings were called to order by the community ‘chairman’ who welcomed the Project Team and offered an opening prayer. The Team facilitator then took over, introduced the team, and invited the presenters to make presentations. The Lead Facilitator also facilitated the open sessions for comments and questions. There were three presentations, made in the following order – 1. Presentation 1 - the project overview, defined the context of problems underpinning the Project, the Project objectives and scope, and the key activities to be implemented. This presentation discussed the technical solutions proposed for subprojects 1 and 2, and touched on issues that will be considered in the selection of non-core subprojects. TaboiaMetutera made this presentation. 2. Presentation 2 – summary of the main issues of the EIA-BEIA-B. This presentation discussed the main positive and negative environmental impacts of the Project and negative impacts are to be mitigated. Environmental Specialist KomeriOnorio made this presentation. 3. Presentation 3 – summary land resettlement framework and resettlement plan. This presentation discusses the main features of the RF and RP. It explained the Project’s land requirements, the amount of private and government land to be acquired and their locations, and the process for acquiring land. Discussion also included compensation for land, trees and crops, as well as site restoration at the end of project, mechanism for receiving and redressing grievances and other

25 The local communities catered for refreshments for each of the respective meetings, based on an agreed per head price. Arrangements for these were made earlier by the local consultant and confirmed on Saturday before the meetings on Monday and Tuesday.

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benefits to displaced households including employment.26TemakeiTebano made this presentation. After the presentation, participants were given the opportunity to ask questions and or comment. There was no time limit, the session continued until no more issues were raised. Refreshments were served during the presentations and during the questions-and- answer sessions. More general discussion and exchange continued over refreshments before final words of thanks were exchanged, following which the maneaba chairman closed the meeting with a prayer.

Community participation – Community participation was excellent not only in terms of numbers but also in terms of the dialogue and the exchange of views that took place. While several issues were repeated, most of the issues were common in all three locations. The original Attendance Sheets signed by all participants are appended. The following table summarizes the numbers for each community – Community Males Females Total Bikenibeu 32 21 5327 Bairiki 42 37 79 Betio 16 25 41 Total by Gender 90 83 173

About 48% of participants were females – some elderly and others teenagers. Women participated actively and were quite vocal especially about problems with toilets at home and the public toilets provided by another donor-funded project in the past. One of the three landowner families directly affected was represented by the household head and she expressed concerns about the severe disturbance to her land when the existing facilities were first installed in the early 1980’s, the absence of any consultation or compensation, and the inadequate rate for leasing lands by the Government of $0.42 per square meter.

Key Issues Raised by Communities – The full list of comments received from all three meetings is appended. The following summarizes the main issues raised and discussed - 1. Compensation Questions were asked on who and what assets are eligible for payment of compensation. Most participants were leaseholders and were interested in what they were entitled to for compensation in this Project. 2. Public toilets Most people expressed concerns about the poor conditions of the existing public toilets and the need for their proper maintenance. 3. Land rates

26Earlier in the week, before the Disclosure, landowners involved were visited and the RF and RP were presented to them in their homes. Discussions included the specific amount of land, trees and crops of each DP that will be affected, and the types and amount of monetary compensation they are each entitled to.

27 Actual numbers exceeded 70 but only 53 signed the Attendance Form because we did not have a second page for the form.

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Most people expressed disappointment with the lease land rate of $0.42 per square meter GOK is presently paying. 4. Compensation for crops – There was interest in whether or not crops affected are compensated and whether leaseholders and non-titled people with affected trees are entitled to compensation. 5. Existing saltwater flushed toilet system In all communities visited, this is the most discussed issue. That the existing saltwater flushed toilet system was not working. Households are required by the building code to have proper toilets however there is no seawater for flushing. 6. Location of public toilets Several speakers proposed closing down public toilets that are very near residences because they smell and for the most part, not working. Every one agreed that public toilets should be located remotely from residences. 7. Compensation for past projects Landowner in Bairiki recalled that land previously taken by many GOK projects including the sanitation facilities were never compensated properly. The same landowner also argued that trees and crops damaged then should also be compensated under this Project.

8. Who will benefit from this Project? Are those with private toilets with septic tanks be connected to the sewage system?

9. Need for training in proper sanitation practices Several speakers noted the importance of training in the proper use of flushed toilets, noting that many blockages in the system are caused by people putting objects etc in the toilet that shouldn’t go in there.

General Comment – 1. General atmosphere The general tone of all three meetings was positive. The communities were well aware of the poor sanitation conditions and were appreciative that a Project is in the pipeline to address it. The notion of being informed and being involved through this consultation in the design of the Project was well received. Inevitably, observations of the current state of the saltwater flushed toilet system, the lack of maintenance of public toilets and the low rate for leasing private lands were negative. Overall the Project is fully embraced and supported by the three local communities.

