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American Indians & Route 66

AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 01 MAP KEY

Route 66

American

Tribal Jurisdictions ()

Trust Land

ON OUR COVER: ‘SEEiNg ThROUgh ThE PaTTERNS’ ABOUT THIS MAP Geraldine Lozano is a conceptual artist based out of Brooklyn, New York. She works using photo, video performance, artist books, and public art in her practice. Her video installation Route 66 cartography work has been funded by the Creative Work Fund and the provided by Zellerbach Foundation of San Francisco, . Lozano’s of Sandia GIS public art can be seen in the architecturally integrated art of eco-resin screens set into the bus shelters of BRIO, Sun Program, Pueblo of Sandia, Metro’s new rapid transit system. Gera, as she as also Bernalillo, New known in the street art world, creates femenine artwork that is conscious and provocative. Her studio work and public art work reflect the spirit of culture and dreams. Route 66 historic alignment information derived from – www.geralozano.com data and Rick Martin’s online resource, http://route66map. publishpath.com/

Tribal land status and base mapping provided by Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of American Indians & Route 66 Trust Services Division of Water and Power | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 01 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | MAP KEY

Route 66

American Indian Reservation

Tribal Jurisdictions (Oklahoma)

Trust Land

ABOUT THIS MAP

Route 66 cartography provided by Pueblo of Sandia GIS Program, Pueblo of Sandia, Bernalillo,

Route 66 historic alignment information derived from National Park Service data and Rick Martin’s online resource, http://route66map. publishpath.com/

Tribal land status and base mapping provided by Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of Trust Services Division of Water and Power DID DIDYOU YOUKNOW? KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

INTRODUCTION AMERICAN INDIANS AND ROUTE 66

Route 66 was an officially commissioned highway from 1926 Route 66 begins in Grant Park, Chicago—or ends there— to 1985. During its lifetime, the road guided travelers through depending on which direction you’re traveling. At the intersection the lands of more than 25 tribal nations. It was a give and take of Jackson and Michigan Avenues, a sign declares the “End of relationship between the asphalt and the American Indian people— Historic Route 66.” from the physical intrusion of the road on American Indian lands to the new commerce the road introduced. American Indian But according to statistics, most people begin the journey going Indian Country 1853 stereotypes were propagated and used as a major lure for tourists west, a journey that terminates near the Santa Monica Pier at Tourism in the on this “Mother Road” of American highways and the evidence the intersection of Santa Monica Boulevard and Ocean Avenue in Southwest In 1803, most of the land lingers. Faded billboards, rusty metal and concrete ‘wigwams’ Santa Monica, California. acquired by the beckon from the roadside, evidence not of the tribe they were As early as 1925, Purchase (except for the meant to represent, but of tourism marketing savvy. Whichever way you head, from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Highways, a state supported Ocean or the other way around, this iconic highway cuts its way Territory and the magazine, became a driving Today, the road can help break down these stereotypes as tribes across more than 2,400 miles of the . More than half states of Louisiana and force in promoting tourism actively share their distinct cultures and histories. American of Route 66 lies in Indian Country—roughly 1,372 miles. The Route to the Southwest, publishing ) was considered Indians and Route 66 was made possible through consultation and ventures through the country’s heartland to take a long sojourn the articles extolling the wonders Indian Country. participation of many of the tribes along the route. For additional length of Illinois, crosses Missouri and makes a brief jaunt through of the incredible landscape and and the most up-to-date information about tribes along Route 66, . Then it travels a long exotic Indigenous peoples. It wasn’t until the Indian please visit www.AmericanIndiansAndRoute66.com. stretch through a big swath of Indian Country, angling southwest across Removal Act of 1834 that an According to John M. Oklahoma, home to 39 distinct official was Coward, author of Indians American Indian nations, and crosses created. However, westward Illustrated: The Image of into the barren lands of the expansion and gradual forced Native in the PARTICIPATING TRIBES & ALONG ROUTE 66 panhandle. land cessions by American Pictorial Press (June 2016), Indians whittled away at Tribe Of Oklahoma p. 14 Motorists enter another piece of the magazine “represented Indian Territory’s borders p. 16 Indian Country at the New Mexico two kinds of Native Americans for the tourist trade—the until 1854, when Congress Nation p. 18 state line and as the landscape colorful, traditional Indian passed the Kansas (Creek) Nation p. 20 changes, so does the culture. who lived an ‘authentic’ and Act, carving out land for the Route 66 passes through or near Euchee () Tribe p. 22 apparently contented life in future states of Kansas and 10 American Indian Pueblos before p. 23 crossing the border into Arizona and the desert, and the competent, Nebraska. Tribe of Oklahoma p. 24 the lands of the Navajo (Diné), progressive Indian, not so Wichita and Affiliated Tribes p. 26 and Hualapai. Finally, in the home exotic or bizarre as to be Many tribes that had already and Tribes p. 28 stretch to Santa Monica, the deserts inaccessible. This two-sided been removed once from Pueblo of Sandia p. 36 and mountains of figure was the perfect tourist homelands further east were are home to the San Manuel Band of creation—romantic and Pueblo of Isleta p. 38 forced to move again, this , the Fort Mojave Tribe colorful but not frightening Pueblo of Laguna p. 40 time to live within the borders and the state recognized Gabrielino or hostile, seemingly content, Pueblo of Acoma p. 42 A sign planted in 2009 marks the of the Indian Territory we Band of Mission Indians. timeless, and well off the Navajo Nation p. 45 end of Route 66 on the wooden know today—the present state deck of the Santa Monica Pier—a political agenda.” Hopi Tribe p. 48 American Indians & Route 66 seeks of Oklahoma. to introduce the tribes living along popular tourist area filled with Hualapai Tribe p. 50 – Vintage copies of Arizona the route. We seek to inform and shops and restaurants. An earlier Fort Mojave Indian Tribe p. 54 – Map courtesy to point the way to genuine cultural routing (1926-1936) ended Highways are available on Edmon Low Library San Manuel Band of Mission Indians p. 56 experiences all along Route 66—from the highway in ’ Ebay, www.ebay.com Oklahoma State University Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe p. 58 Chicago to LA. Entertainment District.

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ROUTE 66 AND THE MYTH OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN entrepreneur. Originally, there were seven roadside sleepover spots, each featuring a small village of structures. Three There are hundreds of American Indian tribes in the U.S. with of these survive today—two on Route 66. One is in Holbrook, distinct languages, traditions, ceremonies and regalia. Yet, Arizona and the other is in San Bernardino, California. A historic popular culture, including Route 66 marketing, has perpetuated San Bernardino property brochure offers “a complete guest room a monolithic view of the American Indian. Motorists on Route 66 in a peculiar fashion of actual wigwam units.” The problem is a in Oklahoma pass signs for the Cherokee Trading Post traditional wigwam is not a tipi; it is a grass-covered hut also called depicting (presumably) a Cherokee. Except this “Cherokee’” wears a wickiup, used only by nomadic Indians in arid regions of the The Indian Detours a Plains Indian-style war bonnet that do not. On the western and southwestern United States. Route in Arizona, a “Navajo” trading post boasts the “World’s In 1926, businessman Ford Largest Teepee” (made of sheet metal). Navajos’ traditional The romance of Route 66 was created, in part, by marketing the Harvey launched an all- dwellings are hooghans, not tipis. These marketing images Hollywood version of American Indians. Travelers were given the expense auto tour featuring depicting American Indian homes and clothing are likely due to how stereotypical images they were accustomed to seeing in films to inhabited Indian pueblos, Indians have been depicted in Hollywood movies. Many Western lure them into buying postcards and souvenirs, taking photos with ruins and scenic points of films and TV shows feature these kind of Plains Indian images. wooden Indians, staying the night in a “wigwam” and spending a interest. The tours whisked little extra time and money on their journey west. It is important to intrepid travelers away from There are many other examples along the Route, including a chain shed light on these stereotypes and understand that, in fact, there Hollywood has made the Santa Fe railroad depot in of Historic “Wigwam ”, or “Wigwam Villages,” built between are dozens of fascinating tribal cultures along Route 66 with their more than 4,000 films distinctly marked Harvey cars 1933 and 1950 on Historic Route 66 by a -based own distinct and beautiful traditions. about Native people; and coaches, and took them more than 100 years on the journey of a lifetime. of movies inaccurately shaping and defining In an article published in the how American Indians New York Times Magazine that are seen by the world. same year, Francis McMullen wrote, “Tourists have invaded the Indian country of the Southwest. Over roads once ridden by the conquistadors, the sightseeing busses now Everybody knows about honk their way; and into even Indians.“ They think about the remote fastnesses of ‘Dances with Wolves’ or the Pueblos penetrate these ‘A Man Called Horse’ or curious city folk. They seek no something like that. But these longer the gold sought of old things are wrong. These things by Spanish cavalier or Yankee are just cinema. sourdough, but merely the sight of a real live Indian in his – Otis Halfmoon,” Nez Perce, feathers and paint…” Tribal Liaison, Retired Cultural Misappropriation National Program – Image of Indian Detours Fred Harvey’s Indian Detours In this photo, scientist Albert Einstein visits Hopi House, part of the Fred Harvey map found in Harvey In 1931, Pueblo Indians were employed by the Fred Harvey Company’s Indian concession at the . He’s wearing Plains Indian headdress and Company publications 1926 Detours as tour guides. They were often outfitted in “uniforms” of feathers and holding a Plains style pipe. Courtesy University Libraries, buckskins reminiscent of the dress of the Plains tribes. – Photo by El Tovar Studios – Photo courtesy Courtesy Museum of Northern Arizona Photo Archives

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ILLINOIS “There were not many Indians here [before Relocation]. It was amazing we found each other,” Power said. Studies show that most journeys along historic Route 66 begin in American Indian Center Chicago. Power was one of the Center founders and is still an active member of the Chicago American Indian Center. Chicago, circa 1953 Before white settlement, the Illinois or Illiniwek Nation who lived in Illinois consisted of several independent American Indian tribes that “It’s very important we maintain our Center, to preserve our Today, more than 65,000 spoke a common language, had similar ways of life, and shared a culture,” she said. “My daughter grew up in that Center.” American Indians call the large territory in the central River valley, according to Chicago area home. American the Illinois State Museum. The Illinois called themselves “Inoca.” According to Power, more than 200 tribes are represented there. Indian Center-Chicago French explorers and missionaries generally referred to them as provides resources to aid “Illinois,” but also used other terms, including Eriniouai, Liniouek, The mission of the AIC-Chicago is the same today as it was in Indian Relocation Act in economic development, Aliniouek, Iliniouek, Ilinois, and Ilinoués. the beginning: “to promote fellowship among Indian people of educational advancement, all tribes living in metropolitan Chicago and to create bonds of The Indian Relocation Act of cultural enrichment, wellness Up until the 1800s, a number of Algonquian peoples lived in Illinois understanding and communication between Indians and non- 1956 was enacted to entice and social services. but today, Illinois is no longer the official home of any American Indians in this city.” American Indians to move Indian tribe. However, citizens of many tribal nations call Chicago The AIC-Chicago hosts from Indian reservations and home because Chicago was one of the five original cities chosen Today, more than 65,000 American Indians call the Chicago an annual powwow each by the U.S. government to relocate American Indians in the 1950s. area home. AIC-Chicago provides resources to aid in economic assimilate into major U.S. September at Busse Woods, development, educational advancement, cultural enrichment, cities by offering vocational an extensive urban greenbelt, Mary Lowden, who is Acoma, traveled with her husband Alvin from wellness and social services. skill training. Relocation in Grove Village, a Chicago the Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico to Chicago to seek a better life suburb. had been first initiated by during the Relocation Program. CONTACT EVENT the federal government in In November, the Center hosts 1952. Relocation offices were a Giving Thanks Feast and “People would ask us if we were really Indian, where we lived… it AIC-Chicago 3rd weekend in September established in seven major Powwow the weekend before was like we were on display,” she said. 1630 W. Wilson Ave Annual AIC Powwow the Thanksgiving holiday. Chicago, IL 60630 Busse Woods cities—including Chicago at In spite of being considered a novelty by their big city neighbors, 773-275-5871 Forest Preserve the east end of Route 66 and In December, a Winter Feast Chicago was good to them, Lowden said. Their family would visit www.aic-chicago.org 536 N Harlem Ave Los Angeles at the west. and Powwow is held the when they could, taking the Santa Fe Railroad, also known as the River Forest, IL 60305 weekend before the Christmas Route 66 Railway. ATTRACTIONS 773-275-5871 holiday. www.aic-chicago.org Susan Power of the Standing American Indian Association of Illinois All these events are open to the Rock Sioux Tribe remembers Chicago Indian Museum Without Walls This [Route 66] was public. For more information, living in Chicago when the 5751 N. Richmond actually a second of or exact dates and times, visit “ government initiated the Chicago, IL 60659 Mounds the Center website, www.aic- Tears for many tribes. Some Relocation. “We were suspicious,” 773-338-8320 chicago.org of our tribal people were sent she said. “It was more of our land www.Chicago-American-Indian-edu.org In southern Illinois, near to Indian boarding schools. to take.” Collinsville, just outside of Mitchell Museum of the American Indian St. Louis, Missouri, Route 66 Many of them never came The influx of American Indians 3001 Central Street passes through the remains of back, as we know. This is the from all over the country gave Evanston, IL 60201 one of the greatest indigenous route too, that many of our rise to the need for a common 847-475-1030 cities of the Americas— young people went during the ground—a home away from www.mitchellmuseum.org Cahokia. Cahokia was larger Indian Relocation Program. home—for all the newcomers. than London in AD 1250. Again, many of them never In 1953, in response to the Trickster Art Gallery thousands of American Indians 190 S Roselle Rd. came back. arriving in Chicago, a group Schaumburg IL 60193 For more information visit ” got together and formed the 847-301-2090 www.cahokiamounds.org. – Otis Halfmoon, Nez Perce, American Indian Center. Annual AIC Powwow www.trickstergallery.com Tribal Liaison, Retired National Trails Program

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MISSOURI KANSAS

Missouri was once home to a thriving mound-building culture, and Route 66 barely passes through Kansas, its 13.2 miles of asphalt at one time St. Louis was nicknamed Mound City. Today, as you curving just across the southeast corner of the state, taking enter the city following the track of Route 66, there is no obvious travelers through Galena, Riverton and Baxter Springs. sign of the more than 40 prehistoric mounds that once dotted the Kanza Missouri and the Missouri landscape. All the mounds except one were razed over time—their The area is perhaps best known for its history of lead and zinc The name Kansas comes from River are named after the soil used for road fill to expand the city limits. mining, and Route 66 was not only a conduit for the transport of the Kanza Tribe, known as the Missouria Tribe. In the mineral ores, but also an economic diversifier. The three towns “People of the South Wind.” language of the Illinois Sugarloaf Mound, the sole remaining mound, is located at 4420 experienced a period of growth as hotels, restaurants and gas The name was adopted by Ohio Street, near HWY 55 (an alternate route to 66 between stations were opened to travelers. Indians, Missouria roughly French mapmakers in the 17th Chicago and St. Louis). Its unassuming height of approximately translates to: “One who has century. 100 feet can be mistaken for a small hill—especially since a Several American Indian tribes called Kansas home long dugout canoes.” In their own modern home sits perched along the side of it. before it became a state. To the Osage, Arapaho, , Today, the Kanza are the language, the Missouria called Kanza, , and Pawnee, Kansas was ancestral homeland. federally recognized Kaw themselves Niuachi, meaning: Sugarloaf was placed on the National Register of Historic Places Occasionally the Cheyenne joined the Arapaho and ranged into Nation headquartered in Kaw “People of the river’s mouth.” in 1984. The , an Oklahoma-based tribe, purchased northwest Kansas. The Wichita from Oklahoma and Texas also City, located northeast of the mound property in 2009, hoping to preserve the mound and pushed into southern Kansas as the pressure of white settlement City, Oklahoma. In 1804, the and possibly build an interpretive visitor center. Although the mound forced them northward. wasn’t built by Osage people, evidence suggests Osage ancestors Missouria tribes were the first The Kanza are related to the included a mound building society. In the 1820s, the U.S. government designated Kansas part of in the region encountered by Osage, Ponca, Omaha and Indian Territory and moved several eastern tribes into the area, Quapaw tribes who, prior to and William The Osage also have historical claims in the area. They were a including Cherokee, Chippewa, Delaware, Iowa, Otoe, Kickapoo, the 15th century, all lived as Clark as they explored the nomadic tribe that ranged across Missouri up until the early 1800s Miami, Ottawa, , Sac and Fox, Seneca, and one people in the lower Ohio lands west of the Mississippi before gradually being forced to cede their territory and move to Wyandot. The tribes already in Kansas had to make room for the Valley region. River at the behest of President an established reservation in Kansas. Ultimately, the Osage were newcomers. moved again—across the border into Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Thomas Jefferson. For more information about By the late 19th century, most of these tribes were forcibly the Kanza people and the Kaw Osage Nation is one of several tribes that have roots in Missouri. removed again. Kansas was opened to White settlement in 1854 For more information on the Nation, visit www.kawnation. The land was also occupied by the Iowa, Otoe and Missouria and gained statehood in 1861, shrinking the boundaries of Indian com Lewis and Clark expedition, tribes—all of whom were also eventually forced onto reservations Territory to the area of present day Oklahoma, where many still visit www.nps.gov/lecl in Indian Territory. live. Only the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, and Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation remain in Kansas today, along with the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri (who reside in EVENT D I DKansas and Nebraska). April The Osage Nation, or Wah-Zha-Zhi—whose ancestral lands in Kathryn M. Buder Center for American Indian Studies Powwow southeastern Kansas include those 13.2 miles of Route 66—were Washington University Athletic Complex, 330 N. Big Bend Blvd. removed to a reservation in Indian Territory in 1872. St. Louis, MO 63130 314-935-4677 Sugarloaf Mound http://buder.wustl.edu/Events/Pages/Pow-Wow.aspx

