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Bendheim Senior Thesis Department of History, Columbia University
INCENDIARY WARS: The Transformation of United States Air Force Bombing Policy in the WWII Pacific Theater Gilad Bendheim Senior Thesis Department of History, Columbia University Faculty Advisor: Professor Mark Mazower Second Reader: Professor Alan Brinkley INCENDIARY WARS 1 Note to the Reader: For the purposes of this essay, I have tried to adhere to a few conventions to make the reading easier. When referring specifically to a country’s aerial military organization, I capitalize the name Air Force. Otherwise, when simply discussing the concept in the abstract, I write it as the lower case air force. In accordance with military standards, I also capitalize the entire name of all code names for operations (OPERATION MATTERHORN or MATTERHORN). Air Force’s names are written out (Twentieth Air Force), the bomber commands are written in Roman numerals (XX Bomber Command, or simply XX), while combat groups are given Arabic numerals (305th Bomber Group). As the story shifts to the Mariana Islands, Twentieth Air Force and XXI Bomber Command are used interchangeably. Throughout, the acronyms USAAF and AAF are used to refer to the United States Army Air Force, while the abbreviation of Air Force as “AF” is used only in relation to a numbered Air Force (e.g. Eighth AF). Table of Contents: Introduction 3 Part I: The (Practical) Prophets 15 Part II: Early Operations Against Japan 43 Part III: The Road to MEETINGHOUSE 70 Appendix 107 Bibliography 108 INCENDIARY WARS 2 Introduction Curtis LeMay sat awake with his trademark cigar hanging loosely from his pursed ever-scowling lips (a symptom of his Bell’s Palsy, not his demeanor), with two things on his mind. -
Scuba Diving History
Scuba diving history Scuba history from a diving bell developed by Guglielmo de Loreno in 1535 up to John Bennett’s dive in the Philippines to amazing 308 meter in 2001 and much more… Humans have been diving since man was required to collect food from the sea. The need for air and protection under water was obvious. Let us find out how mankind conquered the sea in the quest to discover the beauty of the under water world. 1535 – A diving bell was developed by Guglielmo de Loreno. 1650 – Guericke developed the first air pump. 1667 – Robert Boyle observes the decompression sickness or “the bends”. After decompression of a snake he noticed gas bubbles in the eyes of a snake. 1691 – Another diving bell a weighted barrels, connected with an air pipe to the surface, was patented by Edmund Halley. 1715 – John Lethbridge built an underwater cylinder that was supplied via an air pipe from the surface with compressed air. To prevent the water from entering the cylinder, greased leather connections were integrated at the cylinder for the operators arms. 1776 – The first submarine was used for a military attack. 1826 – Charles Anthony and John Deane patented a helmet for fire fighters. This helmet was used for diving too. This first version was not fitted to the diving suit. The helmet was attached to the body of the diver with straps and air was supplied from the surfa 1837 – Augustus Siebe sealed the diving helmet of the Deane brothers’ to a watertight diving suit and became the standard for many dive expeditions. -
History of Scuba Diving About 500 BC: (Informa on Originally From
History of Scuba Diving nature", that would have taken advantage of this technique to sink ships and even commit murders. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connecons. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of About 500 BC: (Informaon originally from mask with a box for air. The project was so Herodotus): During a naval campaign the detailed that it included a urine collector, too. Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to aack a Greek flolla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes's fleet, cung each ship loose from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved. Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off Cape Artemisium. 15th century: Leonardo da Vinci made the first known menon of air tanks in Italy: he 1772: Sieur Freminet tried to build a scuba wrote in his Atlanc Codex (Biblioteca device out of a barrel, but died from lack of Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems were used oxygen aer 20 minutes, as he merely at that me to arficially breathe under recycled the exhaled air untreated. water, but he did not explain them in detail due to what he described as "bad human 1776: David Brushnell invented the Turtle, first submarine to aack another ship. -
Joseph Warren Stilwell Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf958006qb Online items available Register of the Joseph Warren Stilwell papers Finding aid prepared by Aparna Mukherjee, revised by Lyalya Kharitonova Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2003, 2014, 2015, 2017 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Joseph Warren 51001 1 Stilwell papers Title: Joseph Warren Stilwell papers Date (inclusive): 1889-2010 Collection Number: 51001 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 93 manuscript boxes, 16 oversize boxes, 1 cubic foot box, 4 album boxes, 4 boxes of slides, 7 envelopes, 1 oversize folder, 3 sound cassettes, sound discs, maps and charts, memorabilia(57.4 Linear Feet) Abstract: Diaries, correspondence, radiograms, memoranda, reports, military orders, writings, annotated maps, clippings, printed matter, sound recordings, and photographs relating to the political development of China, the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945, and the China-Burma-India Theater during World War II. Includes some subsequent Stilwell family papers. World War II diaries also available on microfilm (3 reels). Transcribed copies of the diaries are available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org Creator: Stilwell, Joseph Warren, 1883-1946 Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access Boxes 36-38 and 40 may only be used one folder at a time. Box 39 closed; microfilm use copy available. Boxes 67, 72-73, 113, and 117 restricted; use copies available in Box 116. The remainder of the collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. -