Overall Assessment of Disclosure – Overall, the Project Disclosure is assessed highly successful. The level of participation was high. The number of women who participated was almost the same as the men (48%). As well, the amount of views and comments received was high and were both informative and constructive. Most comments were questions seeking clarifications about the nature of the Project, the specific activities and its beneficiaries, what will be compensated etc.. Others were comments on what should be incorporated into the Project design. For example, training needs in proper use of toilets etc, more information on sanitation, public toilets and their ideal locations, connecting all families to the sewage system.

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Acknowledgement - The MWPU and PUB involvement in the Disclosure meetings is appreciated. Issues raised in Project Disclosure meetings 1 – 2 July 2011 Betio – 1. People in the community are grateful to the GOK for this project which addresses an important issue to the community. However, more information is needed about sanitation. 2. The manholes are constantly emitting a bad smell that is a nuisance and hazard to nearby households. 3. The village encourages people to build their own toilets but there is no water for flushing. This is a major disincentive. 4. The GOK’s building code requires families to have indoor toilets but when there is no reliable water for flushing, it does not make sense. 5. Leave landowner issues to landowners themselves to sort out with the GOK. 6. Are those on Government leased lands compensated if they are affected? 7. If you are living near a government built public toilet that is constantly emitting a bad smell, are you entitled to compensation? 8. The new Project should provide toilets for each HH because public toilets are not well maintained and people will look after their own toilet. 9. Public toilets are poorly maintained. We don’t know whose responsibility it is to maintain and keep them clean. 10. All HHs should be connected to the sewage system because septic tanks are inadequate and there is no space for them. 11. There is a need for an integrated plan for sewage pipes, water pipes, telecommunication facilities etc.. 12. How about those HHs without toilets? Will this Project provide them? 13. The existing saltwater flushed toilet system is not working. 14. PUB pipeline killed HH’s breadfruit tree which is an important food source for one HH. Is there any compensation? 15. People should be trained in the proper use of flushed toilets. For instance, most people put everything and anything in the toilet after using it. 16. Existing sewage pipes are going through families plots and some should be relocated. 17. How was the rate of $0.42 per m2 for leasing land derived? It is too low. 18. Some public toilets are located too close to homes and should be pulled down. The smell is a hazard to nearby families.

Bairiki – 1. The saltwater flushed toilet system is installed but there is no seawater. It has not worked properly since it was installed and people have to fetch well-water for flushing. 2. PUB’s sewage disposal truck leaks and spreading raw sewage along public roads. 3. There is a leaked PUB pipe in the neighbourhood that needs fixing.

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4. Most people here are leaseholders on government owned or government leased lands and are not landowners. Thus there is little interest in land issues. 5. Are non-fruit trees compensated?

NOTE: Many commentators expressed dissatisfaction with the existing PUB saltwater flushed toilet system. Bikenibeu – 1. Is there compensation for the bad smell? 2. People need training on proper use of toilets. Everything goes into the toilet and blocks up the pipes. 3. For those presently not connected to the sewage system – are we going to be connected with this Project? 4. Is there any impact on the fish as a result of the waste from the outfall pipe? 5. Can private houses be connected to the sewage system? 6. Can our own village have our own system separate from the existing PUB system? 7. Is there any assistance to family toilets with septic tanks? Does this Project provide those? 8. What about compensation? My land was badly disturbed when the GOK installed the outfall pipe. They cut all our trees and dug a huge hole and did not pay any compensation. We have also suffered from the smell from the outfall vent ever since. We should be entitled to some compensation. (One of four DPs for this Project). 9. If the Project builds public toilets, can they be allocated between church groups instead of by village? This is because church groups are better organized to look after and maintain them. 10. The Government rate of leasing land at $0.42/m2 is too low. 11. The GOK should compensate for all trees that were destroyed on my land when they installed the existing system. 12. My land has been badly eroded by strong waves since GOK blasted the reef to lay the outfall pipe. Government should look at constructing a seawall to protect the outfall pipe and my property. (Landowner from Bikenibeu on whose land is located the outfall vent (0.7m by 0.7m)).

Lists of Participants

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Pictures of the Disclosure meetings in Bikenibeu, Bairiki and Betio South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project – Project Disclosure 1-2 July 2011

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Preparations: Confirming venue and Having set up, the Team waited for the logistics arrangements with maneaba community people to arrive in matriarch in Betio. Bikenibeu.

A young man reading the PIB while More men reading the PIB while waiting for the presentations to start in waiting… Bikenibeu.

Local facilitator Temaki explaining the Maria Tito of PUB responding to resettlement framework and plan. questions from the floor.

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Bikenibeu community members reading TaboiaMetutera showing pictures of and listening. rotten pipes.

Chairman of the Bairiki maneaba taking One of the women making a point in the floor. Betio.

Betio women listening to the project A younger crowd at Bairiki listening and presentations. watching the powerpoint presentations.

