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Module Aquatic Plants EN INTEGRATION OF FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY INTO AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: MOBILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND DEMONSTRATION SITES Demonstration Project in the Gambia River Basin Training of Trainers Module On The monitoring of flora and aquatic vegetation By Dr. Fatimata Niang Diop September 2010 Module on Plants Page 1 INTEGRATION OF FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY INTO AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: MOBILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND DEMONSTRATION SITES Demonstration Project in the Gambia River Basin Training of Trainers Module On The monitoring of flora and aquatic vegetation Wetlands International Afrique Rue 111, Zone B, Villa No 39B BP 25581 DAKAR-FANN TEL. : (+221) 33 869 16 81 FAX : (221) 33 825 12 92 EMAIL : [email protected] Module on Plants Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Course 1. An Introduction to the monitoring plan ........................................................................................................ 10 1.1. Why monitor flora and vegetation .................................................................................................................... 10 1.2. The role of plant communities in the monitoring of ecosystems ....................................................................... 10 Course 2. General information on aquatic plants ......................................................................................................... 12 2.1. The ecology of aquatic plants ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.2. The morphology and biology of aquatic plants ................................................................................................. 13 2.3. Structure of a plant formation ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.3. Principle types of aquatic plants ........................................................................................................................ 14 Course 3. PRINCIPLE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND STUDY SITES ................................................................................... 16 Course 4. TERMINOLOGY AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF AQUATIC PLANTS ................................................................. 20 4.1. Terminology..................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Illustrations of select aquatic plants ............................................................................................................. 22 Course 5. METHODS FOR MONITORING FLORA AND AQUATIC VEGETATION .............................................................. 28 5.1. Preparatory phase ............................................................................................................................................. 28 5.2. Materials ............................................................................................................................................................ 28 5.3. Collection methods: techniques of transection and phytosociological data collection ..................................... 29 5.4. Data analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................................... 43 Annex 1. Data collection sheet...................................................................................................................................... 43 Annex 2 : List of freshwater flora in the Gambia River basin ........................................................................................ 45 Module on Plants Page 3 INTRODUCTION As part of the implementation of the project “Integration of Freshwater Biodiversity into Africa’s Development Process: Mobilization of Information and Demonstration Sites” Wetlands International has implemented a number of programs to ensure effective consideration and the use of data relevant to biodiversity in the decision-making and implementation of development projects across the continent. The first phase focusing on the regional evaluation of the conservation status of freshwater biodiversity has indicated that many freshwater species are severely endangered. In addition, the management of water resources must take into account the requirements (needs) of freshwater species. This approach is at the heart of the concept of environmental flows, which aim to ensure that there is enough water to meet environmental, economic and social needs. After the first phase, the second phase targets a case study in the Gambia River basin for a better assessment of biodiversity in development projects. Within this framework, a monitoring plan with regard to the construction of the Sambagalou dam was developed, and should allow for the documentation of potential changes in the habitats. This can be the case thanks to careful monitoring of species and habitat dynamics that should enable the identification of potential negative changes and as such that adequate measures are taken. Different taxonomic groups will be monitored. In the framework of this document, we will focus on the development of a method for monitoring aquatic plants. They are typically studied through various methods. The study of flora and aquatic vegetation is generally based on phytosociological methods relying on the use of transects and phytosociological data collection. Phytosociology, or the science of plant groupings, allows the description and understanding of vegetation, the organization in space and time, both on the quantitative and qualitative levels of the plant species they constitute (Rameau, 1987). Phytosociology is based on the assumption that plant species, or even better plant associations, are considered the best integrating factors of all those ecological factors responsible for the distribution of vegetation (Beguin et al., 1979). Vegetation is considered to reflect site conditions (Beguin et al. 1979; Rameau, 1987). The use of transects enables the description of the vegetation distribution. These phytosociological data will allow for the collection of quantitative data. The use of records necessitates a directed sampling that requires a few basic practices and precautions (Guinochet, 1955). Module on Plants Page 4 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE MODULE This module is designed for the state’s technical services, NGOs and the local communities of the Gambia River Basin to implement in a practical manner a preliminary plan for the monitoring of freshwater Photo1 : Wetlands workshop (Simenti, 2009) biodiversity in the Gambia River Basin. It offers a precise and operational methodology to monitor the status and dynamics of freshwater plants. The creation of this type of course involves choices that must be justified on the field and eventually adjusted. Ultimately, this course will enable a: ‐ General understanding of concepts related to plant ecology ‐ Recognition of the most common aquatic plants of the Gambia River Basin ‐ Grasp a method of studying and monitoring flora and aquatic vegetation Photo 2 : The Gambia River (Wetlands, 2009) Module on Plants Page 5 CONTENT OF THE MODULE It contains different chapters detailed throughout the courses. Course 1 gives an introduction to the monitoring plan. Course 2 contains general information on aquatic plants. Course 3 gives the definitions of some terms commonly encountered in the analysis of flora and aquatic vegetation. It also provides Photo 3 : The Gambia River (Wetlands, 2009) illustrations of some aquatic plants so as to facilitate their recognition. Course 4 is a brief summary of the flora and vegetation in the Gambia River basin and of the sites where monitoring should be done. Course 5 describes the method to be used for monitoring the flora and aquatic vegetation in the Gambia River basin. This course also focuses on the analysis of collected data. Photo 4 : Visit to the Sambagalou site (Wetlands, 2009) Module on Plants Page 6 ORGANIZATION OF THE COURSE Courses 1, 2 and 3 will consist of explanations related to the monitoring plan and aquatic ecosystems, with a focus on flora and aquatic vegetation, but also on the greater ecosystems of the Gambia River basin. Concerning the latter, a description will be given of the major types of vegetation in the aquatic ecosystems of the Gambia River Basin, and of present sites where monitoring should be done by emphasizing the current list of plants that are present there. The procedure is to first listen to the views of participants on certain issues pertinent to the relevant chapters. Then, the facilitator will compile and present through slides the main points of the chapters. At the end of the course, a hard copy should be given to participants. The required duration of courses 1, 2 and 3 is 9 hours, or more precisely 3 hours for each. For course 4 the objective is to share with participants some concepts commonly encountered
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