Military-Industrial Complex: Eisenhower's Unsolved Problem
MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX: EISENHOWER'S UNSOLVED PROBLEM by )/lrS THOMAS JENKINS BADGER Bo A., George Washington University., 1949 A MASTER'S THESIS submitted fn pa 1 ful 111b nt of the .'_-. -.- ... — -\-C MASTER OF ARTS Department of Political Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1965 Approved by: ~ Major Professor XOOl 1105 6<3 ACKHQWLEOGEMENT TO: Dr. Louis Douglas for suggesting the subject, offering continuous encouragement and valuable advice, and insisting upon a measure of scholar- ship. Or. Robin Higham for reading the manuscript, professional advice and suggestions. Dr. Joseph Hajda, who as the Major Professor, was responsible for the thesis and who tirelessly read and reread drafts, and who patiently pointed out weaknesses needing amplification, correction, or deletion. It Is not Intended to Indicate that these gentlemen concur with the entire thesis. They don't. The errors and misconceptions In the thesis are mine as well as the conclusions but without their assistance the thesis would be unacceptable as a scholarly work. If I could have followed their advice more Intelligently the thesis would be considerably Improved, but whatever merit this work may have the credit belongs to them. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION of the United One hundred and sixty-eight years ago, the first President had served so States presented his farewell address to the country which he from a divided well and which he, as much as any other person, had changed Washington's group of self-oriented states Into a cohesive nation. George permanent alliances principal advice to this young nation was to stay clear of west to settle} with foreign nations. -
WW2 Timeline QR Coded
WORLD WAR II A Timeline of World War II December 16 November 9 BATTLE OF KRISTALLNACHT THE BULGE Nazi’s torch Last big synagogues, German vandalize homes June 6 offensive in and businesses D-DAY the west. of Jews - kill Secret Operation close to 100 Overlord begins. Jews June Allied invasion of BATTLE OF Western Europe - September 1931 December 7 MIDWAY Normandy, JAPAN INVADES JAPAN BOMBS August 23 PEARL HARBOR U.S defeats France. France MANCHURIA May 9 NON AGGRESSION June 22 As a result, the Japan at Midway would be V-E DAY FRANCE League of Nations protested. PACT United States Islands, turning liberated 3 Germany Japan ignored the protests signed between SURRENDERS joins the war months later TO GERMANY the tide in the surrenders. and withdrew from the German and USSR Pacific. Allied victory League in Europe 1935 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1944 1930 1946 1931 1945 July 10 August 23 October 1935 BATTLE OF BATTLE OF Italy Invades BRITAIN January 20 STALINGRAD Ethiopia FINAL SOLUTION September 2 Hitler begins Germany V-J DAY Ethiopia protests to bombing Britain in Germans meet to attacks the city discuss the 'Final Japan the League of his quest to of Stalingrad. surrenders. September 1, solution of the Nations. The League conquer the Five months American does nothing 1939 Jewish Question'. country. Britain The 'Final later, Germany victory over HITLER INVADES never surrenders surrenders Japan. POLAND solution' was a August and after more code name for This marks the ATOMIC BOMBS than a year Hitler the murder of all beginning of World gives up. -
4. FIRE AWAY Toward the End of World War II, the Allied Forces
4. FIRE AWAY Toward the end of World War II, the Allied Forces shifted tactics from the relatively ineffective high-altitude precision bombing of military targets to low-altitude firebombing of urban areas. This new form of bombing involved dropping a combination of high-explosive bombs to break windows and incendiary bombs to start fires. Over the span of eleven days in the summer of 1943, British and American forces bombed Hamburg, Germany, multiple times in a campaign codenamed “Operation Gomorrah.” During the night of 27 July, a combination of weather conditions and concentrated bombing produced a firestorm that sucked all the oxygen out of the lower atmosphere, produced winds up to 150 mph and temperatures around 1,500ºF, and towered over 1,000 feet into the sky. No one had predicted a firestorm as a possible side-effect of the bombing. Over the course of Operation Gomorrah, the bombing and subsequent firestorm killed over 40,000 people, according an article about the operation in Air Force Magazine, 2007. The Allies conducted a similar campaign against Dresden, Germany, during three days in February 1945, while the German army was retreating from all fronts. Previous bombing raids had been conducted against the railroad classification yards in Dresden, but this campaign targeted the inner city. On the morning of 14 February, the bombing produced a firestorm similar to the one in Hamburg, with temperatures reaching 2,700ºF. German sources have the number of people killed ranging between 25,000 and 35,000. The actual number was probably closer to 45,000, according to an article called “Firebombing (Germany & Japan),” by Conrad C. -
Grade 6 Social Studies Canada: a Country of Change (1867 to Present)
Grade 6 Social Studies Canada: A Country of Change (1867 to Present) A Foundation for Implementation GRADE 6 SOCIAL STUDIES CANADA: A COUNTRY OF CHANGE (1867 TO PRESENT) A Foundation for Implementation 2006 Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth Cataloguing in Publication Data 372.8971 Grade 6 social studies : Canada : a country of change (1867 to present) : a foundation for implementation Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-7711-3581-1 ISBN-10: 0-7711-3581-5 1. Canada—History—1867- —Study and teaching (Elementary). 2. Social sciences—Study and teaching (Elementary). 3. Social sciences—Study and teaching (Elementary)—Manitoba. I. Manitoba. Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. II. Title: Canada : a country of change (1867 to present) : a foundation for implementation. Copyright © 2006, the Crown in Right of Manitoba as represented by the Minister of Education, Citizenship and Youth. Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, School Programs Division, 1970 Ness Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 0Y9. Every effort has been made to acknowledge original sources and to comply with copyright law. If cases are identified where this has not been done, please notify Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. Errors or omissions will be corrected in a future edition. Sincere thanks to the authors and publishers who allowed their original material to be adapted or reproduced. Some images © 2006 www.clipart.com GRADE Acknowledgements 6 Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals in the development of Grade 6 Social Studies: Canada: A Country of Change (1867 to Present): A Foundation for Implementation. Manitoba Framework Development Team Kindergarten to Grade 4 Norma Armstrong Bairdmore School Pembina Trails S.D. -
