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Betio, Bairiki, and Bikenibeu Sewer System Subproject Initial Environmental Examination

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Betio, Bairiki, and Bikenibeu Sewer System Subproject Initial Environmental Examination Initial Environmental Examination August 2014 Kiribati: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project Prepared by Ministry of Public Works and Utilities, Government of Kiribati for the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area REPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND UTILITIES SOUTH TARAWA SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SECTOR PROJECT CONTRACT DOCUMENTS For the Rehabilitation of Sewerage and Saltwater Systems in Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu Contract No. KIR-STSISP-Works ICB-01 VOLUME 4 BEIA – Sewerage system and Anaerobic Digester – ICB01 and Environmental Consultations Environmental License RAP – Resettlement Action Plan August 2014 CONTENTS BEIA – Sewerage system and Anaerobic Digester – ICB01 Environmental Consultations Environmental License RAP – Resettlement Action Plan SOUTH TARAWA SANITATION SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Sewer System Subproject BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (BEIA) Prepared By: The Kiribati Ministry of Public Works and Utilities and Their Consultant Snowy Mountain Engineering Corporation International Ltd. Date: May 30, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (i-Kiribati) ........................................................................................ iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ vi 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................................... 8 1.1 Shaping this Basic Environmental Assessment (BEIA) ........................................ 8 1.2 The Project ............................................................................................................ 8 1.3 The BEIA ............................................................................................................... 8 2 THE NEED for the project ........................................................................................... 9 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE Proposed Activity .................................................................. 9 3.1 Infrastructure Improvements ................................................................................. 9 3.1.1 Sewer System Improvement ........................................................................ 13 3.1.2 Proposed Implementation Schedule ............................................................ 15 3.2 Environmentally Significant Activities .................................................................. 16 3.3 Taking Harvesting, Growing or Keeping Organisms ........................................... 16 3.4 Generating Waste Substances or Energy ........................................................... 16 3.4.1 Sewage System Repair ............................................................................... 16 3.4.2 Anaerobic Digester ...................................................................................... 16 3.5 Effect on Coral Reef, Mangrove or Seagrass Bed .............................................. 16 3.6 Effects on Protected Species or Ecological Communities .................................. 16 3.7 Activity in a Nationally Protected area or World Heritage ................................... 16 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 16 4.1 Physical, Chemical Resources ........................................................................... 16 4.1.1 Geology Topography and Soil ..................................................................... 16 4.1.2 Climate ......................................................................................................... 19 4.1.3 Climate Change ........................................................................................... 19 4.1.4 Freshwater ................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Ecological resources ........................................................................................... 20 4.2.1 Marine ecosystems ...................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 Terrestrial ecosystems ................................................................................. 20 4.2.3 Protected areas ........................................................................................... 20 4.3 Culture .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.4 Human and Economic Development .................................................................. 21 4.4.1 Population .................................................................................................... 21 4.4.2 Economy ...................................................................................................... 21 4.4.3 Public Health ................................................................................................ 22 5 BEIA and Data collection Methodology ...................................................................... 22 6 ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................... 22 6.1 Alternative to/within the existing Subprojects or infrastructure ........................... 22 6.2 The “no project” alternative ................................................................................. 22 6.3 The Sewer System Rehabilitation Subproject ..................................................... 23 6.4 The Sewer System Rehabilitation (using fresh water) ........................................ 23 6.5 The Preferred Alternative .................................................................................... 23 7 The project: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ............ 24 7.1 Conveyance and Disposal of Sewage ................................................................ 24 7.1.1 Effluent within sewer piping systems ........................................................... 24 7.2 Risks associated with Climate Change and Variability ....................................... 25 8 MITIGATION, MONITORING, REPORTING and Cost .............................................. 26 8.1 Environmental Management Plan: Mitigation Measures ..................................... 26 8.2 Environmental Management Plan: Monitoring Measures ................................... 28 8.2.1 Monitoring Implementation Details .............................................................. 29 8.3 Positive Effects ................................................................................................... 30 8.4 Reporting ............................................................................................................ 30 i 8.4.1 MPWU and CSE .......................................................................................... 30 8.4.2 Contractor .................................................................................................... 31 8.5 Costs ................................................................................................................... 31 9 GREIVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ..................................................................... 32 9.1 During Construction ............................................................................................ 32 9.2 During Operation ................................................................................................. 33 10 POLICY AND LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS .............................................................. 33 10.1 National Legislation for Environmental Protection ........................................... 33 10.2 Specific Requirements for Environmental Assessment ................................... 34 11 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ........... 35 11.1 Public Consultations ........................................................................................ 35 11.2 Summary of issues raised at consultation and disclosure meeting ................. 35 11.3 Means of addressing issues raised ................................................................. 36 11.4 Further consultation and disclosure during the construction phase ................ 36 12 Implementation and Institutional Arrangements ..................................................... 36 13 Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................... 37 List of Figures Figure 1. Existing Saltwater Flushed Sewer System in Betio Source: IEE 2011 .................. 10 Figure 2. Existing Saltwater Flushed Sewer System in Bairiki; Source IEE-2011 ................ 11 Figure 3. Existing Saltwater Flush Sewer System in Bikenibeu-Source IEE-2011 ............... 12 Figure 4. Anaerobic Digestion process (A) leading to production of methane, CO2, digestate solids and digestate liquor (copied from Wikipedia), and (B) generic diagram of a simple anaerobic digester. ............................................................................................................... 15 Figure 5. IKONOS satellite image of Tarawa Atoll in 2003 showing the study
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