Sugarloaf is the last remaining ATTRACTION Charles Curtis prehistoric mound in St. Louis. Old Courthouse St. Louis History Galleries Wherever we live in the world, we are the first Kansans. It is in my blood. My roots are in The property is now owned by Charles Curtis was the 31st Museum of Westward Expansion Collections Kansas. I am always going to be a Kansan, though I have never lived in Kansas as a citizen. My the Osage Nation. For more “ Vice President of the United 11 North 4th Street people weren’t given the choice of staying. information on the Osage, visit St. Louis, MO 63102 States, serving 1929-1933. www.osagenation-nsn.gov 877-982-1410 ” – Pepper Henry, Kaw Curtis was an enrolled member www.gatewayarch.com of the Kaw Nation and was – Photo Courtesy Flickr also of Osage and Potawatomi descent.

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POWWOW ETIQUETTE Ask a dancer’s permission before taking a photograph. You may also ask the emcee if it is allowed to photograph or record the When attending a powwow, especially if you are unfamiliar with the dancing. Flash photography may be distracting to contest dancers setting, it helps to be very observant. While different powwows will and is sometimes not allowed. Ask before using a flash. have much in common, there may be some variance in protocol. Watch what other attendees are doing. Stand when they stand. Be respectful of regalia. Some of the pieces or jewelry may be Sit when they sit. The emcee, or master of ceremonies, will make family heirlooms. If a dancer drops a piece of their regalia or a announcements and give instructions to keep everything going piece comes loose, let them or the arena director know. Do not smoothly. pick it up yourself. The Drum A dance visitors won’t see at a powwow or other American Arena benches are set up for dancers and special honorees Do not touch or handle an eagle feather. If one has fallen, let the The drum is a term used to Indian event is the Stomp around the perimeter of the dance circle. If a seat has a blanket dancer or powwow staff member know. refer to both the instrument Dance. Common among on it, it is reserved. and the group of people sitting Southeastern tribes like the The dance circle is sacred. Do not walk across the circle and do at the drum to play and sing. Muscogee (Creek), Cherokee, Guests are welcome and encouraged to bring their own chairs not permit children to run in or around the circle. Pets are not and , the when the powwow is held outdoors. Be conscious of where you allowed in the dance arena. One or more lead singers, who Stomp Dance is a ceremonial place your chair. Do not sit in sections reserved for elders or start the songs, may have over and social dance performed dancers and take care not to block the view of others. Visitors may participate in some social and intertribal dances. The one hundred songs in their at traditional ceremonial emcee will announce these dances. personal repertoire. The songs grounds during warm weather When special songs are played, everyone stands quietly in respect. sung at powwow are varied months. Examples are during Grand Entry, Flag Songs, Veteran Songs, Give-aways are breaks between songs and dances when the and endless in number: some Memorial Songs and Prayer Songs. The emcee will announce these powwow host group gives gifts to the head staff and others it are traditional and passed Men and women songs and indicate if or when dancers may join the song. wishes to honor. These can last awhile. Please be patient. down through history, others alternately walk single file are contemporary and created counterclockwise around a fire Recordings are not allowed without the permission of the Master Blanket dances are introduced to raise money for the head drum to speak to current concerns followed by children. Women of Ceremonies and the Lead Singer. group. When the blanket is placed on the ground or floor, everyone and interests. do not lead the dancing or is welcome to enter the circle. It’s customary to enter from the singing, but they accompany Only those invited by the Lead Singer may sit at the Drum. Do not main entry and walk the direction of the established movement. Some of the songs are sung the songs shaking the turtle touch the Drum unless given permission. in their traditional tribal shell (or modern equivalent tin language, which aides in can) rattles strapped to their keeping the languages alive legs. What I tell tourists is to be comfortable and feel welcome. We want them to feel welcome. It [a powwow] is a very serious time, yet it’s a time of joy, a time for playfulness, good humor and vital for the younger generation. Many of the A rare opportunity for outsiders Powwow“ is for everybody. It’s for all people. The sacred colors of the people are red, black, white and“ good feeling. If they [visitors] are there for the first time, it may be music and song and dance songs are sung in vocables to experience a Stomp Dance and yellow, and that’s where we all come together. they are not familiar with. It may be foreign, but it’s important to be respectful. (rhythmically sung ) is offered at the beginning of ” – Kelly Anquoe, Kiowa/Cherokee – Archie Mason, ” Osage/Cherokee such as “hey,” “yah” or “lay.” the annual Muscogee (Creek) The use of vocables makes Festival held in Okmulgee, the songs easier for singers Oklahoma. The tribe holds a and dancers of all tribes to Stomp Dance the Thursday remember. evening before the weekend Fancy Dancers Give-Aways their festival officially opens There are typically a number of in mid-June. Fancy Dancers prepare Scalp Dancers wait to drum groups at each powwow, for the Red Earth gift of useful and they trade off the playing For more information, visit duties for each song. www.creekfestival.com Festival Parade in items to the powwow Oklahoma City. head staff and others. – Photo courtesy – Photo courtesy Don Patterson, Mvskoke Media Photo courtesy Photo courtesy Native Oklahoma Magazine Native Oklahoma Magazine

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OKLAHOMA The town of Foyil also features a small park in honor of Andrew A journey down Route 66 in Oklahoma offers motorists the widest Hartley Payne, a Cherokee who won the Trans-American Footrace diversity of American Indian cultures in one state. 392 miles of on Route 66 in 1928. Route 66 pass through Oklahoma, and those miles traverse the jurisdictions of tribes who originally lived in the basin, Will Rogers the Great Lakes region, the Southeastern woodlands, the Great Andy Payne Plains and the desert Southwest. Andrew Hartley Payne was born on Nov. 16, Senator Henry Dawes Route 66 is also known as the 1907, the same day Oklahoma was granted Today, Oklahoma is home to 39 federally-recognized American The 1887 Will Rogers Highway, after Indian tribes and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the statehood. Payne, a Cherokee, was born the popular Cherokee actor nation. The highway enters the northeastern corner of the state near Chelsea, Oklahoma, and raised on his Sponsored by and comedian. A plaque was and angles southwest toward Texas—passing through many tribal parent’s ranch in Foyil. dedicated to Will Rogers in Senator Henry Dawes, the jurisdictions and exposing travelers to a rich diversity of American Dawes Act, “an Act to provide 1952 at a point near the end Indian culture. of Route 66, where Santa As a child, he ran eight miles to school and for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on Monica Boulevard comes to The word “Oklahoma” was created combining two Choctaw words, back each day. After graduating, Payne an end at Palisades Park, just the various reservations,” “ukla” meaning person and “humá” meaning red. It was first used hitchhiked to California to find work, and was intended “to propel above Santa Monica State in the Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 following the Civil War to though unsuccessful at finding a job, he did Beach and the Pacific Ocean. the assimilation of Indians describe the consolidation of Indian Territory tribes under one find a way to earn some cash. into American society” by intertribal council. The plaque reads: dividing reservation lands into individual allotments. Unlike other states where American Indian tribes reside, Oklahoma Andy Payne noticed a newspaper ad for a “Will Rogers Highway, Generally, these allotments does not contain reservations (although a few tribes maintain their 3,400-mile footrace—the 1928 inaugural were 160 acres to each head dedicated 1952 to Will Rogers, reservations were never dissolved). Instead, traditional tribal lands trans-continental race to promote Route Humorist, World Traveler, Good of household, regardless are divided into jurisdictions that are shared with the state and 66, dubbed the Bunion Derby, and entered of the amount of land held Neighbor. This Main Street non-tribal citizens. of America, Highway 66 was the contest. After 84 days, on May 26, 1928, collectively by the tribe. Single the first road he traveled in a he crossed the finish line first. He used the individuals received 80 acres For a look at an historic Route 66 attraction, venture east of Foyil, and minors 40 acres. career that led him straight to Oklahoma, about 4 miles on HWY 28 to Ed Galloway’s Totem Pole $25,000 prize to pay off the mortgage on the hearts of his countrymen.” Park. According to a National the family farm and buy land of his own. Before allotment, American Park Service article, Galloway Indians held title to around became interested in Native 138 million acres of land. After Americans and found inspiration There is a small memorial park and statue dedicated to Andy Payne in his hometown of allotment, their land holdings in postcards and National were reduced to 48 million Geographic magazines. Foyil, right on Route 66, between the town acres—much of it in remote of Chelsea and the city of Claremore. arid areas. However well meaning, Galloway’s totem poles are an Lands not allotted were dubbed example of misappropriating “surplus lands” and liquidated Will Rogers Museum American Indian culture to create to non-Indian settlement and a tourist attraction. business interests. The Will Rogers Museum is I see a historical irony in which first the railroad established the right of way in the name located off of Route 66 at For more information about of“ and part of that right of way was title and extinguishing Native occupation The Oklahoma of 1720 W. Will Rogers Blvd. in Totem Pole Park, visit http:// from the right of way and then Route 66 took the same path, or at least one of them, and Natives 1889 is an example of land Claremore, Oklahoma. For www.nps.gov/nr/travel/route66/ were already displaced by railroad from around the right of way and then this old west kind of liquidation. more information visit online: galloways_totem_pole_park_foyil. mythology with white people building hotels that resemble tipis as another road side attraction www.willrogers.com html filled the vacuum of the displacement of the Native people. – For more information see www.constitution.laws.com/ Totem Pole Park ” – Hopi Elder dawes-act

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QUAPAW TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA CONTACT ATTRACTIONS

Crossing the line from Baxter Springs, Kansas, Route 66 Quapaw Tribe Robert Whitebird Cultural Center enters Quapaw, or O-Gah-Pah, tribal lands. O-gah-pah means 5681 S. 630 Rd. 905 Whitebird St. “downstream people.” Quapaw, OK 74363 Quapaw, OK 74363 918-542-1853 918-674-2522 The Quapaw were once part of the Dhegiha Sioux and the www.quapawtribe.com Dhegiha split into the tribes known today as the Quapaw, Osage, Ponca, Kansa and Omaha when they migrated away from their EVENTS Allotted & Restricted home in the Ohio Valley. Lands July 4th weekend According to the Quapaw tribal history, as the Dhegiha people left Quapaw Tribal Powwow the Ohio Valley, they came upon a river blanketed by a dense fog. Springs State Park In 1824, a mere 100 years The people created a rope by braiding a grapevine to help them 5681 S. 630 Road before the concept of Route across. While crossing the river, the vine snapped. Quapaw, OK 74363 66 was born, the Office of 918-542-1853 Indian Affairs (now known as Quapaw Powwow The continued against the current, which is the the Bureau of Indian Affairs origin of their name. The Quapaw believe they were at the end of or BIA) was formed within the ENTERTAINMENT The Quapaw powwow is the the rope and floated downstream after it broke, separating them War Department. The purpose oldest continuous dance in the from the others. Downstream Casino Robert Whitebird Cultural Center of this office was to broker the country, according the tribal treaties and agreements with Today, visitors enjoy Quapaw hospitality and full range of 6900 E. Nee Rd. Chairman John Berrey. The Indian nations conquered by amenities—a gas station right off the Interstate, a championship Quapaw, OK 74363 the U.S. military as settlers Quapaw have been hosting a golf course, and a full-service upscale spa located inside their 918-919-6000 powwow since 1872. resort hotel and casino. On-site tribally owned and operated www.downstreamcasino.com made their way westward greenhouses provide fresh sides to tribally raised bison and Angus to fulfill their “manifest destiny”—their divine right to For more information, visit steaks LODGING land of their own in the “new the ‘Culture’ section of www. world.” quapawtribe.com Downstream Casino 6900 E. Nee Rd. Today, approximately 56.2 Quapaw, OK 74363 – Photo courtesy million acres are held in trust Quapaw Tribe 918-919-6000 www.downstreamcasino.com by the United States for Indian tribes and individuals. These The resort hotel offers 374 lands include Allotted Lands guest rooms and suites, six held in trust for individuals and dining options, a gift shop, spa families, and restricted lands, and golf course. where the title is individually Indian Dice held but limited in use by Downstream RV Park An Indian dice game is on display at the the Secretary of the Interior. There are approximately 326 Robert Whitebird Cultural Center. To Located at the round-about just reservations. off of Interstate 44, exit 1 at the begin, narrow sticks and flat sticks are Missouri/Oklahoma border. Call placed in a central pile. Players take turns – Application for Allotment 417-626-6750 or 918-919-6750 tossing the dice into the air by gently and Homestead or stop in at the Q Store across thumping the bowl on the ground. The Image courtesy the street from the RV Park to score depends on how the dice land in the National Archives and arrange your stay. bowl. Downstream Casino Records Administration

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MIAMI TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA ATTRACTIONS EVENTS

