Annual Report 2003

MA Projects

Annual Report 2003 www.prio.no

Staff List

As of 31 December 2003 (Staff who left in 2003 are listed in grey italics)

Director Project and Research Glenn Martin Nils Petter Gleditsch Stein Tønnesson Assistants Ola Listhaug Andrew Feltham Library Karl Ove Moene MA Projects Martin Halvorsen Olga Baeva Kaare Strøm Research Staff Kyrre Holm Odvar Leine Pavel Baev Randi Lægred Research Staff Elise Barth Kristoffer Lidén Administration Kristian B. Harpviken Endre Begby Christine Ormhaug Lene Kristin Borg Wenche Hauge Lene Bomann-Larsen Bernt Skåra Kai Robert Braaten Håvard Hegre J. Peter Burgess John Toven Eystein Emberland David Lektzian Jørgen Carling Jonas Aga Uchermann Øyvind Foss Greg Reichberg Kristian Berg Harpviken Shirley Haugen Sven Gunnar Simonsen Wenche Hauge External Consultants Damian Laws Håvard Strand Karen Hostens Steinar Bryn Svein Normann Henrik Syse Helene Christiansen Ingierd Graham Dyson Tonje Paulsen Pinar Tank Dieter Jansen Jozef Goldblat Lorna Quilario Sandberg Stein Tønnesson Åshild Kolås Jamie Lockhart Roar Søhoel Henrik Urdal Nicholas Marsh Vanja Pestoric Hilde Henriksen Waage Mari Olsen Conscientious Louise Olsson Visiting Scholars Objectors Project and Research Gregory Reichberg Gwinyayi Albert Dzineza Håvard Bakken Assistants Rebecca Roberts Gjermund Brenne Elisabeth Gilmore Sven Gunnar Simonsen MA Students Tor Rikard Evensen Martin Halvorsen Inger Skjelsbæk Iselin Frydenlund Andrew Feltham Bethany Lacina Dan Smith Cecilie Hellestveit Stian Håklev Christin Mørup Ormhaug Henrik Syse Are Hovdenak Håvard Helland Taylor Owen Pinar Tank Pål Høydal Anders Waaler Kemp Stine Thomassen Delphine Thivet Martin Langvandslien Bernt Skåra Ola Tunander Gina Lende Lars Wilhelmsen MA Students Henrik Urdal Christin Mørup Ormhaug Kirsten Hegsvold Andersen Hilde Henriksen Waage CSCW Staff Lene Siljeholm Christiansen Information Advisers Håvard Bakken Director Administration Lars Even Andersen Ingeborg Haavardsson Scott Gates – from June 2003 Dorthe Bakke Ane Bræin Stian Håklev Nils Petter Gleditsch – Acting Glenn Martin Ivar Evensmo Agnete Schjønsby Director until June 2003 Martha Snodgrass Gina Lende Mirjam E. Sørli Snezana Popovic Editorial Staff Working Group Leaders Lars Wilhelmsen Martha Snodgrass John Carville Pavel Baev Jorunn Tønnesen Andrew John Feltham Jon Elster

Locally Employed Staff Belgrade Osijek Petrit Tahiri PRIO’s Cyprus Ofﬁce, Dusanka Jankovic Suzana Agotic Artan Venhari Nicosia Jelena Lengold Srdan Antic Guido Bonino Goran Lojancic Jasmina Krkic Sarajevo Emine Erk Vesna Matovic Ivana Milas Ljuljjeta Goranci-Brkic Ayla Gurel Tatjana Popovic Tatjana Kosanin Koula Kyriaki Podgorica Nebojsa Savija-Valha Dolly Olsson Mitrovica Dragutin Djekovic Zoran Telalbasic Yiouli Taki Abdullah Ferizi Ivana Gajovic Miranda Ibishi Boris Raonic Skopje Nansen Dialogue Centres Miodrag Radovic Ognjenka Scepanovic Albert Hani in the Balkans Vladimir Rajovic Daliborka Uljarevic Ilija Ostojcic Ivan Ostojcic Banja Luka Mostar Prishtina Alekandar Petkovski Armin Fazlic Elvir Djuliman Xheraldina Cernobregu Xhevahire Pruthi Tanja Milovanovic Vladimir Maric Bersant Disha Sasko Stojkovski Dragana Sarengaca Maria Vlaho Arjeta Emra Edmond Zhaku Drazen Tomljenovic Vernes Voloder Artor Sejﬁja

