RESTRICTED WT/TPR/S/374 23 May 2018 (18
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RESTRICTED WT/TPR/S/374 23 May 2018 (18-3047) Page: 1/148 Trade Policy Review Body TRADE POLICY REVIEW REPORT BY THE SECRETARIAT URUGUAY This report, prepared for the fifth Trade Policy Review of Uruguay, has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), sought clarification from Uruguay on its trade policies and practices. Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Mr Angelo Silvy (tel.: 022 739 5249) and Ms Eugenia Lizano (tel.: 022 739 6578). Document WT/TPR/G/374 contains the policy statement submitted by Uruguay. Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the first session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on Uruguay. This report was drafted in Spanish. WT/TPR/S/374 • Uruguay - 2 - CONTENTS SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 7 1 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 13 1.1 Main features of the economy ......................................................................................13 1.2 Recent economic developments ....................................................................................16 1.2.1 Production and employment ......................................................................................16 1.2.2 Fiscal policy ............................................................................................................18 1.2.3 Monetary and exchange-rate policy ............................................................................20 1.2.4 Balance of payments ................................................................................................22 1.3 Trade and investment performance ...............................................................................25 1.3.1 Trends and patterns in trade in goods and services ......................................................25 1.3.1.1 Trade performance ................................................................................................25 1.3.1.2 Composition of merchandise trade ..........................................................................25 1.3.1.3 Direction of merchandise trade ...............................................................................26 1.3.1.4 Trade in services ...................................................................................................28 1.3.2 Trends and patterns in foreign direct investment .........................................................28 2 TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES........................................................................... 31 2.1 General legal framework .............................................................................................31 2.2 Trade policy formulation and objectives .........................................................................32 2.3 Trade agreements and arrangements ............................................................................34 2.3.1 WTO ......................................................................................................................34 2.3.2 Regional and preferential agreements ........................................................................35 2.3.2.1 MERCOSUR ..........................................................................................................35 2.3.3 Other agreements and arrangements .........................................................................36 2.4 Investment regime .....................................................................................................37 3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE ........................................................ 41 3.1 Measures directly affecting imports ...............................................................................41 3.1.1 Customs procedures and requirements and customs valuation ......................................41 3.1.2 Rules of origin .........................................................................................................46 3.1.3 Tariffs ....................................................................................................................48 3.1.3.1 Tariff structure .....................................................................................................48 3.1.3.2 Tariff bindings ......................................................................................................50 3.1.3.3 Tariff quotas .........................................................................................................50 3.1.3.4 Preferential tariffs .................................................................................................50 3.1.3.5 Tariff concessions .................................................................................................52 3.1.4 Other charges affecting imports .................................................................................53 3.1.5 Import prohibitions, restrictions and licensing .............................................................57 3.1.6 Anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures .................................................60 3.1.6.1 Anti-dumping measures .........................................................................................60 3.1.6.2 Countervailing measures ........................................................................................62 WT/TPR/S/374 • Uruguay - 3 - 3.1.6.3 Safeguard measures .............................................................................................62 3.2 Measures directly affecting exports ...............................................................................62 3.2.1 Customs procedures and requirements .......................................................................62 3.2.2 Taxes, charges and levies .........................................................................................65 3.2.3 Export prohibitions, restrictions and licensing ..............................................................65 3.2.4 Support for exports and export promotion ..................................................................66 3.2.5 Export financing, insurance and guarantees ................................................................69 3.3 Measures affecting production and trade .......................................................................69 3.3.1 Incentives ...............................................................................................................69 3.3.2 Standards and other technical requirements ...............................................................71 3.3.3 Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements ....................................................................74 3.3.4 Competition policy and price controls .........................................................................77 3.3.4.1 Competition policy ................................................................................................77 3.3.4.2 Price controls........................................................................................................80 3.3.5 State trading, state-owned enterprises and privatization ..............................................81 3.3.6 Government procurement .........................................................................................81 3.3.7 Intellectual property rights ........................................................................................87 3.3.7.1 Industrial property ................................................................................................87 3.3.7.1.1 Patents and utility models ...................................................................................87 3.3.7.1.2 Layout-designs of integrated circuits ....................................................................89 3.3.7.1.3 Trademarks .......................................................................................................89 3.3.7.1.4 Geographical indications .....................................................................................89 3.3.7.1.5 Plant varieties ....................................................................................................90 3.3.7.2 Copyright and related rights ...................................................................................90 3.3.7.3 Provisions for enforcement of IPRs ..........................................................................91 4 TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR ..................................................................................... 93 4.1 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries .................................................................................93 4.1.1 Features, objectives and institutional framework .........................................................93 4.1.2 Policy instruments ...................................................................................................95 4.1.2.1 Border measures ..................................................................................................95 4.1.2.2 Domestic support measures ...................................................................................96 4.2 Mining and energy ......................................................................................................99