From Quapaw, Route 66 blends with US 69 heading west to Charles Banks Wilson Gallery Last weekend in June Commerce and on to Miami, which is pronounced “My-am-uh” after Northeastern Oklahoma A&M Miami Nation Powwow the Miami Indians who were settled there at the time of the town’s Kah-Ne Hall Miami Nation Dance incorporation in 1895. Route 66 very nearly follows the border 200 I Street NE Grounds Charles Banks Wilson between the present jurisdictions of the Miami and Peoria Tribes Miami, OK 74353 2319 W Newman Road ‘Work in Progress’ before entering the northern tip of the . 918-540-6250 Miami OK Phone: 918-542-1445 9 Nations in a Day Charles Banks Wilson began Wayland C. Lykins, the son of a missionary to the Peoria Tribe, Dobson Museum painting American Indians in negotiated the purchase of land from the neighboring Ottawa for 110 A. Street SW ENTERTAINMENT Today, the northeastern corner the site of the future town. The Ottawa sold 588 acres and the Miami, OK 74354 1936 as a student at the Art of Oklahoma is home to nine first lot was bought by Dr. W.I. McWilliams, making him the first 918-542-5388 Prairie Moon Casino Institute of Chicago. While not tribes and four of them have an American Indian himself, white man to receive a deed to land in Indian Territory and Miami http://www.dobsonmuseum.com/ 202 South Eight Tribes Trail headquarters in Miami—the he did grow up in Miami, the first chartered town. Miami, OK 74354 Oklahoma, where four tribes DINING 918-542-8670 Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, have headquarters. The Miami, or Kiiloona Myaamiaki—the downstream people—like Modoc Nation, Peoria Tribe of so many tribes today, were gradually displaced from their original Josie’s Eatery Prairie Sun Casino Indians of Oklahoma, Ottawa homelands. Like their neighbors, the Quapaw, the Miami homelands Prairie Moon Casino 3411 P St NW Banks became known for Tribe and . depicting American Indians as were located to the northeast. They originated from the Great 202 South Eight Tribes Trail Miami, OK 74354 they truly were, not as people Lakes region, with lands within the present day states of Indiana, Miami, OK 74354 918-541-2150 The Quapaw Tribe of thought they should be. Ohio and Illinois, as well as parts of Michigan and Wisconsin. 918-542-8670 Oklahoma has offices in the According to a University The Myaamiaki were forced into Indian Territory by the Treaty of Wiihsiniko town of Quapaw, located less of Arkansas Library exhibit, 1867. Upon arrival, the tribe numbered fewer than 100 adults. Prairie Sun Casino than 10 miles to the northeast 3411 P St NW Wilson says this transition of Miami. Two more tribes, the The town of Miami grew slowly until the discovery of lead and zinc Miami, OK 74354 “was not a popular theme in Eastern Shawnee Tribe and anyone’s opinion” because in 1905, and then population boomed. The completion of Route 66 918-541-2150 the , have “Americans wanted the increased the town’s growth, adding a range of roadside amenities Indian to remain a nostalgic to the growing economy. headquarters in Wyandotte, keepsake, committed forever Drake House a short drive southeast of to chasing the buffalo across Today, there are more than 4,400 citizens of the Miami Tribe of Quapaw. Oklahoma. the boundless prairies.” Wilson The Drake House is an original admits he was a bit baffled allotment home, built circa The Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of when people asked him “why I CONTACT 1885 by Miami Tribal citizen Oklahoma is headquartered in was making social comments.” He says simply, “I was just Miami Tribe of Oklahoma Jane Drake. It is listed on the Grove, approximately 20 miles painting what my eyes saw.” 202 S. Eight Tribes Trail Miami Nation Register of south of Wyandotte . Miami, Okla. Historic Places. 918-542-1445 Wilson spent 50 years seeking It’s less than 30 miles back to www.miamination.com out and sketching American There are few of these Miami from Grove. Indians who were full blood Gateway Sign “allotment homes” still descendants of a single tribal ATTRACTIONS standing in the Miami It’s possible to visit each of heritage. He donated his jurisdiction area. B&B Miami Cineplex In the 1930s, after Route 66 made its these tribal headquarters in a collection of 65 originals to way through Miami, Oklahoma, a sign the Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, 222 N. Main St. single day. spanning the roadway welcoming visitors Today the Miami Nation maintains the Drake Home as a guest house. The home has Oklahoma. Miami, OK 74355 – Image Courtesy Movie Info: 918-542-7469 to downtown was removed. Today, a three spacious bedrooms named after the three regions of Miami homelands, Indiana/ University of Arkansas Library [email protected] replica sign spans Central and C Street, Great Lakes, Kansas, and Oklahoma. For information on booking the Drake House call welcoming Route 66 travelers to Miami. 918-961-0920.

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CHEROKEE NATION ATTRACTIONS

Continuing south on Route 66 from Miami, the road leads through Andy Payne Memorial Will Rogers Memorial Museum the Cherokee Nation, whose jurisdiction overlaps 14 counties in Route 66 and Andy Payne Blvd. 1720 W Will Rogers Blvd. northeastern Oklahoma. More than 300,000 people worldwide are Foyil, OK 74031 Claremore, OK 74017 enrolled citizens of the Cherokee Nation, making it the largest tribe 918-341-0719 in the United States. EVENTS

The Cherokee people call themselves “Anigiduwagi,” which Labor Day Weekend Winnie Guess Perdue translates to “People of Kituwah,” referring to their ancient mother Cherokee National Holiday town, Kituwah, or Giduwa, located in present day North Carolina. The Cherokee National Holiday During the early 1950s, Winnie State of celebration is held in the tribe’s Guess Perdue, Cherokee, While there are various explanations for exactly what the word capital city, Tahlequah, every Labor traveled the country as a Representatives of the “Five “Cherokee” means, it is often said that other Native Americans Day weekend. Tahlequah is located cultural ambassador with Civilized Tribes”—Cherokee, gave them this name that translates to “People who speak another southeast of Tulsa, at the junctures Bacone College, an American Chickasaw, Choctaw, language” or “Cave People”. of HWY 82 and HWY 62. Indian College located in Muscogee Creek and Muskogee, Oklahoma. Perdue The Cherokee were forcibly removed from their homelands in Every September tribes—gathered in 1905 performed American Indian the southeastern United States as part of President Andrew Andy Payne Memorial Races to convene a constitutional dances for many audiences— Jackson’s Indian removal policy between 1838-1839. It is Half marathon and 5k convention with the goal of including national television— estimated that approximately 2,000 to 4,000 Cherokees died on Lake Hefner creating a state government. performing exhibition dances what came to be known as the “.” Oklahoma City, OK on the Today Show and the www.andypaynemarathon.com They chose the name Ed Sullivan Show in New York Some Cherokees consider the Depression of the 1930s a second Sequoyah, after the inventor City. Removal. During the ‘30s, the Cherokee population of Oklahoma Every October of the Cherokee syllabary, decreased by 20,000 while California’s Cherokee population Cherokee Art Market for their new self-governed increased. According to tribal historians, even more migrated Sequoyah Convention Center state. The state of Sequoyah to the west coast during World War II for jobs in the shipbuilding Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Tulsa would have covered roughly I’ll never forget the first industry, and again during the 1950’s as part of the federal 777 W Cherokee St. the eastern half of Indian night in St. Louis. Our hosts government’s Urban Indian Relocation program. Catoosa, OK 74015 Cherokee National Holiday “ Territory. www.cherokeeartmarket.com Powwow Grand Entry had a little boy who said, ‘Oh, There are several active Cherokee community groups in California she doesn’t know what orange Congress refused the proposal today. The Cherokee Art Market is one of the largest Native American art juice is.’ Just the idea that and instead reconfigured shows in Oklahoma and features150 elite Native American artists, the territory to include the so close to my home anyone CONTACT representing 50 different tribes from across the United States. western half, resulting in the would think, ‘Oh, my gosh, birth of Oklahoma in 1907. these people are Indians so Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma First weekend in November 17675 S Muskogee Ave. Will Rogers Days they don’t even know what a A statue of Sequoyah stands on Tahlequah, OK 74464 1720 W Will Rogers Blvd. glass of orange juice is. In New the campus of Northeastern 918-453-5000 Claremore, OK 74017 York City many asked, ‘Have State University in Tahlequah, www.cherokee.org 918-341-0719 Oklahoma. you ever lived in a tipi?’ www.visitcherokeenation.com ” – Winnie Guess Perdue, ENTERTAINMENT & LODGING Cherokee We often refer to the 1930s and the Great Depression as a ‘Second Trail of Tears’ for the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Tulsa Cherokee“ people. Seeking work and better opportunities, thousands of Cherokees left Oklahoma 777 W Cherokee St. and headed west on Route 66. This has resulted in California now having one of the highest Catoosa, OK 74015 800-760-6700 Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Tulsa populations of Cherokees outside of Oklahoma. – Catherine Foreman Gray, Cherokee” Nation History and Preservation Officer

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MUSCOGEE (CREEK) NATION ATTRACTIONS

Originally established between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Muscogee (Creek) Nation (Turtle ) of the Muscogee tribe, the city of Tulsa has grown Council Oak Park around the intersecting boundaries of three nations: the Cherokee, 1752 S Cheyenne Avenue the Muscogee (Creek) and Osage. Tulsa, OK 74114 Cyrus Avery Route 66 takes you west into the Muscogee (Creek) Nation right Gilcrease Museum One could say Route 66 was into the heart of Tulsa and passes within blocks of the city’s 1400 N Gilcrease Museum Rd Council Oak Ceremony born in Indian Territory, the origin—the Creek Nation Council Oak Tree. Tulsa, OK 74127 place where Cyrus Stevens 918-596-2700 Originally established between Avery, the man known as the Located at the intersection of 18th Street and Cheyenne Avenue, www.gilcrease.org 1828 and 1836 by the this tree is where the Lochapoka rekindled their ceremonial fire at “Father of Route 66,” lived Lochapoka (Turtle Clan) of the the end of their forced removal from their ancestral homes in the Perryman Ranch Muscogee (Creek) Nation, the when he proposed Route 66 to Muscogee (Creek) Nation southeastern United States. 11524 So. Elwood Ave. city of Tulsa has grown around the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. Jenks, OK 74037 Council Oak Park the intersecting boundaries of He was born in Pennsylvania The Lochapoka named the place “Tulasi” or “Tvlvhasse” (Old three nations—the Muscogee in 1871 and lived on a farm in Town) and used the site as a ceremonial ground and gathering The Perryman Ranch was established before Oklahoma statehood (Creek), Cherokee and Osage. Missouri until college. place as late at 1896. Today, the area around the Council Oak is a and continues to be an 80-acre working ranch. The ranch was park and the tribe holds a ceremony every October to rekindle the the Muscogee (Creek) allotment of Mose S. Perryman. Mose It is near the bank of the In 1904, Avery moved to Vinita sacred fire and commemorate their long journey. Perryman’s great-grandsons own the ranch today, which includes Arkansas River that the the 100-year-old homestead, the original barn, the sweet water well in Indian Territory (OK), where Lochapoka rekindled their Just a few blocks away is a plaza dedicated to Cyrus Avery, the and outbuildings. ceremonial fire at the end he invested in the oil industry, “Father of Route 66,” who called Tulsa home. Route 66 travels of their forced removal from establishing the Avery Oil & west from Cyrus Avery’s plaza on through a portion of the EVENTS their ancestral homes in the Gas Company. He and his Muscogee (Creek) Nation. Southeastern United States. wife, Essie, moved to Tulsa, Throughout June October an early Muscogee Creek The Muscogee (Creeks), or Mvskoke, as they call themselves, Mvskoke Nation Festival Council Oak Ceremony The Lochapoka named the suffered under the U.S. government’s Indian Removal policies of Claude Cox Omniplex 1750 S. Cheyenne Ave. settlement, in 1907—the same place “Tulasi” (Old Town) and the early 19th century. More than 20,000 Mvskoke were forcibly and the Mound Building Tulsa, OK 74119 used the site as a ceremonial year that Indian Territory was removed from their homelands in the present states of , Okmulgee, OK 74447 918-732-7600 and gathering ground as late dissolved to create the State Georgia, and South Carolina and marched to Indian 918-732-7992 www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov as 1896. of Oklahoma. Territory in 1836 and 1837. www.creekfestival.com First weekend in November Every October, Muscogee In 1925, Avery was appointed Route 66 travels west out of Tulsa over the Cyrus Avery Memorial Second weekend in August Annual Dream Keepers (Creek) Nation ceremonial Consulting Highway Specialist Bridge toward Sapulpa on its way to Oklahoma City, the state Intertribal Indian Club of Tulsa Awards Banquet leaders rekindle the sacred fire to the U.S. Bureau of Public capital. Powwow of Champions Traditional meal and award under the Council Oak at 1750 ORU Mabee Center ceremony Roads and was tasked with the S. Cheyenne Avenue in Tulsa CONTACT LODGING 7777 S. Lewis OU-Schusterman Center to commemorate their long creation of a national highway Tulsa, OK 74171 4502 E. 41st Street journey. system and the assignment of Muscogee (Creek) Nation River Spirit 918-838-8276 Tulsa, OK 74135 numbers to those highways. Hwy. 75 and Loop 56 Margaritaville Casino Tulsa www.iicot.org www.cityoftulsa.org His influence and efforts Okmulgee, Okla. (Projected opening Fall 2016) created a highway that would 800-482-1979 8330 Riverside Parkway www.mcn-nsn.gov Tulsa, OK 74137 later become known as Route 918-995-8518 66. www.riverspirittulsa.com Through time since the Removal, since we came to Oklahoma, some of our traditions have —Some content courtesy been lost to translation. But what we have hung onto, we still utilize today. Oklahoma State University— “ Tulsa Library – Arnold Taylor, Arbeeka” Ceremonial Ground

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EUCHEE (YUCHI) TRIBE From Sapulpa, Route 66 travels southwestward toward the state capital, Oklahoma City, and takes travelers through the Sac and Sapulpa gets its name from Chief Sapulpa, the area’s first Fox Nation near the town of Stroud. permanent settler. Sapulpa was a Mvskoke of the Kasihta Tribe in Osocheetown, Alabama, who arrived in Indian Territory around 1850. He established a trading post just southeast of present day SAC and FOX NATION downtown. Eminent Domain Like the Euchee Tribe, the Sac (Sauk) and Fox, or Thakiwaki Today, Sapulpa is headquarters to the Euchee Tribe. The Euchee and , are bound together by a misidentification by Tips for Buying (Yuchi) is a state historically recognized tribe that shares land with the federal government during 1804 treaty negotiations. The Route 66 forced its way east to American Indian the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. They are a distinct and separate Sac and Fox tribes are related by language and culture—having west, following the railroads. Arts and Crafts tribe that shared boundaries with the Creek Confederacy prior to shared homelands in the western Great Lakes region. However, As the roadbed was laid and removal to Indian Territory. After Removal, they were placed within as the tribes were forced out of their native lands, the Thakiwaki the highway inched its way the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. eventually settled in Indian Territory in the 1870s while the Do some homework before from Chicago to Los Angeles, it Meskwaki remained in central Iowa. you go. laid claim to even more Indian The Euchee call themselves “Tzo-Ya-ha” or “offspring (or children) Research the kind of items land for the United States of the sun.” Today, the Sac and Fox count a tribal citizenship of approximately that appeal to you. Learn how —land not ceded in treaties or 3,600—most of whom claim Thakiwaki descent. Their most it is made, what materials are bought from American Indian The last official listing of Euchee people occurred on the 1890 and famous tribal citizen is inarguably the athlete Jim Thorpe (Wa-Tho- used, and who traditionally tribes. 1895 Rolls. The Dawes Commission estimated 1,200 Euchee at Huk). Thorpe quickly made a name for himself on the football makes that item. that time but legally classified them as Muscogee Creeks for the field playing for the Carlisle Indian School. He went on to win gold purposes of land allotment. This misnomer politically devastated medals in the 1912 Olympic Games held in Stockholm, Sweden, Look for a label. the tribe, stripping them of their separate identity. They are where the Swedish king named Thorpe the “world’s greatest “For centuries, American Many American Indian artists currently in the process of filing to be recognized by the federal athlete.” Indians have seen their government as a separate entity. will affix their card or a sticker lands taken by federal and CONTACT to indicate the item is genuine state governments without CONTACT American Indian made. consent, and at times, without Sac and Fox Nation compensation. Some Indian Euchee (Yuchi) Tribe 218 S. 8th Ave. Consider the price. land takings have fallen 804 E. Taft, Suite H Stroud, OK If the item’s price is too squarely within the exercise Sapulpa, OK 74066 918-968-3526 good to be true, ask. In gift of eminent domain powers, 918-224-3065 www.sacandfoxnation-nsn.gov shops and even roadside but takings have routinely www.eucheetribe.com stands, it’s common to find occurred under other theories EVENT mass-produced souvenir that provide no legal remedy. EVENT items alongside genuine Second weekend in July In both situations, the traditionally made articles. An Sac and Fox Nation Powwow underlying rationale for the First weekend in November 920883 S State Hwy 99 example to consider is pottery. taking was the belief that Annual Euchee\Yuchi Heritage Stroud, OK 74023 Traditional hand-coiled Indians were not using the Festival 800-259-3970 pottery will be more expensive land as efficiently as another Glenpool Creek Indian than ceramic greenware owner would,” writes Stacy L. Community Center ENTERTAINMENT pieces which come from molds Leeds, Cherokee, in By Eminent 13839 S Casper St and are kiln fired. Domain or Some Other Name: Glenpool, OK 74033 Grape Dumplings Sac and Fox Casino A Tribal Perspective on Taking 918-695-0195 HWY 99 When in doubt, ask. Land published in Volume 41, Mary Watashe, Euchee, demonstrates Seven miles south of Stroud Who made it? What is their Issue 1, of Tulsa Law Review. how to make grape dumplings, a 918-968-2540 tribal affiliation? What www.sandfcasino/stroud dessert considered a treat among many Jim Thorpe materials did they use? How Southeastern tribes. was it produced? How was it finished?