American Arsenal
AMERICAN ARSENAL This page intentionally left blank PATRICK COFFEY AMERICAN ARSENAL A Century of Waging War 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Patrick Coff ey 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitt ed, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitt ed by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coff ey, Patrick. American arsenal : a century of waging war / Patrick Coff ey. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-995974-7 1. -
Aanspraak September 2016 English
AanspraakAfdeling Verzetsdeelnemers en Oorlogsgetroffenen September 2016 Suddenly we were refugees with nowhere to go Lydia and Annie Aldewereld’s flight from the Nazis took them to the Dutch East Indies Contents Page 3 Speaking for your benefit. Page 4-7 Suddenly we were refugees with nowhere to go. Lydia and Annie Aldewereld’s flight from the Nazis took them to the Dutch East Indies. Page 8-10 Caught between two cultures. John Simons: They took my homeland from me and called it Indonesia. Page 11-14 I never saw them again. Henk Kleijn survived the Battle of the Java Sea and witnessed the atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Page 15 Questions and answers. No rights may be derived from this text. Translation: SVB, Amstelveen. Aanspraak - September 2016 - 2 Speaking for your benefit Increasingly, commemoration ceremonies tend It is even more to be regretted now that, after more to focus on passing stories on to the younger than 70 years, interest in the Second World War is generations. This year, for the first time during the growing among the younger generations. This is Remembrance Day Ceremony on Amsterdam’s important, not only because so many survivors and Dam Square, the young people who laid a wreath their direct descendants are still alive and deserving at the cenotaph told us who it was for and what had of respect, but also because, for the younger happened to that person during the war. At the generations, WW II is part of history and offers a National Indies Commemoration for the victims of framework for our present-day norms and values. -
Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place
Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place A Historic Resource Study of Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks and the Surrounding Areas By Hal K. Rothman Daniel Holder, Research Associate National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office Series Number Acknowledgments This book would not be possible without the full cooperation of the men and women working for the National Park Service, starting with the superintendents of the two parks, Frank Deckert at Carlsbad Caverns National Park and Larry Henderson at Guadalupe Mountains National Park. One of the true joys of writing about the park system is meeting the professionals who interpret, protect and preserve the nation’s treasures. Just as important are the librarians, archivists and researchers who assisted us at libraries in several states. There are too many to mention individuals, so all we can say is thank you to all those people who guided us through the catalogs, pulled books and documents for us, and filed them back away after we left. One individual who deserves special mention is Jed Howard of Carlsbad, who provided local insight into the area’s national parks. Through his position with the Southeastern New Mexico Historical Society, he supplied many of the photographs in this book. We sincerely appreciate all of his help. And finally, this book is the product of many sacrifices on the part of our families. This book is dedicated to LauraLee and Lucille, who gave us the time to write it, and Talia, Brent, and Megan, who provide the reasons for writing. Hal Rothman Dan Holder September 1998 i Executive Summary Located on the great Permian Uplift, the Guadalupe Mountains and Carlsbad Caverns national parks area is rich in prehistory and history. -
World War II Finding
A Guide to World War II Resources at the Delaware Public Archives Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Notes on Access ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Federal Records at the Delaware Public Archives ........................................................................................ 6 Governor’s Papers (RG 1302)....................................................................................................................... 8 State Council of Presidents and Executives ............................................................................................ 13 Delaware Department of State Records (RG 1325) .................................................................................... 15 Delaware Veterans Military Pay Commission (RG 1470) .......................................................................... 24 Delaware Department of Transportation (RG 1540) .................................................................................. 29 Delaware State Council of Defense (RG 1673) .......................................................................................... 29 Military Records (RG 1800) ....................................................................................................................... 33 Sussex County Levy Court (RG 4200) ......................................................................................................