Annex 2: Water Quality Results: Sept. 2013 ( all data provided by T-makie

Services of Kiribati

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Annex 2: Mitigation and Monitoring Cost Estimate

Non Reoccuring Reoccuring Note: P=People 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 1011121314 Mitigation and Monitoring Items As No. No. No. P. No. P Unit Unit Total Cost No No No. No. No. P Unit Unit Total Cost EMP No. listed in the EMP Cy cles Day s Kir Int'l. cost Cost Cycles Yrs Day s P. Int'l. cost Cos t /cycle Int'l. Kir. /Yr. /cycle Kir Int'l. Kir. 1 Pre-Construction Period (6 mnths) 6 1.1,3 & 4 Complete Tasks 1.1, 1.2,1.4 1 5 1 0 0 120 $600.00 0000000 $0.00 1.5 Test for unexploded Ordinance at three drilling sites 1 10 1 2 750 120 $16,200.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $0.00 1.6 Conduct Consultation re w ork and drilling 1 1 1 1 750 120 $870.00 0000000 $0.00 0 0 0 000 $0.000000000 $0.00 Other one-time costs 1.7 Conduct 2nd WQ, current and bethic survey at 3 loc. 1 7 2 1 750 120 $6,979.00 $0.00 Survey equipment Vessel, etc.) 1,500.00 Other Expenses Transportation $800.00 $0.00 Communication $500.00 $0.00 Other Expenses $500.00 $0.00 Reporting and Report Production $0.00 $0.00 Pre-construction Period Total $27,949.00 $0.00 2 Construction Period ( 24 months) 24 2.1 Contractor waste management 0000750 120 $0.00 12 2 0.5 2 0 750 120 $2,880.00 2.2 Prevent Property Damage 0000750 120 $0.00 12 2 0.25 1 0 750 120 $720.00 2.3 Prevent accidental damage to utilities 1 3 1 0 750 120 $360.00 12 750 120 2.4 Implement Noise reductiion measures 0 0 0 0 750 120 $0.00 12 2 2 1 0 750 120 $5,760.00 2.5 Collection , handling and disposal of drilling lubricants 0 0 0 0 750 120 $0.00 1 2 14 1 2 300 120 $20,160.00 2.6 Vehicle inspections 0 0 0 0 750 120 $0.00 12 2 3 1 0 300 120 $8,640.00 2.7 Haz. M aterials and fuel management 0 0 0 0 750 120 $0.00 12 2 2 1 0 750 120 $5,760.00 2.8 Env sound construction methods at drill sites 0 0 0 0 750 120 $0.00 3 2 1 0 1 300 120 $1,800.00 2.9 Revegetation 1 14 3 0 750 120 $5,040.00 0 0 0 0 0 750 120 $0.00 Other Expenses Transportation $500.00 $0.00 Communication $500.00 $0.00 Other Expenses $500.00 $0.00 Reporting and Report Production $800.00 12 2 1 1 0.15 750 120 $5,580.00 Construction Period Total $6,900.00 $47,700.0 3 Operating Period (36 months) 36

3.1 Diffuser maintenance 000000$0.00 $0.0

3.2 milliscreen cleaning and transport to digester

3.3 Digester operation and sludge management

3.4 Training on use of digester wastes Included in Operating costs of 3.5 WQ, and current monitoring program Facility

3.6 Plume modelling using the UM 3 model

Expenses $0.00 Operation Period Total $0.00 $0.00 Unusual Expenses $0.00 $0.00 ???? $0.00 $0.00 Total Unusual Expenses $0.00 0.00 Totals: Non Reoccuring and Reoccuring $34,849.00 47,700.00 All M ITIGATION AND M ONITORING Totals Pre Construction Period $27,949 Construction $54,600 Operating Period $0 Total $82,549 International Airfare $12,000 Per diem $13,500 Contingency Costs @ 10% of total $8,255 Grand Total $116,304

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Annex 3. South Tarawa Sewerage Grid: The Sewage Network to be upgraded and examples of issues to be addressed

Figure 1. Map of South Tarawa showing sections of sewer areas at Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu villages used in the next 11 figures.

The images provided in the next 11 figures demonstrated the alignment of sewage pipeline network in relation to the buildings, roads and other structures on land at the sewer areas

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Figure 2. Sewerage grid of Section 1 at Betio.28

28 Legend use in this image is the same for Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9. 10. 11. and 12.

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Figure 3. Sewerage grid of Section 2 at Betio.

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Figure 4. Sewerage grid of Section 3 at Betio.

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Figure 5. Sewerage grid of Section 4 at Betio.

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Figure 6. Sewerage grid of Section 5 at Betio.

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Figure 7. Sewerage grid of Section 6 at Betio.

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Figure 8. Sewerage grid of Section 7 at Bairiki.

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Figure 9. Sewerage grid of Section 8 at Bairiki.

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Figure 10. Sewerage grid of Section 9 at Bikenibeu.

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Figure 11. Sewerage grid of Section 10 at Bikenibeu.

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Figure 12. Sewerage grid of Section 11 at Bikenibeu.

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