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IOWA TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA OKLAHOMA CITY

Leaving the Sac and Fox Nation, Route 66 briefly follows the As you approach Oklahoma City and temporarily leave tribal border of the , or Baxoje (Bah Kho-je)— jurisdictions behind, a landscape of green grass, cedar dotted People of the Grey Snow. The name Iowa, or Ioway, came from fence rows and low hills gradually unravels into low plains woven the French Ayouais. Before being forced into Indian Territory, they with silvery gold tipped Bermuda grass anchored in red soil. occupied the Valley region before being pressured into moving south and west (into present day Missouri and Iowa) The state capitol doesn’t sit on Indian land—it was established on by white settlement. “unassigned lands” in Indian Territory (see side bar). However, Unassigned Lands the Oklahoma City metro area is bounded by several tribal jurisdictions: Citizen Potawatomi, Shawnee, Kickapoo, Chickasaw, CONTACT EVENT The “T-shape” outlined in red Wichita & Affiliated Tribes, , and Cheyenne & in the center of this 1887 map Arapaho. Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma Third weekend in June is the boundary of “Unassigned One People, Two Tribes 335588 E. 750 Rd. Annual Iowa Tribal Powwow Lands.” Unassigned Lands were According to the 2010 Census, 3.5 percent of Oklahoma City Perkins, OK 74059 Iowa Tribal Complex an area of 1,887,796 acres residents are American Indian. The annual Red Earth Festival is The original Iowa Reservation 405-547-2402 Bah-Kho-Je Powwow Grounds centrally located in the future held in Oklahoma City in June, opening on a Friday morning with in Oklahoma was established www.bahkhoje.com 335588 E. 750 Rd. state of Oklahoma. These lands a downtown parade of dance contestants, drum groups, tribal by Executive Order on August Perkins, OK 74059 had never been “assigned” to a princesses and officials around the Cox Convention Center and 15, 1883. Its effect was to ATTRACTIONS 580-304-6731 particular Indian tribe within Myriad Gardens. The festival also includes an extensive American divide the Iowa Nation into www.bahkhoje.com Indian Territory. Indian art show and market, cultural and craft presentations and two tribes: Iowa Tribe of Bah Khoje Xla Chi music. Oklahoma located in Perkins, “Grey Snow Eagle House” ENTERTAINMENT Two days before he left Oklahoma, and the Iowa Rehabilitation facility for office, President Grover ATTRACTION Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, injured eagles Ioway Casino Cleveland signed the Indian with tribal headquarters in 405-547-4299 338445 E. Highway 66 Appropriations Act of 1889, American Indian Cultural Center Whitecloud, Kansas. Chandler, OK 74834 which included an amendment and Museum (Opening 2017) Dancing Bison Ranch 405-258-0051 to pay the Creeks and 659 American Indian Boulevard – Photo courtesy “Che Washi Chi” a modest amount to Oklahoma City, OK 73129 Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma 405-547-2402 EXT. 352 relinquish any enduring claims 405-239-5500 LODGING they had on the unassigned www.TheAmericanIndianCenter.org Iowa Horse Nation Iowa Tribe RV Park lands. Simultaneously, the “Soon Yee Ooh Kee Je” 607 E 116th St Springer Amendment (H.R. EVENT Therapeutic horseback riding Perkins, OK 74059 1874) pushed Cleveland to 405-547-2402 EXT. 302 405-547-1235 open the unassigned lands First weekend in June to homesteading. Incoming Red Earth Festival DINING President Benjamin Harrison’s Cox Convention Center administration made the 1 Myriad Gardens Iowa Café decision to open the land to Oklahoma City, OK 73102 338445 E. Highway 66 Projected to open in 2017, The American white settlement on April 22, 405-427-5228 Chandler, OK 74834 Indian Cultural Center and Museum, located 1889. www.redearth.org 405-258-0051 at the intersection of I-40 and I-35 east of downtown Oklahoma City, promises to be – Information from The SHOPPING “an epic indoor/outdoor adventure for the Oklahoma Encyclopedia of entire family.” In the works are one-of-a-kind History & Culture, by J.L. Red Earth Art Center exhibits and hands-on educational programs Crowder and Stanley Hoig 6 Santa Fe Plaza designed to celebrate the collective histories Oklahoma City, OK 73102 and contemporary cultural expressions of 405-427-5228 Oklahoma’s American Indian peoples. Grey Snow Eagle House

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WICHITA AND AFFILIATED TRIBES

Route 66 continues west out of the Oklahoma City metro area and enters the jurisdiction of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. This jurisdiction is broken by a wedge-shaped indentation belonging to the Wichita & Affiliated Tribes near the town of Calumet in the northern half of County. American Indians Birth of Route 66 The Wichita, who refer to themselves as Kitikiti’sh, formally in the 1920s organized in 1960 with the , Wacos and Kichais— creating the “Affiliated Tribes.” Historically, the Tawakonis and According to the 1921 Census The idea of Route 66, a pioneer Wacos were separate tribes who shared the . The report, a mere three years of today’s paved interstate Kichais are culturally related but do not share the language. before the idea of Route 66 highway system, was first was conceived, only 284,853 vetted during a June 1924 The tribes originally occupied the lands of present day Texas, American Indians were meeting of the American Oklahoma and Kansas before being removed to Indian Territory. counted in a country of more Association of State Highway In 1900, their reservation was divided into allotments of 160 than 106 million people. Officials in San Francisco, acres per person with the remainder declared “surplus lands” and California. opened to white settlement. Allotment brought about the final Not many Americans (or destruction of the Wichitas’ grass house villages and communal foreign tourists) had ever met Also in June of 1924, the way of life. an American Indian face to Indian Citizenship Act passed Reorganization face at that time, much less Congress, stating that “all non- Their tribal government, established under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Oklahoma Welfare Act of Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier meets with Blackfoot Indian visited an isolated reservation. citizen Indians born within the 1935, is based in Anadarko, Oklahoma. chiefs in 1934 to discuss the Wheeler-Howard Act. The Act, later known as the Indian A drive from Chicago to Los territorial limits of the United Reorganization Act, allowed for Native American self-government on a tribal basis. Angeles on Route 66 would States be, and they are hereby, Two other tribes have headquarters within the Wichita jurisdiction— expose travelers to tribes with declared to be citizens of the the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma in the town of Binger, and the indigenous origins from the United States.” Delaware Nation of Oklahoma, also located in Anadarko. Northeastern seaboard, the forests of the Southeast, from The two events aren’t related, CONTACT Delegates of the Confederated the , the desert but they coincidentally mark Tribes of the Flathead Indian Southwest and the Pacific two pivotal moments in the Wichita & Affiliated Tribes Reservation receive the first coastal mountains. modern evolution of Indian (Wichita, Waco, Keechi, ) tribal constitution issued under Country—a stroke of a pen Hwy 281 the Indian Reorganization Act At a time when reservations made American Indians Anadarko, OK 73005 405-247-2425 had a 75 percent citizens of the United States from Secretary of the Interior, www.wichitatribe.com unemployment rate and and a line on a map made a Harold L. Ickes, in 1935. residents had a life expectancy big portion of Indian Country of a short 43 years, Route 66 more easily accessible to – Photos courtesy Library of Congress and the automobile would tourists. soon change life in many ways Contemporary Indian communities value individual members who are deeply connected to for American Indians living the“ traditional ways of their people, even after centuries of concerted and brutal effort on the part along its course. of the American government, the churches, and the corporate system to break the connections First the government had a policy of extermination which was then followed up with a policy between individuals and their tribal world. of“ kind of a museum—what was left was put in a museum. America does have this conception – Photo of Magpie Cheyenne – ”Paula Gunn Allen (1939-2008), /Métis that the Indians are all gone, because they see what is left along Route 66. Courtesy Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes Who Is Your Mother? Red Roots of White Feminism ” – Hopi Elder

26 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 27 DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

ENTERTAINMENT Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Lucky Star Casino The Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865 assigned joint reservation N2275 Rd lands in portions of Kansas and Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to the The Osage? Clinton, OK 73601 Tsistsistas—the Roped People, or Southern Cheyenne, and the Hiinonon ‘ei—People of the Sky, or Arapaho. But by 1891 their 580-323-6599 Yada Yada Yada lands were taken away and each tribal citizen received a 160-acre allotment and the remaining 3.5 million acres of their reservation SHOPPING lands were opened to non-Indian settlement. Native Garden at Cheyenne & Arapaho Travel Center Washita Battlefield The Southern Cheyenne and the Arapaho legally united in 1935. 7751 N Highway 81 National Historic Site Concho, OK 73022 As you drive through the western rolling plains of Oklahoma away 405-422-6500 The Native Garden at Washita from Oklahoma City, a stop in El Reno at the intersection of two Battlefield National Historic historic highways, Route 66 and the (Hwy 81), EVENTS Site is the result of a brings the late 19th century into focus. Established as a railroad partnership with the Cheyenne town in 1889, El Reno combines a friendly, small-town feel with city First weekend in August & Arapaho Tribes Language conveniences. The downtown area features quaint old buildings Oklahoma Indian Nations Powwow at Concho Powwow Grounds, Program. Black Kettle and places to shop or grab a coffee. Locals often indulge in an onion burger at Sid’s, featured on the Food Network. Concho. Traditional singing, gourd dancing, war dancing and a drum contest. This American Indian event includes dance contests The garden features 21 plant and tree species significant Black Kettle was a Southern From Fort Reno, you can follow the path of Jesse Chisholm and in various categories to include tiny tots, junior boys and girls, to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Cheyenne chief known for his his cattle drivers just a few miles north on Highway 81 and visit women’s, men’s and golden age categories. Call 405-476-1134 or tribes for spiritual and repeated efforts to ensure his Concho, the headquarters of the Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes. visit www.c-a-tribes.org. people could live peacefully practical uses. on the Sand Creek Reservation You’ll know you’ve arrived in Concho when you see the tribe’s Labor Day Weekend The garden design is based established in the Lucky Star Casino, offering gaming to locals and travelers alike. Colony Labor Day Festival and Cheyenne Arapaho Powwow on the , an If gambling isn’t for you, try the REZ Restaurant and Bar, locally Territory. He survived the Sand South of I-40 off HWY 54 emblem that holds spiritual famous for their steaks and Indian tacos. Creek massacre of 1864 only to Colony, OK 73021 and astrological significance be killed by Lt. Colonel George www.c-a-tribes.org to many American Indian Continuing west on Black Kettle Road will bring you to the Armstrong Custer’s troops in a tribes. The medicine wheel is Cheyenne & Arapaho tribal complex where you can see traditional second massacre of his people used in healing rituals and as art by famous tribal artists like Harvey Pratt or giant non- ATTRACTION in 1868 in a dawn attack a source for peace and clarity. traditional murals by up and coming street artist Steven Grounds. on their settlement along Washita Battlefield National Historic Site – Photo courtesy the Washita River in Indian CONTACT From I-40 take exit 20 (Sayre) and travel north on US-283 to National Park Service Territory, about 150 miles west Cheyenne. In Cheyenne take US-283 north until it intersects with of present day Oklahoma City, Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes Hwy 47. At the US-283 and Hwy 47 intersection travel west For more information near Cheyenne, Oklahoma. 100 Red Moon Circle through scenic downtown Cheyenne. Once out of town continue visit http://www.nps.gov/ Concho, Okla. west half a mile and turn north on Hwy 47A. Continuing on Hwy waba/learn/historyculture/ 405-262-0345 47A will take you to the new visitor center. By taking 47A a little preservation.htm – Photo courtesy www.c-a-tribes.org farther you will find the historic site, featuring the park overlook National Park Service and interpretive walking trail. ENTERTAINMENT GPS: +35° 36’ 59.76”, -99° 41’ 11.58” Lucky Star Casino www.nps.gov/waba 7777 N Highway 81 El Reno, OK 73036 405-262-7612 Cheyenne & Arapaho Traditional Chiefs – Some content submitted by the Cheyenne & Arapaho Public Information Office

28 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 29 DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

TEXAS The first real stop on Route 66, Tucumcari, is named for a nearby Route 66 leaves Indian Territory temporarily behind at the Texas mountain that Comanche warriors used as a look-out. According to border. It’s 178 miles across the state’s panhandle, the mostly flat linguists, the Comanche word for this spot is Tukamukaru, meaning countryside that seems to have more cattle than people. “to lie in wait for someone”.

The panhandle was once home to the Comanche and roaming Today, the Comanche Tribe is headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma, bands of Kiowa. East of Comanche territory, Texas was home to and the first tribal lands a traveler will encounter in New Mexico the Caddoan tribes, called Tejas by the Spanish—hence the name along Route 66 are the Pueblos of Sandia and Isleta. “Texas.” ascends, descends and curves through the ear- Pre-1937 Route 66 A quarter century before Route 66, the 1900 census counted popping foothills of Sandia Mountain before the landscape flattens Santa Fe Alignment only 470 American Indians in Texas. The Comanche and Kiowa out and the city of Albuquerque fills the frame of your windshield. were removed to Indian Territory and now have jurisdictions in Traveling from east to west, southwestern Oklahoma. The Comanche are based in Lawton and the original alignment of the Kiowa in Carnegie. ATTRACTIONS SHOPPING Route 66 took a turn north Tepee Curios Indian Pueblo Cultural Center Historic Old Town outside of Santa Rosa to the Tucumcari, New Mexico There are three reservations in Texas today, and the oldest, the 2401 12th St. NW 303 Romero St N.W. New Mexico capital, Santa Fe. Alabama- Indian Reservation, is home to Creeks forced Albuquerque, NM 87104 Albuquerque, NM 87104 Built in 1944, Tepee Curios from their ancestral homelands in present day Alabama. 866-855-7902 www.albuquerqueoldtown.com 66 picked up the end of the www.indianpueblo.org was originally a Gulf gas old for 58 miles The two other tribes, the Tiguas, who moved from nearby present- Shumakolowa Native Arts before dipping south and station that carried souvenirs day Albuquerque, and the Kickapoos, originally from the Great National Monument Indian Pueblo Cultural Center following the old Spanish and groceries. Lakes region, received state legal recognition and lands along the 6510 Western Trail NW 2401 12th St. NW El Camino Real toward Los Rio Grande River in 1960. Albuquerque, NM 87120-2069 Albuquerque, NM 87104 Lunas. The design on the Tepee Curios 505-899-0205 505-314-8216 sign is a popular one used in ATTRACTION www.shumakolowa.com Route 66 south of Santa Fe Kwahadi Museum of the American Indian Zuni Pueblo jewelry. The Zuni took travelers through the 9151 I-40 East Kewa (Santo Domingo) Pueblo, “sunface” is crafted using Amarillo, Texas 79120 EVENTS DINING San Felipe Pueblo, the Pueblo inlaid stones exactly cut. 806-335-3175 April Pueblo Harvest Cafe of Santa Ana, and the Pueblo Typically, the design is circular www.kwahadi.com Gathering of Nations Powwow 2401 12th St. NW of Sandia. and the forehead of the face is University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87104 866-855-7902 split into two or three sections, WisePies Arena This segment was bypassed 1111 University Blvd SE www.indianpueblo.org sometimes using different in 1937 by a direct route to Albuquerque, NM Albuquerque that shaved 177 colored stones. Eyes are NEW MEXICO 505-836-2810 miles off the journey west—the typically long rectangles and www.gatheringofnations.com route I-40 follows today. almost always created using New Mexico is home to 22 American Indian tribes—19 Pueblos and three tribes, the Fort Sill Apache, the Jicarilla Apache a black stone, such as onyx or August (From I-40 west of Santa Nation and the Mescalero Apache Tribe. American Indians make up jet. The mouth will be round. Annual Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial Rosa, you have to exit south more than 10 percent of the state’s population. Red Rock Park onto HWY 84 toward Dilia to NM 566, Exit 26 or 31 from I-40, meet up with the old road. The The sun symbol of Zia Pueblo Once home to large herds of bison, the point where Route 7 mi east of Gallup, original exit lies on private was appropriated to represent 66 enters New Mexico was part of the hunting ground of the Church Rock, NM 87311 property. Route 66 then the State of New Mexico and Comanche. The Comanche followed migrating herds of bison north 505-863-3896 merges with HWY 25.) to south and back again, from the area now known as Kansas is displayed on the state flag. www.theceremonial.com across the present day states of Oklahoma and Texas and into the eastern edge of New Mexico. Indian Pueblo Cultural Center

