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CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE This Page Intentionally Left Blank CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE This page intentionally left blank. CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE The search for healing CHRISTOPHER BAGLEY and KATHLEEN KING TAVISTOCK/ROUTLEDGE London and New York First published in 1990 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1990 Christopher Bagley and Kathleen King Laserprinted directly from the publisher’s w-p disks by NWL Editorial Services, Langport, Somerset All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bagley, Christopher Child sexual abuse: the search for healing. 1. Children. Sexual abuse by adults I. Title II. King, Kathleen 362.7′044 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bagley, Christopher Child sexual abuse: the search for healing/ by Christopher Bagley and Kathleen King p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Child molesting—Canada 2. Sexually abused children—Services for—Canada 3. Child molesting—United States 4. Sexually abused children—Services for—United States. I. King, Kathleen. II. Title. HQ72.C3B34 1989 88–36431 362.7′044–dc19 CIP ISBN 0-203-39259-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-39535-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-00605-8 (hbk.) ISBN 0-415-00606-6 (pbk.) CONTENTS List of Tables vii About the Authors ix 1 THE MEANING OF SEXUAL ABUSE IN CHILDHOOD 1 2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES25 3 DEFINITIONS AND ETHICS38 4 STATISTICAL DIMENSIONS56 5 A COMMUNITY MODEL78 6 TRAUMA TO THE CHILD VICTIM105 7 HEALING OF THE CHILD SURVIVOR133 8 HEALING THE FAMILY157 9 HEALING OF OFFENDERS182 10 HEALING OF SOCIETY204 11 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH231 vi CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE Bibliography 242 Name Index 264 Subject Index 269 TABLES 4.1 Comparison of prevalence across eleven studies76 4.2 Comparison of offender-victim relationships for women across five studies 77 6.1 Patterns of sequence of parental separation, parental punitiveness and sexual abuse in childhood in twenty subjects 128 6.2 Depression (in 1986–7) by combinations of childhood abuse and loss; stress (in 1986–7) and social support (in 1983) within 98 subjects reporting childhood sexual abuse 129 This page intentionally left blank. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Christopher Bagley studied in England and received a D.Phil. in social psychology from the University of Sussex before emigrating to Canada to take up the Senator Patrick Burns Chair of Child Welfare at the University of Calgary. He was part of a group which established an agency for counselling sexually abused children and their families in Calgary, using methods based on the humanistic model of therapy pioneered by Hank Giarretto. He also works with Native Bands in northern Alberta in programmes designed to prevent the removal of Native children from their families and to assist the return of Native children from the care of social services to their original families. Kathleen King studied philosophy before undertaking social work training. She has extensive practice experience in Edmonton, Alberta, in the treatment and prevention of child sexual abuse, and has an M.S.W. degree from the University of Calgary. She now practises social work in rural Nova Scotia. This book was completed while Chris Bagley held a visiting fellowship in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Leeds, in 1987. This page intentionally left blank. Chapter One THE MEANING OF SEXUAL ABUSE IN CHILDHOOD My natural love for beauty was checked by some ancestral dread. Yet this did not prevent me from feeling ecstasies and raptures spontaneously and intensely without any shame or the least sense of guilt, so long as they were disconnected with my own body. I thus detect another element in the shame which I had in being caught looking at myself in the glass in the hall. I must have been ashamed or afraid of my own body. Another memory, also of the hall, may help to explain this. There was a slab outside the dining room door…G.D. lifted me onto this, and as I sat there he began to explore my body. I can remember the feel of his hand going under my clothes; going firmly and steadily lower and lower. I remember how I hoped that he would stop; how I stiffened and wriggled as his hand approached my private parts. But it did not stop. I remember resenting, disliking it—what is the word for so dumb and mixed a feeling? It must have been strong, since I still recall it. This seems to show that a feeling about certain parts of the body; how they must not be touched; how it is wrong to allow them to be touched; must be instinctive. It proves that Virginia Stephen was not born on the 25th January 1882, but was born many thousands of years ago; and had from the very first to encounter instincts already acquired by thousands of ancestresses in the past. Virginia Woolf (1976) Moments of being: autobiographical writings This book is a search for the meaning of sexual abuse in childhood, and an attempt to understand from a variety of clinical and research studies how the wounds inflicted on children by the 1 2 CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE crime of sexual abuse can be healed, and how such abuse can be prevented. It will become clear to the reader that the available evidence suggests that the sexual abuse of children is not only disturbingly widespread but is also often harmful to the child victims. Our work in this field began in the 1960s, arising from an interest in sociological studies of the incest taboo and its transgressions (Bagley 1969). At that time we assumed, along with other researchers, that the interventions of a horrified society could do as much psychological harm to an innocent child in an incestuous relationship as could the sexual assault itself. We were able at that time to begin a long-term follow-up study with some of our subjects, and were able to survey the adult lives of children who had been sexually abused within the context of the family (some ten years earlier), in comparison with children who had been removed from home because of physical abuse or neglect (Bagley and MacDonald 1984). This study has convinced us that sexual abuse itself (as opposed to any subsequent social interventions) is indeed grossly intrusive in the lives of children and is harmful to their normal psychological, emotional, and sexual development in ways which no just or humane society can tolerate. The emotions and values of practitioners and researchers are of fundamental importance in social action, writing, and research in this most sensitive of areas. It behoves us, as potential experts in this area, to make our own position clear. Neither of us was abused in childhood, physically, emotionally, or sexually. Our childhoods, one in rural England, the other in rural Canada, were interesting, happy, and uneventful. We only came to an understanding of the widespread occurrence of the sexual exploitation of children, and the particular harm such abuse can do, through our practice as researchers and social workers. Never having experienced such abuse in a personal way, it was initially difficult for us to understand or empathize with victims and their emotional travail. In coming to terms with the reality of sexual abuse, we found the personal accounts written by women reviewing painful circumstances of abuse in childhood both moving and intellectually helpful. We commend to our readers these personal accounts. They are stories of anguish, despair, courage, humour, hope, adventure, forgiveness, and rebirth. It was these brave writers who began publishing in the 1970s who first alerted the world to the real nature of the problem of the sexual abuse of children. The early THE MEANING OF SEXUAL ABUSE IN CHILDHOOD 3 scholars—all women—deserve mention: Florence Rush, Judith Herman, Karen Meiselman, and Diana Russell, were among these intellectual pioneers. But it is above all to the non-clinical writers— Charlotte Vale Allen, Katherine Brady, Louise Armstrong, and others, including the women whose voices are recorded in the collections edited by Elizabeth Ward, Ellen Bass, and Louise Armstrong—who have changed our consciousness in the matter of child sexual abuse. This book attempts to offer an intellectual understanding of the problem of child sexual abuse in many of its aspects. We overview this literature from the professional standpoint of social work, and from the value perspective of humanism. Our humanism is not entirely of the secular variety, and has its roots in the theology of the medieval schoolman, Duns the Scot, and in writers and philosophers as seemingly diverse as John Donne, St Vincent de Paul, the Quaker founders, William Blake, and Gerard Manley Hopkins. The thread which joins these writers is the joyful intuition that human beings have a spiritual essence which is constantly bubbling to the surface of life. The burden of the albatross is released through a simple act of grace. Though many perils in this life tempt and betray us, escape from the hosts of Gideon is ever possible. Everything that lives is holy, as William Blake said. Even material things, even a poplar tree, trembles with the essence of immanent beauty and goodness. This intuition, this hypothesis about the conduct of living and of interpersonal relationships is tempered by the sombre realization that many humans fail to attend to the spirit within.
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