30 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 31 32 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 33 Map courtesy Aaron Carapella, Native mapmaker. Full size copies may be purchased at www.tribalnationsmaps.com DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

All pueblos and tribes have their own rules of etiquette. Visitors Silence is mandatory during all dances and pueblo ceremonies. are generally welcome, especially those who’ve taken the time This means no questions about the ceremonies or dances while to arrive familiar with their guidelines. Following are some general they are underway; no interviews with the participants; no walking guidelines but it is best to check with the particular community you across the dance plaza; and, no applause during/ after the dance are visiting for exact rules. Many pueblos and tribes will have them or ceremony. posted online and/or have them available at their welcome center, cultural center or administrative office. Pueblo villages, including , ceremonial rooms, and cemeteries are sacred places and restricted for use by pueblo members only. Popé and the Petroglyph National Pueblo Revolt Monument VISITING PUEBLOS & OTHER TRIBAL LANDS Many of the structures are hundreds of years old. Do not scale walls or climb on top of buildings. In 1680, tribes and pueblos Call ahead to confirm event dates, as well as access to tribal united against Spanish Located on the west side lands. There are times when tribal leaders need to restrict access Nature is sacred on tribal lands. Littering is strictly prohibited. occupation in New Mexico of Albuquerque, New because of private ceremonies and other reasons. and Arizona led by Popé, a Mexico, Petroglyph National On feast days and other public observances, enter a pueblo spiritual leader born in the Monument is one of the Observe all signage indicating OFF LIMITS while visiting. home as you would any other—by invitation only. It is courteous Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. largest sites of in to accept an invitation to eat, but not to linger at the table, as . Although most pueblos are open to the public during daylight your host will want to serve numerous guests throughout the day. Popé was captured by the hours, the homes are private. Like any village, pueblos are made Thank your host, but a payment or tip is not appropriate. Spanish in 1675, along with up of the homes of the people who live there and should be 47 other spiritual leaders, in an respected as such. Please obey all traffic and speed limit signs. Children and pets effort to settle unrest among Pueblo Feast Days play near the roads. Also be cautious of livestock on or near main the native people. It didn’t Some pueblos may charge an entry fee. Camping and fishing fees roadways. work. The people marched “Feast Days” at each of the are charged where such facilities are available. Call ahead to find on Santa Fe to demand the pueblos are named after out if there are fees associated with visiting. If organized tours are offered by the pueblo, please remember to release of their leaders and the the pueblos’ patron saints. stay with your tribal guide at all times. Spanish relented. The pueblos open up their Most pueblos require a permit to photograph, sketch or paint on respective feast days to the location. Some pueblos prohibit photography at all times. Please Refrain from using cell phones while visiting pueblos. Tribal officials Popé moved to public (see calendar and check with the Tribal Office for the permitting process before could confiscate cell phones if you use then for photography or to keep the Ohkay Owingeh etiquette pages) where visitors entering the pueblo. Once a permit is obtained, always ask recording. Also, the ring tones as well as personal conversations safe from threats aimed at can view the reverent dances for permission before taking a photograph of a tribal member. can disrupt other visitors’ experiences, as well as daily tribal life. him. From Taos, he planned a and songs offered on those Remember: cameras and film can be confiscated. revolution to drive the Spanish days. Feast days bring tribal Do not remove artifacts, pottery shards or any other items. out and chose August 10, 1680 members together to renew Possession or use of alcohol and drugs on pueblos is strictly to begin the revolt. their culture, language and prohibited. Tribal communities do not use the clock to determine when it is native religion. On those days, time to conduct activities. Acts of nature, as well as the sequence Popé coordinated a series families prepare food for the Tribes value traditions, customs and religion. Some actions and/or of events that must take place (some not for public viewing), of attacks on Spanish many invited visitors coming questions could be offensive, so refrain from pressing for answers. usually determine start and finish times for ceremonies. settlements, driving the through their homes, and Tribal dances are religious ceremonies, not public performances. It Spanish to seek shelter in participate in the activities is a privilege to witness a ceremony. – Courtesy Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, Santa Fe, where they fell taking place on their feast day. Albuquerque, New Mexico under siege. On August 21, Pueblo feast day dates do not 1680, some 2,000 Spanish change and are held on the were driven out of Santa Fe same date each year. and out of Native lands for the next 12 years. – Courtesy Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico

34 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 35 DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

PUEBLO OF SANDIA DINING Sandia Resort & Casino offers a full spectrum of dining options, A turn north off I-40 onto HWY 25 (which briefly aligns near Santa including an extensive international buffet, quick serve deli, and a Fe with a segment of Route 66 decommissioned in 1938) and a premier steakhouse. short journey of about 15 miles leads to Sandia Pueblo. T’uf Shu Tu’, (“Green Reed Place”) the Native name for Sandia, is a site the ENTERTAINMENT pueblo has occupied since 1300. Albuquerque Golf Resort Bien Mur Indian Market 30 Rainbow Road NE The pueblo became known Sandia (Spanish for watermelon) in the Albuquerque, NM 87113 Sandia Bison Herd Bien Mur, or “Big Mountain” in 17th century, a reference by Spanish settlers to the color of the 505-798-3990 the Tiwa language, is named in sacred mountains at sunset. The traditional name of the people is The Pueblo of Sandia includes Na Fiat. Sandia Lakes honor of the majestic Sandia a 107-acre bison preserve 100 Highway 313 Mountains of the Sandia located just east of their Bien Pueblo reservation. Once the largest pueblo in the area, Sandia suffered harshly for Bernalillo, NM 87004 taking part in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. The retreating Spaniards 505-771-5190 Mur Indian Market. The Bien Mur Indian Market, set fire to the pueblo and its citizens fled to settle temporarily with www.sandiapueblo.nsn.us owned and operated by the Hopi. The Spanish returned to power after 12 years and the Bison were nearly driven to the Pueblo of Sandia, is the Na Fiat people did not return to their traditional homeland until Sandia Resort & Casino extinction in the U.S. in the given a land grant in 1748. 30 Rainbow Road NE largest retail arts and crafts 1800s. In 1872, according Albuquerque, NM 87113 store in the Southwest and Albuquerque Golf Resort to the National Park Service, offers authentic handmade Today there are fewer than 500 enrolled citizens but they maintain Phone: 505-796-7500 The Pueblo of Sandia’s Scott an average of 5,000 bison American Indian goods. their traditional way of government—employing a governor and lieutenant governor as well as a war chief and lieutenant war chief. EVENT Miller-designed championship were killed per day and their A sampling of what they The Tiwa language is taught and many citizens are tri-lingual, June 13: St. Anthony Feast Day golf course is the longest golf hides sold for less than $1.25 carry: speaking Tiwa, English and Spanish. course in New Mexico and has apiece. LODGING been named one of the “Top 25 CONTACT SHOPPING Sandia Resort Hopi, Navajo, Santo Domingo, Casino Golf Courses in America” The greed of white hunters was and Zuni Jewelry Sandia Tribal Administration Bien Mur Indian Market 30 Rainbow Road NE 481 Sandia Loop 100 Bien Mur Dr NE Albuquerque, NM 87113 by Golfweek magazine. partly to blame, but there was Pottery (505) 867-3317 Option #1 Albuquerque, NM 87113 505-821-5400 or 1-800-365-5400 also an organized effort by the Storytellers www.sandiapueblo.nsn.us 505-821-5400 or 1-800-365-5400 U.S. government to destroy Navajo Rugs Sandia Resort features colorful Southwestern furnishings, flat- the livelihood of the tribes screen televisions and luxurious bathrooms with walk-in showers who depended on the animals Zuni Fetishes ATTRACTIONS and separate soaking tubs. Kachinas & other carvings Sandia Bison Herd for food, shelter and tools, according to The Smithsonian Sand Paintings 100 Bien Mur Dr NE Albuquerque, NM 87113 Conservation Institute. By the Flutes, Rattles & Drums (East of Ben Mur Indian Market) 1900s, fewer than 1,000 bison War Bonnets remained. Moccasins Ranch 2209 HWY 38 Pendleton Blankets Eagle Nest, NM 87718 Many tribes have reintroduced Zapotec Rugs 575-377-2490 bison back to their lands and Books & Music [email protected] according to the National Bison Association, more than Bobcat Ranch is a privately owned ranch located in the Sangre 162,000 bison roam in the U.S. For more information about Cristo Mountain Range and offers several hunting experiences to today. special events, call choose from, including guided elk and turkey hunts. Sandia Lakes 1-800-365-5400. The three Sandia Lakes are a catch-and-release fly fishing paradise. Each lake is regularly stocked with Rainbow Trout duing the winter and spring and with Channel Catfish in the summer and fall.

36 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 37 DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

PUEBLO OF ISLETA CONTACT ATTRACTION Pueblo of Isleta St. Augustine Church South of I-40 and west of Albuquerque lies Isleta Pueblo, or P.O. Box 1270 Tribal Road 35, #71 Shiewhibak (“flint kick-stick place”) in Tiwa, the pueblo’s native Isleta, NM 87022 language. According to A Native American Encyclopedia by Barry Phone: 505-869-3111 DINING M. Pritzker, the name Isleta (Spanish for “little island”) comes from Embers Steakhouse the Spanish missions San Antonio de la Isleta and San Augustin de ENTERTAINMENT 505-244-8288 la Isleta. Isleta Casino and Resort 11000 Broadway SE Tiwa Restaurant & Lounge Zia Motor Lodge Founded in 1613 as St. Anthony, the St. Augustine Mission located Albuquerque, NM 87105 505-724-3800 in the center of the pueblo is one of the oldest Spanish mission Phone: 505-724-3800 Erected in 1938 on Route 66 churches in New Mexico. The four feet thick adobe foundation www.isleta.com in Albuquerque, the Zia Motor walls are original to the site, which was restored from ruins in 1716 St. Augustine Lodge was demolished in 2005. and named for the pueblo’s patron Saint, Augustine. It is the only Isleta Fun Connection: 505-724-3866 Only the sign remains today. place in Isleta that visitors are welcome to photograph. Isleta Golf Course Reservations: 505-848-1900 St. Augustine Mission in Isleta Pueblo is one of the oldest Traditionally, the Tiwa speaking people subsisted on agriculture, *Complimentary shuttle service between the Albuquerque Spanish mission churches in and trade with other pueblos. Situated on the Rio International Sunport and Isleta Resort: 505-724-3800 New Mexico, established in Grande and the historic El Camino Real, the Spanish “Royal Road” 1613 as St. Anthony’s. The that connected Mexico City in the south to Ohkay Owingeh (San EVENTS …remember way back building was found in ruins in Juan Pueblo) north of Santa Fe, Isleta was a thriving community August 28 when Route 66 was just a 1692 but the walls could be when the railroad arrived in 1881—forcibly taking the land and St. Augustine Feast Day/Harvest Dance “ used, so the church was rebuilt realigning Isleta Pueblo’s gathering grounds. road, not a highway. But what and renamed St. Augustine in September 4 the [non-Indian] people did in 1716 after the patron saint of When Route 66 subsumed a wagon trail through the pueblo nearly St. Augustine Feast Day/Harvest Dance town, they started to architect Isleta. 45 years later, Isleta was again forced to give up ground. The Pueblo design to attract trail connected Isleta to Gallup, taking a westerly route over the LODGING people. They used our home St. Augustine is open daily to mountains. Unfortunately, the highway cut a bigger swath through Isleta Casino and Resort Isleta Lakes RV Reservations style for hotels, restaurants— visitors to explore. The people Isleta than the wagons. Angered, the Isleta people blocked the 11000 Broadway SE 505-244-8102 of Isleta hold regular worship roadway and forced traffic away from their community plaza. Albuquerque, NM 87105 so people traveling would stop. services and parish events in Reservations: 1-877-475-3827 They even named them after the mission. Route 66 was moved across the railroad tracks and the Rio www.isleta.com/resort the some of the Pueblos—like Grande, curving around Isleta to pass through Bosque Farms, Zia Motor Lodge. They were Please note that St. Augustine Peralta, Valencia and Los Lunas. copying the Pueblo style homes is the only site at Isleta all along Route 66. They used Pueblo where photography is To this day, people of Isleta speak Southern Tiwa—as well as Isleta Casino and Resort us to attract tourists. allowed. English—and maintain their ceremonies. They have developed Isleta Casino and Resort thriving business enterprises that include a casino and resort with ” an indoor entertainment complex and a golf course. Isleta Pueblo features a variety of – Pueblo of Isleta also offers camping and fishing on Isleta Lakes. accommodations plus an Department of Cultural indoor/outdoor pool and hot & Historic Preservation tub. Guests have a choice of seven dining options and several entertainment venues, It’s never covered how the roads took from us. How the roads actually went through our from golf to laser tag. reservation“ land and how we were never compensated for those particular usages of our land— even today. Many of the roads and routes in the state of New Mexico are on Native lands. – www.isleta.com – Ron D. Shutiva, Acoma, Tribal Liaison, New Mexico Department of Transportation”

38 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 39 DID DIDYOU YOU KNOW? KNOW? DIDDID YOUYOU KNOW?KNOW?

PUEBLO OF LAGUNA LODGING Route 66 Casino Hotel The I-40 frontage road west of Albuquerque leads travelers Exit 140 off I-40 through Laguna Pueblo’s grazing lands. Traditionally known as 14500 Central Ave. SW the Ka’waika, Laguna (“lagoon” or “lake” in Spanish) is the largest Albuquerque, NM 87121 Keresan-speaking pueblo. 866-711-7829

The Photo Art of The Spanish named the area after a lake that is now a meadow, A 2015 renovation to the pueblo’s Route 66 Casino Hotel has Lee Marmon (Laguna) and people have lived here, it’s believed, since 1300. Ruins can still created a comfortable modern space with a nod toward the be seen among the rocks of the mesa. The current settlement has nostalgia of the old highway. Soothing earthtone spaces are Laguna Pueblo elder been occupied since before the Spaniards came in 1697. accented with splashes of vibrant color, reminiscent of the days and globally-renowned when cars had fins and every roadside business declared its photographer, Lee Marmon, Laguna wasn’t recognized by the federal government as an Indian wares in neon. The full service property includes a Kids Quest that has been called America’s tribe when Route 66 first crossed the Pueblo lands in 1926. offers hourly child care for ages six weeks and up. Laguna pottery most widely respected Native Pueblo leaders didn’t accept the Indian Reorganization Act until American photographer. In Traditional Laguna pottery 1949—about the same time that uranium was discovered on their SHOPPING 1936, at the age of 11, he made a comeback in the lands. Marketplace at Dancing Eagle snapped his first photograph— Dancing Eagle Casino 1970s. The designs are similar Exit 108 off I-40 of a car wreck on Route 66 Travel Center to those found in Acoma. The Bureau of Indian Affairs negotiated leases for Laguna Pueblo 505-552-7750 through Laguna. After serving 505-552-7477 The geometric patterns are to be mined in three locations from 1953 through early 1982 and in World War II, Lee returned created in red, yellow and uranium mining jobs provided steady work for the pueblo for many home to Laguna Pueblo and Route 66 Travel Centers orange pigments. bought his first camera. years. But prices for the ore fell during the 1980s over safety Exits 108 and 140 off I-40 concerns about the nuclear power it fueled. The mines were Since then, his photographs – Photo Courtesy closed and the pueblo lands and economy were left devastated. have been commissioned by Smithsonian Institute celebrities, Presidents, the American Indian College Fund, Today, Laguna’s business arm operates several successful FEAST DAYS BY VILLAGE October 17: Paraje St. movie studios, newspapers and enterprises, including the Route 66 Casino just off I-40 and old March 19: St. Joseph’s Feast Margaret Mary’s Feast Day magazines, and his images are Route 66. Day, Old Laguna Pueblo exhibited around the world. Harvest and other dances December 24: Christmas Eve Celebration – 10 p.m. Mass In 2015, at the age of 90, Lee CONTACT ENTERTAINMENT July 25: Seama followed by various dances Marmon and his friend Tom Laguna Pueblo Dancing Eagle Casino When we were kids, we Corbett co-authored Laguna P.O. Box 194 Exit 108 off I-40 July 26: St. Anne Feast Day, December 25-27: 10 a.m. Mass would“ see [tourists] coming Laguna Seama Village followed by Harvest Dance, Old Pueblo — A Photographic Laguna, N.M. 87026 505-552-7777 along the south side of the Harvest and other dances Laguna Village History, featuring over 70 505-552-6654 village. We would all run to years’ of Lee’s spectacular Route 66 Casino the road so we could get our images, including a look at ATTRACTION Exit 140 off I-40 August 15: Mesita December 25 - 28: Dances in all Route 66 and the cultural St. Joseph Church/Laguna Mission 14500 Central Ave. SW September 8: Encinal villages picture taken for a dollar and changes it brought. The book 1 Friar Road Albuquerque, NM 87121 September 19: Laguna we would run to the Marmon has won high praise, including Laguna, NM 87026 866-352-7866 September 25: Paguate store and buy 100 penny two awards from the NM- 505-552-9330 [candies] and split between all AZ Book Co-op and a 2015 LODGING of us in the picture. Southwest Book Award from DINING Dancing Eagle RV Park Laguna Mission ” the Border Regional Library Route 66 Pit Stop Exit 108 off I-40 To get to Laguna, take exit 114 off I-40 – Sherrie L. Bowman Association. Lee Marmon’s (two locations) 505-552-7730 Pueblo of Laguna archive of 90,000 negatives Exits 140 and 114 off I-40 between Albuquerque and Grants. now rests at the University of Casa Blanca, NM Church tours are offered daily. New Mexico. 505-552-7711 The Gift Shop is open 9 am to 3 pm. – Some content submitted by Laguna Pueblo –Photo Courtesy Hernan Valencia www.leemarmongallery.com

40 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 41 DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

PUEBLO OF ACOMA LODGING DINING

Haaku—A Place Prepared—Acoma Pueblo is the oldest Sky City Casino Hotel Huwaka Restaurant continuously inhabited community in the United States, dating I-40 Exit 102 Sky City Casino back to at least 1150. The historic pueblo is perched in the sky Acoma, NM 87034 I-40 Exit 102 atop a 367-foot sandstone bluff accessible only by a winding road Reservations: 888-759-2489 Acoma, NM 87034 that meanders away from I-40 through low scrubby rock strewn hills and monolithic outcroppings of stone. Yaaka Café RV Park Sky City Cultural Center Acoma Sky City Most of the pueblo’s inhabitants live below the city in the sky, I-40 Exit 102 and Haak’u Museum ascending only for ceremonials and feast days—or a little Acoma, NM 87034 Acoma,NM 87034 Haaku, or Old Acoma, is also housekeeping. Reservations: 888-759-2489 505-552-7871 known as Sky City. One of Acoma Storyteller the oldest inhabited sites Acoma is known for its pottery. Traditionally created pottery is in the United States, Haaku Pottery hand-colored and decorated in orange and black paints mixed from ENTERTAINMENT Acomita Lake is perched atop a 367-foot natural pigments. Women and girls would walk several miles from Acoma Game & Fish mesa. their villages to take pottery to a little general store (now in ruins) Sky City Casino Acoma Pueblo has a tradition Enterprise on Route 66 to sell. They sold storyteller pieces, small pots and I-40 Exit 102 of pottery that stretches back 505-552-9866 The reservation includes four centuries. Today, it is most dishes to the tourists and sometimes had their photo taken. Acoma, NM 87034 other villages and covers known for a matte polychrome 431,664 acres—a fraction of style of pottery featuring Today, pieces may be bought Trophy Elk Program their original land base that orange and black designs on from the Gaitsi Gift Shop at Acoma Game & Fish Enterprise covered 1.5 million acres and a white background or black the cultural center or from local 505-552-9866 several villages. fine-line designs on a white artisans set up in the courtyard background. outside the center. Vendors will be Acoma provides a premier trophy hunting area of nearly 1/2 million The tribe organized under the happy to show you the difference acres for some of the largest free ranging bull elk found anywhere. Indian Reorganization Act of Storytellers celebrate the in hand coiled and traditionally 1934 but they did not adopt pueblo tradition of passing fired pottery and less expensive a charter or a constitution, down stories orally and usually souvenir pieces made using EVENTS preferring instead to maintain depict an elder surrounded ceramic molds and kiln fired for their traditional government. by children, all with open convenience. 1st Sunday in May: September: mouths to represent the act of Sky City was designated a Acoma Potters Santa Maria Feast Day, Tour de Acoma, a 100, 50 and storytelling. McCarty’s Village 25-mile bike challenge covering National Historic Landmark Acoma elder Mary Lowden holds a some of the most breathtaking by the National Park Service CONTACT photo of her mother and her aunt, August 10: San Lorenzo’s lands on the Acoma and in 1977. – Information provided by Acoma Pueblo both pottery makers. As a girl, Mary Feast Day, Acomita Village Laguna Pueblo reservations. 25 Pinsibaarii Rd. Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, and her sisters would walk down For information visit Albuquerque, NM PO Box 309 to the highway to sit at the general August 10: www.tourdeacoma.com Acoma, NM 87034 Historical Anniversary Date – 505-552-6604 store and sell the pottery they Pueblo Revolt of 1680 December 24: Christmas Eve www.puebloofacoma.org helped make. Celebration - Luminarias light One of the greatest things September 2: San Estevan up the Pueblo from the Scenic about“ this land is the people… Feast Day, Old Acoma View Point to Sky City. and I believe as our people ATTRACTIONS SHOPPING Harvest Dance at Sky City emerged into this world, there Sky City Cultural Center Gaitsi Gift Shop December 26 – 28: Christmas and Haak’u Museum Sky City Cultural Center and Dances in San Esteban was a plan. PO Box 310 Haak’u Museum Mission Church ” Acoma,NM 87034 Pueblo of Acoma – Brian Vallo, Former Director 800-747-0181 NM 87034 Acoma Cultural Center www.acomaskycity.org 505-552-7870 *Cameras are not permitted during feast days or Christmas events

42 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 43 DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

Fort Wingate

In 1864, more than 8,000 Navajo (Diné in their language) men, women and children ARIZONA NAVAJO NATION were forced on a 400 mile march from their northwestern Home to the longest original stretch of Route 66, Arizona is also Westbound Route 66 travelers enter the vast Navajo, or Diné, homelands to the Bosque home to 22 federally recognized tribes. Route 66 takes travelers Nation before leaving New Mexico. The 27,000 square mile Redondo Reservation, located through a small portion of the vast Navajo Nation and an easily reservation stretches from northwestern New Mexico into east of Gallup, New Mexico. drivable stretch from Flagstaff angles north and west across southeastern and northern Arizona. Route 66 westbound enters the jurisdiction of the Navajo Nation before dropping south Walking in harsh winter the lands of the Hualapai Tribe to historic Peach Springs. You’ll of Navajo lands near Holbrook, Arizona. conditions, approximately 200 notice the highway follows along the Santa Fe Railroad tracks as died of cold and starvation. Coal Mine Canyon you navigate the rolling landscape punctuated with jutting rocky The Navajo Nation has the largest land area of any tribe in the More perished after arriving hillsides, grazing cattle and Joshua trees. U.S. and more people speak Navajo at home than any other to the desolate reservation. Coal Mine Canyon, just American Indian language. southeast of City, is a Known as Hwéedi: Naaltsoos A side trip north on New Mexico Highway 491 from the east side striking combination of red Sáni’, the Long Walk, this of Gallup followed by a turn west onto 264, will take you on a day mudstone, bleached white journey was the Navajo Trail trip to visit the Navajo capital Window Rock and some significant rock and coal streaks. There of Tears. Watchtower at Desert View sites. are picnic tables on the rim The Diné were imprisoned until of the canyon, and the play of Grand Canyon National You’ll cross the state line near Window Rock, established in June 1, 1868 at Fort Wingate, sunlight off the different color Park’s famous Watchtower at 1936 as the Navajo Nation’s capital and home of the tribe’s when Navajo leaders signed rocks make for picturesque Desert View was designed by administration. At the base of Window Rock is the Navajo an agreement to confine Veteran’s Memorial and park. The park incorporates many photography. their people to a designated architect Mary Colter in 1933 symbolic structures: a circular path outlining the four cardinal “to introduce the depths of reservation area and cease directions, 16 angled steel pillars with the names of war veterans raiding activities. Native culture to the traveler.” and a healing sanctuary that is used for reflection and solitude Colter modeled the 80 foot featuring a fountain made of sandstone. Easily visible from Route Navajo Nation tower after the architecture 66, Fort Wingate was Navajo vendors sell handmade jewelry and other crafts at the Useful Information decommissioned in 1912. In of the Ancestral Puebloan park. 1925, the site was used for an people, and Hopi artist Fred Hiking & Camping permits Indian school. During World Kabotie filled it with stunning Sticking with HWY 264 west out of Window Rock brings you and fees: to the historic Hubbell Trading Post, the oldest continuously War II, it was used as a military murals of Hopi life. Desert Navajo Nation Parks & munitions storage center – and operated trading post in the United States. Opened in 1876, the View remains the physical and Recreation it was here that the famous trading post was a lifeline for supplies to the Navajo resettling cultural gateway from Grand their homelands after the Long Walk of 1864. Today, the Hubbell 928-871-6647 Navajo Code Talkers trained. Canyon National Park to Hopi Trading Post is a National Historic Site that still sells groceries and www.navajonationparks.org Fort Wingate is approximately and Navajo lands. dry goods. It also features a bookstore, exhibits and rug weaving 12 miles southeast of Gallup, demonstrations. Boating, Fishing & Hunting NM. To reach it, take Interstate In 2015, tribes who have used the canyon as a gathering place since ancient times permits: Highway 264 continues westward to Tuba City, where you may 40 exit 33 for Highway 400 repurposed the Watchtower from a visitor center to an inter-tribal cultural heritage easily reconnect with historic Route 66. Navajo Fish & Wildlife toward McGaffey; the fort will site. The tribes now gather for public cultural demonstrations, celebrations, elder 928-871-6451 be visible along the road after and youth programs, authentic tribal interpretive programs, and just to be “home” www.nndfw.org it reaches the mountains. again. Visitors can share and learn about the tribes’ rich cultural heritage while Historic Fort Wingate is behind Arizona has an abundance of beautiful scenery and Native landscapes. With breathtaking experiencing the breathtaking landscape that gave birth to Hopi, Navajo, Zuni, Filming & Photography a fence; to seek access, call the views of canyons, deserts, and mountains, the Arizona landscape is truly history in the making. Havasupai, Hualapai, Yavapai-Apache and Southern Paiute. “ Permits Wingate Elementary School at To the Native people of Arizona this landscape is more than a great Southwest destination; it’s a Navajo Nation Film Office 505-488-6421. way of living and celebrating the many cultures and heritage that is Arizona. –www.nps.gov/grca 928-871-6656 – Donovan Hanley, Arizona Indian Tourism” Association www.obs.navajo-nsn.gov

44 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 45 DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

ENTERTAINMENT TUBA CITY Fire Rock Navajo Casino When you arrive in Tuba City, a worthwhile stop is the Explore (Two miles east of Gallup on Historic Route 66) Navajo Interactive Museum. The museum is designed to guide 1800 Church Rock visitors through the journey Navajos make in life. Directional Church Rock, N.M. 87311 symbols divide the museum into quadrants. You enter at the east, 505-905-7100 Window Rock move to the south, west and north in a clockwise direction. In each www.nnge.org Church Rock quadrant you are introduced to the land, language, history, culture Twin Arrows Navajo Casino Resort Church Rock is located a few Window Rock is the capital and ceremonial life of the Navajo. 22181 Resort Blvd. miles from the Navajo border of the Navajo Nation. A park Flagstaff, AZ 86004 town of Gallup, New Mexico. near the tribe’s Administration To reconnect with historic Route 66, head west out of Tuba Phone: 928-856-7200 City and turn south on to state highway 89. A turn back west at Center features the graceful – Photo Courtesy Cameron will add miles to your journey but offer up the fantastic Named “Best Casino Resort Destination of 2013” by the readers red stone arch for which the Discover Navajo capital is named. Recently, the views from the Little Gorge. From its picnic of Experience Arizona Magazine, Twin Arrows Navajo Resort Casino is tucked within a picturesque view of the majestic Navajo have built a Veteran’s grounds and overlook, Navajo Tribal Park offers visitors a look down the deep, narrow gorge of the . Navajo San Francisco Peaks just east of Flagstaff, Twin Arrows is the Memorial at the base of “Surrounded by four sacred vendors from around the area regularly sell their arts and crafts centerpiece of the Navajo Nation Gaming Enterprise’s properties. Window Rock to honor the mountains, the Navajo Nation here at prices far below most curio and gift shops. is a great destination to distinguished Navajo history Here, art and architecture have combined to both embody and retrace history and step back showcase the rich history of the Navajo people, while providing an in the U.S. military. For more information on the Little Colorado River Gorge, visit into traditional teachings unparalleled casino resort experience. http://www.navajonationparks.org/htm/littlecolorado.htm and values. The belief and – Photo Courtesy way of life of the Diné remain EVENTS Discover Navajo With your senses piqued by the Little Colorado River Gorge, it’s strong regardless [of the] hardship of Bosque Redondo not too much of a stretch to continue west on HWY 64 to see August and forceful displacements of Arizona’s premier attraction, Grand Canyon National Park. HWY Annual Navajo Code Talker Holiday Celebration young children and learning 64 skirts the southern rim of the canyon, offering lookout points at Window Rock Veteran’s Memorial Park a culture different from their Navajo Nation Fair South Rim Desert View and the Grand Canyon Village. own languages and ways of September life. Today, the lands remain Navajo Nation Fair Held right after Labor Day sacred with mysticism and CONTACT majesty. weekend, the Navajo Nation Navajo Tourism Department LODGING Fair features an Indian rodeo, P.O. Box 663 It is the heart of Indian County, Twin Arrows Navajo Casino Resort parade; cultural showcase; Window Rock, AZ 86515 with over 300,000 Diné people 22181 Resort Blvd. contest powwow; traditional living on and off the lands. The 928-810-8501 Flagstaff, AZ 86004 songs and dances; a carnival roads have improved from dirt www.discovernavajo.com Phone: 928-856-7200 and concert; fine arts show; countryside trails to paved and graveled conditioned the Miss Navajo competition; ATTRACTIONS roads. Most travelers to the Church Rock Crownpoint Rug Auction frybread contest; livestock Southwest have a primary Window Rock Monument & Veteran’s Memorial Park show and judging; and a Once a month, usually the second Friday, the Navajo Rug Weavers’ Association of Crownpoint destination to discover the wild horse race. For more Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site sponsors an auction of genuine, handmade Navajo rugs. The event is an opportunity for Nation’s history, culture information, visit www. buyers to purchase directly from weavers. The auction is held in the Crownpoint Elementary and natural environment navajonationfair.com or call Coal Mine Canyon School, about 30 minutes north of I-40 on state highway 371. For more information call which is a compelling travel Dinosaur Tracks destination.” 928-871-6647. 505-786-2130 or visit www.crownpointrugauction.com Little Colorado River Gorge Navajo Tribal Park — Geri BinettneeKirk, Diné

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HOPI TRIBE rebuild historical structures and to create new ones that blend in with the landscape. The metallic clang of hammers on chisels Hopisinom, the People of Peace, are the westernmost of the can be heard echoing off the terraced sides of the mesa as pueblo peoples. Their homeland is called Tutskwa and they refer to stone masons shape stones by hand to face homes and build low their ancestors as Hisatinom, People of Long Ago. fences.

Orayvi (Old Oraibi) is the oldest continuously inhabited community Visitors can spend the night at the alongside the Hopi in all of North America. The Spanish built missions at Awatovi, Cultural Center at Second Mesa and enjoy a traditional Hopi Hopi Corn Orayvi, and Songoopavi villages. All were destroyed on August soup with a piece of crispy fry bread in the adjoining restaurant. Hopi Katsina Dolls 10th, 1680 during the Great Pueblo Revolt. Outside, established crafts people and young aspiring artists set up tables to show and sell their creations. Perhaps best known A hundred years ago, nearly Traditionally, katsina dolls are For more than 2,000 years, the Hopi have lived in what is today for their Katsinas, carved representations of the spirits that visit all were farmers, known as the Four Corners region. Their reservation, located in the villages during ceremonial dances, Hopis are also known for used as teaching tools. They descendants of a tribe that northeastern Arizona, occupies about 1.5 million acres, comprising their intricate silver jewelry designs, their weaving and for coil-built are the carved representations believed they were caretakers only a small portion of their traditional lands. pottery. of the Katsinam, the spirit of the earth. They practiced messengers of the universe. dry-land farming, perfecting A turn off the interstate onto State Highway 264 will take you CONTACT The Katsinam come to Hopi on a journey through all 12 Hopi villages. You won’t find Spanish Hopi Cultural Preservation Office ways to grow crops in the in the form of clouds, bearing Missions on the Hopi occupied mesas—the Hopi remained free of PO Box 123 barren desert. They grew corn, Christian influence for almost 200 years after the Great Pueblo Kykotsmovi, AZ 86030 life-giving rain. beans, squash, melons and Revolt, carrying on their traditional ways without too much 928-734-3614 chilies. intrusion until the railroad came in 1882. Different Katsinam represent ATTRACTIONS different aspects of life; Today, about 10,000 Hopis The railroad brought trading posts, tourists, missionaries and Hopi Arts Trail: A group of artists and galleries located along for example, the Soyoko disease. The Dawes Act in 1887 caused more strife and was met Highway 264 that welcome visitors into their homes and studios. live in 12 villages located on Katsinam help teach children with armed resistance. Hopi leaders were imprisoned, not only for www.HopiArtsTrail.com and around First, Second and refusing to accept the parceling of their lands into individual plots proper behavior. Misbehaving Third Mesas. There are 13,000 by the U.S. government, but for refusing to send their children to Ancestral Hopi Villages: A 4,500-acre preservation of over 300 children are threatened with enrolled tribal citizens— Indian boarding schools. Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites located just over a mile being given to the Soyoko, however, all do not live on the north of Winslow, Arizona. It features historical exhibits, interpretive a threat that often instills reservation full time. By the time Route 66 made the mesas even more accessible to programs, bird-watching, and hiking. The visitor center displays correct behavior. the outside world, the Hopi way of life was completely disrupted. pottery, baskets, and other artifacts, as well as offering an Traditionally, each community had its own leadership, characterized introduction to the of the park area. There is a year- Tribal ceremonies and by a matrilineal social structure. The idea of a unified Hopi tribe round campground, restrooms with showers (closed in winter), and – The Heard Museum cultural activities still reflect was invented with the drafting of a constitution in 1936—a move an RV dump station. the agricultural calendar of to maintain identity in the wake of the Indian Reorganization Act of planting in the spring, growing 1934. Homolovi State Park in the summer, harvesting in HCR 63, Box 5 Katsina dolls, carved from the Even so, the mesas are still topped with traditional adobe homes Winslow, AZ 86047 the fall and laying dormant in Tuuvi Travel Center & Café roots of cottonwood trees, and in between, families grow corn in the plots farmed by their 928-289-4106 Moenkopi Village the winter. represent approximately 300 ancestors for hundreds of years. Every summer, farmers tend www.experiencehopi.com the corn, hoeing troublesome weeds from between the stalks to LODGING Katsina deities. Some superior prevent them from soaking up the precious nutrients from the dry Hopi Cultural Center carvers make their dolls whole, desert soil. And each harvest, entire families come together to Restaurant & Inn out of one piece of wood. These gather the corn and roast it in enormous underground ovens—just HWY 264, Milepost 379 Moenkopi Legacy Inn & Suites dolls teach the young girls and as they did hundreds of years ago. Second Mesa, Arizona 86043 Tuba City, Arizona 86045 boys the role of these spirit 928-734-2401 928-283-4500 Today, housing grants are enabling the Hopi villages to repair and www.hopiculturalcenter.com www.experiencehopi.com messengers.

– Hopi Cultural Center

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HUALAPAI TRIBE Today, the longest remaining stretch of Historic Route 66 in Once relatively isolated from Euro-American intrusion on their Arizona travels through Peach Springs, and the Hualapai are 5-7 million acres of canyon gouged homelands, 14 bands of Pai gaining economic footing with several travel enterprises that entice (pronounced “pie”), or People, survived by subsistence and trading visitors off the interstate. with their indigenous neighbors. Picking up Route 66 in Seligman, travelers can check in for the One of those bands, the Hualapai, or “People of the Tall Pines,” night at the Hualapai Lodge and explore the re-developing town on Peach Springs was forced onto a 1-million-acre reservation created for them foot. The Historic Peach Springs Trading Post still stands, and the Grand Canyon Skywalk Trading Post in 1883 following a failed revolt against the United States. The tribe placed it on the National Historic Register in 2003. The tribe’s reservation is cradled between the Colorado River and the cultural center offers a cultural arts and language program as well Opened by the Hualapai Tribe western portion of the south rim of the Grand Canyon. It is a as organizes field trips. Creek Restaurant serves The Hualapai Tribe acquired fraction of the land they used to occupy. up conventional fare as well as Hualapai inspired dishes—such as in 2007, the Grand Canyon the Peach Springs Trading Post a Hualapai taco for supper and green chili served with Skywalk is located at Eagle circa 1950, and it was placed Most Hualapai (pronounced Wal-lah-pie) live in Peach Springs, a sweet prickly pear syrup for breakfast. Point, where it’s easy to see on the National Register of settlement chartered in 1881 around a railroad depot located at the shape of an eagle in the Historic Places in 2003. the southern end of the reservation lands. The adventuresome can book a River Runner raft tour down the natural rock formation of the Colorado River with Hualapai guides or take a helicopter flight canyon wall. Peach Springs served as an In the 1920s the settlement boomed from the automobile and through Grand Canyon West—home of the tribe’s crown attraction, inspiration for the fictional tourist traffic Route 66 directed into town. The highway took the Grand Canyon Skywalk. The Skywalk is glass and town in travelers through Peach Springs on the journey between Seligman the Pixar movie Cars, which and Kingman and at one time, the traffic was enough to support From Peach Springs, a well paved road winds through sparse horseshoe-shaped, enabling depicts the losses that it and seven filling stations and a trading post that sold local Hualapai patches of grazing lands and a stretch of Joshua trees, sometimes visitors to step off of the rocky baskets, pottery and other crafts. obscured by passing clouds of sand that are staunchly ignored by many other cities along Route ground and into the air for grazing cattle—another primary industry of the Hualapai. 66 faced after they were a look down into the depths Following the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Hualapai bypassed by Interstate 40. adopted a constitution and bylaws—just as the last sections of The drive ends in the parking lot flanked by helicopter landing of Grand Canyon West— Route 66 were paved in 1938. World War II proved an economic pads. Inside the Grand Canyon West Gift Shop, tickets may be stunningly visible through the setback for Peach Springs. Automobiles went out of production, bought to tour the lookout points along the canyon rim, have clear floor. gasoline prices rose and tires were hard to come by. To pursue a meal at the Hualapai Ranch and take a stroll out onto the We had a little grocery economic development, the tribe filed a federal corporate charter Skywalk. Opened in 2007, the walk is a 10-foot wide glass The cantilevered glass walk in 1943. bridge suspended 4,000 feet out over the canyon floor, offering store here… they [tourists] juts 70 feet past the rim of “ a spectacular view of the canyon and Colorado River seen from would take our pictures, give The filling station, trading post and restaurants dried up when the above between your own two feet or from behind the rail. the Grand Canyon and 4,000 us a few cents. They just made modern Interstate 40 bypassed Route 66, creating a direct route feet above the Colorado River. it like we’re still living in tipis across Arizona between New Mexico and California. This created CONTACT DINING The Skywalk is sturdy enough and stuff like that. It wasn’t a hardship and an opportunity for the Hualapai to flex their 941 Hualapai Way Diamond Creek Restaurant to hold the weight of a dozen like that. In my time growing corporate charter. Peach Springs, AZ 86434 fully loaded 747s, and is stable up, we did have shacks that Phone: 928-769-2216 LODGING enough to withstand winds up Hualapai Lodge we lived in. They were homes. to 100 mph. ATTRACTIONS Reservations: 888-868-9378 Structured like a home. Hualapai River Runners But we didn’t have inside Here is the land where you will live. Go to the places where you find water. Mark off your Grand Canyon West SHOPPING necessities, like the water, land“ and live by the waters. Name these places. In the summer, harvest the berries and wild food Skywalk Hualapai Market toilet, bathroom, washer and Grand Canyon West Gift Shop plants. In the winter, go and live in the caves on the land you own. These areas of land will be Helicopter Tour dryer. Our bedrooms were the owned by your families, they will own the food and game on theses lands, they will move within Horseback Rides floor. its boundaries to the caves, berry patches and the hunting grounds. Hualapai Ranch ” – Linda Havatone Authentic Native American Village Hualapai elder – Hualapai origin story as told by an elder, courtesy Hualapai Department” of Cultural Resources Information: www.grandcanyonwest.com

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Off the Reservation

“But where are all the Indians?” the young visiting CALIFORNIA November student asked Wilma Red Nation Film Festival Mankiller, then Chief of the Route 66 crosses the Colorado River south of Needles, following Annual American Indian & Indigenous film festival Cherokee Nation. “Probably the old Mojave Trail—a trail of American Indian footpaths leading Various Locations westward to the Pacific Ocean and later followed by the Santa Fe down at Walmart like everyone Red Nation Celebration Institute Railroad. else,” the famous late tribal 747-888-4518 leader joked. At least, that is www.rednationff.com Native Voices at The road crosses the homelands of the Mojave, , how the well-circulated story The Autry Serrano, and Tongva peoples on its way to conclusion near the about Mankiller’s sense of Santa Monica Pier. There are several sites along the route through humor goes. But really, where Arigon Starr , Kickapoo /Creek, the California desert where hikers may see ancient petroglyphs are all the American Indians? performs ‘The Red Road’ at the etched into stone by the peoples of the Mojave. Autry. Today, California is home to more people of American Indian Because of the government’s – Photo courtesy descent than any other state in the country, and there are 109 The Autry Museum of the efforts to terminate and federally-recognized tribes in California. In the 2010 U.S. Census, relocate tribes in the 1950s, American Indian approximately 720,000 people identified themselves as Native American Indians can today American. More than half of the state’s American Indian population is composed of individuals and their descendants who were be found in all walks of life, relocated to urban areas in California in the federal government’s from coast to coast, in major relocation program. Nearly 70,000 out-of-state American Indians cities, small towns, traditional Native Voices at the Autry settled in Los Angeles and San Francisco during that time. Now, reservations, pueblos and is the only Equity theatre those two cities have two of the largest urban American Indian everywhere in between. populations in the U.S. . company devoted exclusively According to U.S. Census to developing and producing figures, in some areas you are new works for the stage by EVENTS just as likely to run into an Native American, 4th Friday of September American Indian at a Walmart Natives, and First Nations California Native American Day as you are on an Indian playwrights. Founded in 1994, California State University San Bernardino reservation. Native Voices became the A free public celebration featuring traditional Native American bird resident theatre company songs, music, art and food. at the Autry Museum of the www.nativeamericanday.org In 1940, only around 8 percent American West in 1999. of American Indians lived in November cities. By the 2000 Census, 64 The company provides a American Indian Arts Marketplace percent lived in cities. supportive, collaborative The Autry Museum 4700 Western Heritage Way Historic Route 66 in San Bernardino, CA setting for Native theatre (Incidentally, Wilma Mankiller artists from across North Los Angeles, CA 90027 323-667-2000 was raised in San Francisco, America. The company www. theautry.org California, one of the established the Native Voices We had a bunch [of relocated American Indians] that worked at Disneyland at one time. government’s relocation cities Artists Ensemble to support The largest Native American arts fair in Southern California, the There“ used to be an Indian Village in Disney Land but they [the workers] went on strike because established in the 1950s. She and engage the extraordinary Autry’s American Indian Arts Marketplace features 200 Native they wanted the same pay as the white performers. So Walt’s [Disney’s] younger brother basically was 11 years old when her talents of its Native actors, American artists who represent more than 40 tribes. The weekend locked out all the Indians because they were picketing. It was over by Tom Sawyer’s island. There writers, musicians, and family arrived from Oklahoma. also includes performances, children’s activities, informative talks was an Indian village. Now all we have are the statues of Indians on horses, Indians sitting directors. and demonstrations, and the annual short play festival from Native Mankiller later referred to the around. Voices, the Autry’s resident theatre company. San Francisco Indian Center, – www.theautry.org (Call or check online for exact dates) ” located in the Mission District, – Walter Ahhaitty, Kiowa as her after-school refuge.)

52 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 53 DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW?

FORT MOJAVE INDIAN TRIBE

Spirit Mountain is the earthly origin of this tribe whose reservation spans land in California, Arizona and . The present boundaries, which stretch along the banks of the Colorado River, cover 12,633 acres near Needles, California, 23,699 acres in Arizona and 5,582 acres in Nevada. The reservation is home to 1,120 people. Tribal Sovereignty The Mojave Indians are the Pipa Aha Macav–The People by the River. William T. Sherman and the Sioux sign a treaty at Their major attraction is the Colorado River flowing for 17 miles When Visiting Fort Laramie, . through the Reservation tamed by Davis Dam above Laughlin. It American Indian Ruins Photographed by Alexander runs narrow and deep between channeled banks from the dam to Gardner, 1868. below Needles, California. Along the way, the river supports water- • Ask questions of the – Courtesy based activities such as fishing, water skiing, jet boarding and interpreter National Archives other water sports. • Take a few minutes to quietly Prosperous farmers when the Spaniards encountered them, the The Fort Mojave Indian Tribe’s annual powwow held each February brings enjoy and contemplate what Mojaves had established villages and developed trade routes that you are experiencing stretched to the Pacific Ocean. American Indians from tribes across the United States to a celebration that includes dance and music competitions and displays of many aspects of tribal • Take photographs only when “Treaties rest at the heart One hundred years later, as the was opened, the culture. appropriate—if unsure, ask of Native American history Pipe Aha Macav resisted the military wagon trains and American your guide as well as contemporary migrants who crossed the Colorado River on the California Trail. They defended their rugged homeland, the Basin and Range tribal life and identity. The • Stay on the path southern deserts. The intruders responded by establishing Fort approximately 386 treaties Mojave as a military outpost in 1859, locating it on the east bank ENTERTAINMENT EVENT • Don’t lean on ruin walls that were negotiated and of the Colorado River. signed by U.S. commissioners Avi Resort & Casino February • Do not move or take and tribal leaders from 1777 East of the Reservation, the Black Mountain Range provides 1000 Aha Macav Parkway Fort Mojave Annual anything to 1868 enshrine promises additional outdoor opportunities including off-roading, hiking, Laughlin, NV 89029 Avi Kwa Ame Powwow our government made to photography, rock hounding and exploring ghost towns. Hunters 702-535-5555 Mojave Crossing Event Center • Do not venture into any Indian Nations. But they also enjoy the big horn sheep, deer, quail and dove which live in www.avicasino.com 101 Aztec Road rooms or areas a ranger or the nearby mountains. recognize tribes as nations—a Fort Mojave, AZ 86426 guide does not specifically say fact that distinguishes tribal Huukan Golf Club www.mojaveindiantribe.com is ok to walk into. – Content courtesy Inter Tribal Council of Arizona citizens from other Americans, 5835 Desert Lake Drive www.mojavecrossing.com • Respect the dwellings as and supports contemporary Fort Mojave, AZ 86426 760-629-4591 a the physical and spiritual Native assertions of tribal www.mojavegolf.com sovereignty and self- home of a people CONTACT LODGING determination.” Mojave Resort Golf Club Fort Mojave Indian Tribe 9905 Aha Macav Parkway Spirit Mountain RV Park – Kevin Gover, Pawnee, 500 Merriman Avenue Laughlin, NV 89029 8545 Highway 95 Nation to Nation: Treaties Needles, CA 92363 www.mojavegolf.com Mohave Valley, AZ 86440 Between the United States 760-629-4591 and American Indian Nations www. mojaveindiantribe.com Edited by Suzan Shown Harjo

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San Manuel Band of Mission Indians ENTERTAINMENT:

Leaving Fort Mojave lands, the old road dips in a southwesterly San Manuel Indian Bingo & Casino direction at Barstow, crossing lands of the Yuhaviatam—People of 777 San Manuel Boulevard the Pines—and other of Serrano Indians. Serrano, meaning Highland, CA 92346 “highlander” or “mountaineer” was the name used by the first www.sanmanuel.com Spanish explorers to describe the people they encountered in the . The people lived in dome-shaped A Southern California staple since 1986 and located only 67 miles Bird Songs homes called kiics and settled in small villages near sources of from downtown Los Angeles, San Manuel Indian Bingo & Casino Serrano Baskets water. attracts more than two million visitors a year and has paid out nearly $2 billion in cash and prizes. Many ceremonial songs and The San Manuel are known for Today, the Yuhaviatam are identified as the San Manuel Band of dances were lost to California Mission Indians—“San Manuel” for tribal leader Santos Manuel who LODGING: their weaving, making tribes when Spanish Catholic led his people to safety in 1866 when they were under attack by baskets woven tightly enough missions took control of the San Bernardino militia forces. Their reservation was established The San Manuel Village Hampton Inn & Suites to hold boiling hot water for territory. But in Southern by Presidential Executive Order in 1891 when San Manuel was 27995 Highland Ave. cooking. The traditional fibers California, Bird Songs survived recognized as a sovereign nation and given 640 acres. Today, the Highland, CA 92346 used are from the juncus plant, San Manuel Indian Reservation consists of just over 900 acres. 909-862-8000 and are still performed today deer grass or yucca. www.hamptoninnhighlandcalifornia.com by the Serrano Indians that San Manuel is working to regain what was lost from the time of became the San Manuel Band the Spanish missions. The San Manuel Education Department SHOPPING: A traditional food staple of the of Mission Indians. holds classes and sponsors workshops to teach San Manuel people is Wiic, a traditional arts, songs and culture to the broader community. The Pu’ish Gift Shop porridge made from the acorns tribe also sponsors an annual conference on the Native cultures Inside San Manuel Indian Bingo & Casino of the black oak. San Manuel Serrano of California at California State University, San Bernardino—a 777 San Manuel Boulevard Indians“ sing bird songs, weeklong event where students and teachers from area schools Highland, CA 92346 learn about the history, culture and governments of the Indian The San Manuel people still named as such because the nations indigenous to California. Come on in, browse, and catch a glimpse into the world of one make seasonal trips into the migration of birds parallels the of America’s indigenous cultures. Along with official San Manuel mountains to gather acorns movement of people through a Indian Bingo & Casino souvenirs, snacks and drinks, the Pu’ish and prepare Wiic. territory, telling the story of the CONTACT: (Roadrunner) gift shop offers authentic Native American artwork Creation, animals seen along San Manuel Band of Mission Indians and handicrafts reflecting the rich heritage and traditions of the the way, and sacred places. 26569 Community Center Drive San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians as well as other Highland, CA 92346 tribes in the region. Unlike Indian musicians from 909-864-8933 other parts of the country, traditional Serrano musicians DINING: San Manuel Annual Powwow do not use drums for rhythm The Pines Steakhouse 777 San Manuel Boulevard but instead use hooves of This three-day event is held the 2nd game animals and fashion Highland, CA 92346 909-425-4889 weekend of October at California State gourd rattles filled with palm University, San Bernardino. Free to the tree seeds to make percussive Fine dining on American classics, all complemented with one of the public, it’s an opportunity to enjoy some sounds. finest wine lists in Southern California. of the finest Native American singers, ” – Carla Rodriguez Former Chairperson dancers, and drummers from North America and Canada.

– Some content submitted by San Manuel Band of Mission Indians

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Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe EVENTS

Following as much of the old Route 66 as possible through Third weekend in September California proves to be a more leisurely drive than the alternative Moompetam - Gathering of the Salt Water People freeways—although here and there you will be forced back onto Aquarium of the Pacific the packed pavement designed to make modern transportation 100 Aquarium Way, more efficient. To stay on track through San Bernardino, watch for Long Beach, CA 90802 the Route 66 emblems spray painted on the roadway and continue 562-590-3100 Soapstone on your way past the site of the original McDonald’s restaurant www.aquariumofpacific.org Serrano of California and relics of the road’s former glory—the peeling paint and rusted www.keepersofindigenousways.org We were carvers of neon signs of what is left of old cafes, gas stations and tourist A Tejon Serrano photographed shops. Moompetam—Gathering of the Salt Water People—is a celebration soapstone.“ We cooked with by Edward S. Curtis, c. 1924. of Indigenous California Indian maritime cultures, including it in our baskets before we San Bernardino is a gateway into metro Los Angeles and a Ajachemem, Chumash, Costanoan, Luiseño, and started making pots out of it. boundary nestled up against the foothills of the traditional Tongva. Enjoy traditional songs and dances, crafts demonstrations, – Photo courtesy It was our biggest trade. When homelands of the Tongva people. educational programs, storytelling, and a colorful array of Library of Congress you cook in a basket, you heat indigenous Pacific Ocean life.”Moompetam” means “People of the the stones up in the fire and The Tongva have been indigenous to the Los Angeles basin Ocean” in Pipiimar/Tongva/Gabrielino. use a willow stick to pick up for 7,000 years, according to documentation from 2,800 archaeological sites. Known today as the Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe, 3rd Weekend in November “The embraced the hot stones and put them their ancestors were enslaved by the Spanish to build the San Acorn Festival the pine forests and flowing in a basket filled with water Gabriel Mission in the City of San Gabriel and the San Fernando Botanic Garden water of the high country. to boil it. Our coil baskets are Mission in the City of Los Angeles. 1500 N College Ave. Their creation story tells of pretty tight. You can drink Claremont, CA 91711 the first people who tended The Tongva traditionally traded in shell, soapstone and tightly 909-625-8767 EXT. 200 water out of them. to their creator Kruktat as he woven coil baskets. Their baskets were woven tightly enough to www.rsabg.org ” laid ill and dying high in the hold water and use for cooking. Carved pieces of soapstone would – Julia Bogany, Tongva be heated in a fire and dropped using wooden tongs into a basket Fall is a time of harvest festivities for the people of Southern mountains. When the creator Cultural Affairs Consultant filled with water. The heat from the stones would bring the water California; acorns from the live oak (Quercus agrifolia) were died, the people began to to a boil. traditionally a major food source. In honor of this, Native American mourn and in their grief turned dancers and tribal leaders join the Tongva to celebrate their into pine trees. The nuts and The tribe’s sacred springs, located in western Los Angeles, are connections with California native plants. Dancers demonstrate acorns these trees scattered Trade routes crossed the lands under restoration and Loyola Marymount University has a garden various dances intermittently throughout the day. There is also an became food for the Serrano of the Mojave, San Manuel dedicated to the tribe in Westchester. The university library also artisans’ marketplace. clans who would follow these and Tongva peoples, serving exhibits artifacts from two village sites. first people. Those Serrano as a gateway for the trade of who lived at Yuhaviat, an area soapstone, shells, fish, and The Tongva today are a state-recognized tribe in the process of of pine trees near present seeking recognition from the federal government. basketry between the desert day where the an the coast. Today, Route creator died, were called the 66 follows one of these trade CONTACT ATTRACTIONS Yuhaviatam or the People of routes through Cajon Pass. the Pines. Members of the Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe Heritage Park Tongva Exhibit San Manuel Band of Mission 1999 Avenue of the Stars 12100 Mora Drive Indians are the Yuhaviatam Suite 1100 Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670 clan and like their ancestors Los Angeles, CA 90067-4618 they maintain a special 310-587-2203 Loyola Marymount University connection to the land.” 1 LMU Drive Los Angeles, CA 90045 – San Manuel Band of Mission Tongva Park, 1615 Ocean Ave., Santa Monica, CA 90401 Indians, www.sanmanuel.com

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Broken Promises

According to Public Broadcasting’s Indian Country Diaries, Indian Relocation SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA INDIAN CENTER Today, the SCIS covers a service area of more than 7,000 participants were supposed square miles and assists citizens of more than 350 different tribal to receive temporary housing, The Southern California Indian Center had humble beginnings in affiliations. They hold an annual powwow attended by more than counseling and guidance in the Stanton, CA, garage of John and Lois Knifechief in the late 3,000 people that is a major fundraiser for their social programs. finding a job. They were to be 1960s. provided permanent housing, CONTACT EVENT community and social “They started in a garage, hanging out clothes and providing food,” resources. The new migrants said Walter Ahhaitty, Kiowa. Southern California Indian Center, Inc. November 10175 Slater Ave. SCIC Annual Powwow also were given money to Fountain Valley, CA 92708 OC Fair & Event Center tide them over on a sliding Because, for many arriving in Southern California, the Indian 88 Fair Drive Relocation Act wasn’t all it was cracked up to be. 714-962-6673 scale based on the number of www.indiancenter.org Costa Mesa, CA 92626 children in the family. A man, 714-962-6673 his wife and four children got According to the ‘Indian Country Diaries’ documentary, relocatees www.indiancenter.org $80 a week for four weeks. were promised housing, help finding a job, and community and social resources. They were also to be given money based on a Concrete Tipis That’s what they were sliding scale—a man, his wife and four children got $80 a week for promised. Some found that four weeks. The Wigwam Motel in San the promises were not kept. Bernardino, CA, still beckons Not everyone found a job, But help finding a job didn’t equal landing an actual job. And often, weary travelers at the end and those that did were if they did get a job, that job wasn’t a well paying one. That’s of the day, enticing them generally at the lower end of where the Knifechiefs and some members of the established with novelty and neon. the economic ladder. Many Indian community stepped in. In 1969, they and nine others became homesick so far away officially formed the Orange County Indian Center. They filled the from their families and familiar gap left by the federal government’s relocation offices, continuing landscapes and decided to to provide services such as job leads, housing assistance, food and return to their reservations. social activities. Aztec Hotel Those who stayed eventually Even after the end of the federal relocation program, American found other Indians although Indians continued to stream into California for the opportunity to make a better life and the OCIC grew to meet the need. In the The Aztec Hotel, located they usually were members of in Monrovia, California, another tribe. By now inter- ‘70s, the center was able to offer social services, job training and provides another example tribal marriages created a new employment assistance, and senior services. By the ’80s, the of using one culture generation of Indians who’s center was serving several communities in Los Angeles County In inaccurately to represent identity was split between two 1987, the OCIC changed its name to the Southern California Indian another, perhaps more or more tribes. Center. Southern California Indian Center Powwow familiar, one. The hotel “We’re still doing what the original ideals were about and what they was built in the 1920s and – More information may [the founders] were trying to do—to assist our people, to connect incorporated elements of be found at www.pbs.org/ with them and to build our community because there were so Mayan art and architecture indiancountry many who were from so many different places and they were but used the name “Aztec” dislocated. This organization brought together all those tribes, from Some of us are both [Northern and Southern tribes]. Like myself. I’m both. So sometimes it is because at the time, it was the southwest, from Oklahoma, from up north, from the northwest, difficult“ for me to play just that one side of it. I’m Cheyenne from Oklahoma. We’re matriarchial believed the public was from the northeast, from the southeast. The desert tribes. They so we take our mother’s side. But at the same time, I understand the Northern ways. better acquainted with that all migrated—even these California tribes. They were all getting tribe than the Maya. – H. Starr” Robideau, involved in the relocation,” Ahhaitty said. Cheyenne & Chippewa

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PRINT RESOURCES Mother Road 2.0

Bragdon, Kathleen J.. The Columbia Guide to American Indians of Visitors can access the information found in this guide online at the Northeast. New York: Columbia University Press. 2001. www.americanindiansandroute66.com. This website provides the most updated tribal tourism information and easy access from the Clark, Blue. Indian Tribes of Oklahoma, A Guide. Norman, OK: road. It also features enhanced media and an interactive map of University of Oklahoma Press. 2009. tribes along the route, a great tool for planning your trip. Visit us online today for the most current information about Indian Country Fowler, Loretta. The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the along Mother Road. Great Plains. New York: Columbia University Press. 2003. ONLINE RESOURCES Griffin-Pierce, Trudy. The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southwest. New York: Columbia University Press. 2010. Bureau of Indian Affairs: www.bia.gov Discover Navajo: www.discovernavajo.com Harjo, Suzan Shown. Nation to Nation, Treaties Between the Experience Native America: www.NativeAmerica.travel United States and American Indian Nations. Washington D.C.: Historic Route 66: www.historic66.com National Museum of the American Indian with Smithsonian Books. Indian Pueblo Cultural Center: www.indianpueblo.org 2014. Oklahoma Historical Society: www.okhistory.org Kastner, Charles B.. Bunion Derby, The 1928 Footrace Across Library of Congress: www.loc.gov America. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. National Park Service: www.nps.gov 2007. Oklahoma Department of Tourism: www.travelok.com

King, Thomas. The Inconvenient Indian, A Curious Account of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Native People in North America. Minneapolis: University of Press. 2012. Autry Museum of the American Indian Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribal Tribune McClanahan, Jerry. EZ Route 66 Guide for Travelers. Lake Hopi Cultural Preservation Office Arrowhead, CA: National Historic Route 66 Federation. 2014. Hualapai Department of Cultural Resources Pueblo of Isleta Department of Cultural & Historic Preservation Marmon, Lee and Corbett, Tom. Laguna Pueblo - A Photographic Pueblo of Sandia History. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 2015. Geri BennettneeKirk, Navajo Nation National Geographic. Indian Nations of North America. Washington Sherrie L. Bowman, Pueblo of Laguna D.C.: National Geographic Society. 2010. Andrew Carapella, Tribal Nations Maps Virginia Salazar-Halfmoon, Project Coordinator Perdue, Theda and Green, Michael D.. The Columbia Guide to Sean Harrison, Quapaw Nation American Indians of the Southeast. New York: Columbia University Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, Hopi Press. 2001. Andrew Johnson, American Indian Center-Chicago Loretta Jackson-Kelly, Hualapai Pritzker, Barry M.. A Native American Encyclopedia, History, Mary Lowden, Acoma Culture and Peoples. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000. Shannon Mann, Pueblo of Sandia GIS Department Sammye Meadows, Editor Thomas, Diane H.. The Southwest Indian Detours. Phoenix: Hunter Travis Owens, Cherokee Nation Tourism Publishing Company. 1978. Jana Sawyer Prewitt, Editor Wallis, Michael. Route 66 The Mother Road. New York: St. Martin’s Ken Shoji, San Manuel Band of Mission Indians Press. 1990. Paula Starr, Southern California Indian Center Michael Wallis, Author, Route 66 the Mother Road

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR American Indians & Route 66 American Indians & Route 66 was written, photographed and designed by Lisa Hicks Snell, Cherokee. She is the publisher and editor of the Native American Times, an American Indian news and features website (www.nativetimes.com). She also publishes and edits Native Oklahoma, a monthly arts and culture magazine devoted to Oklahoma tribal communities (www.nativeoklahoma.us).

Over the course of her career, she has won numerous Native Media awards through the Native American Journalists Association for her work, including ‘Best Magazine’ for her debut of Native Oklahoma in 2011. Follow her on @LisaGetsLost

ABOUT AIANTA

The American Indian Alaska Native Tourism Association (AIANTA) is a 501(c)(3) national nonprofit association of Native American tribes and tribal businesses that was incorporated in 2002 to advance Indian Country tourism. The association is made up of member tribes from six regions: Alaska, Eastern, Midwest, Pacific, Plains and the Southwest. AIANTA’s mission is to define, introduce, grow and sustain American Indian and Alaska Native tourism that honors traditions and values.

AIANTA provides its constituents with the and tools needed to advance tourism while helping tribes, tribal organizations and tribal members create infrastructure and capacity through technical assistance, training and educational resources. AIANTA serves as the liaison between Indian Country, governmental and private entities for the development, growth, and sustenance of Indian Country tourism. By developing and implementing programs Edward Kemp. Harvey Indian Detour car at Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico, c1928. and providing economic development opportunities, AIANTA helps Courtesy Palace of the Governors Photo Archives (NMHM/DCA) tribes build for their future while sustaining and strengthening their Negative Number 046926 cultural legacy.

To learn more, please visit www.aianta.org.

American Indians and Route 66 was produced by AIANTA (American Indian Alaska Native Tourism Association), with partial funding from the Route 66 Corridor Preservation Program, National Trails Intermountain Region, National Park Service. COPYRIGHT © 2016

64 | AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 AMERICAN INDIANS & ROUTE 66 | 65 Cover art by Gera Lozano | www.geralozano.com

American Indians & Route 66

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