Cover Photo: Harpviken, Berg Kristian Afghanistan 2003 Design: HildeSørby, LoboMedia A/S Staff Photos: Håvard Bakken Language Editor: JohnCarville Editor: Agnete Schjønsby MA Projects Contents Director’s Introduction Staff List CSCW Annual Report 2003 CSCW Annual Report PRIO Statutes PRIO Board& Administration Financial Statement PRIO Publication List PRIO Centre for theStudyofCivil War (CSCW) AssistancetoMine-Affected Communities(AMAC) Research Organization Strategy • • • • • • •

Journals Summer School PRIO Library PRIO Events200 Norwegian InitiativeonSmall Arms Transfers (NISAT) Balkan DialogueProject Conﬂict ResolutionandPeacebuilding PoliciesForeign andSecurity Ethics, andIdentities Norms Information Information

www.prio.no Middle 11 21 21 15 13 22 20 19 12 33 32 27 23 16 9 7 6 3 4

(I – XII)

PRIO Annual Report 2003 1 www.prio.no Nuba Mou Photo: RebeccaRoberts PRIO fieldtravel 2003. Kad ntains, Sudan ugli market, rid ofadictator,rid but didnotgetpeace. Saddam Husseinwasfound hiddenina hole. got The Iraqis attacks.terrorist OsamabinLadenremainedatlarge, but outnew groups withinthe fromcarrying Al-Qaeda network to prevent struggle attentionfromtheinternational diverted intelligence.or exaggerated In addition, thewarinIraq wasbasedonfalse Hussein hadweapons ofmassdestruction government.establishing anewIraqi The claimthatSaddam and thecountry ill-prepared for thetaskofadministering limits toUSpower. The USAwasable tooccupy Iraq, but was peaked andgaveunilateralism way toarealizationofthe Two thousandandthreewastheyear inwhichUS Director’s Introduction role innegotiations withIran. Despitethelegacyof9/11, Bali haveAgency andkey European countries played themain weapons programme. The International Atomic Energy Koreaabandon itsnuclear tomake North diplomatic efforts opposition tothewarinIraq. Chinaplays aleadingroleinthe inNATO – theUSA’sFrance alliance partners –toleadthe Russia andChinahave become? and They left ittoGermany andsubtle theforeign howpoliciesof moderate remarkable areincreasingtheirdiplomatic leverage.powers Is itnot foreign policy, theUN, andothermajor regionalorganizations power’. SincetheUSAissoheavy-handed initsapproachto power,military but atthesametimeareducedUS ‘soft powers, overwhelming of USpredominanceinterms ‘hard’ by low levelscharacterized oftensionbetween themajor is scopefor building peaceinmany areas. Today’s is world andthe think –despiteterrorism ‘war onterror’ –thatthere organizations. At PRIO, thisdevelopment. we support And I oftheglobalpoliciesmany statesandmultilateral parts Conflict prevention andpeacebuilding arebecomingofficial Republic ofCongo.Democratic thewarin during upturn in battle–albeitwithaterrible conflicts hasdeclined. And fewer peoplehave alsobeenkilled (CSCW). 1990s, Sincetheearly thenumber ofarmed within PRIO’s new Centrefor theStudyofCivil War war seemedtoremainonadownward trend. This isanalyzed conflictsandthenumber ofcasualties in number ofarmed ofpre-emptive war, andtheUSdoctrine Despite Iraq the and Madrid, andcontinued warfarein Afghanistan, Colombia, Stein Tønnesson landmines andinpromotingdialogue. both heavy andsmallarms, inhelpingpeoplecopewith Middle East, inthemedia, of theproliferation incountering engaged –inCyprus, Lanka, Sri Sudan, Afghanistan andthe flexibility. We shallkeep thebalance. We willstay strongly This allows for combininghighacademiccompetencewith projects. fundingandone-thirdshort-term programme term turnover consistingofone-thirdcoregrant, one-thirdlong- develop ourcompetence. Myidealresearchinstitutehasa though modest, isessentialinallowing ustomaintainand does much tostrengthenbasicresearch. Ourcoregrant, I thinkwe areprettyclosetoachievingthatgoal. The CSCW applied researchandpeaceengagement. As amatteroffact, basic research,balance between long-term moreshort-term a goalsatPRIOhasbeentostrike One ofmy mainstrategic project intheBalkans. We willstay intouch. took over thefullresponsibilityfor theNansenDialogue a number ofyears.2004, On1January theNansen Academy the taskofinitiatingandmanagingdialogueinBalkansfor We arealsoproudtohave sharedwiththeNansen Academy options are. the localpopulationsabout Annan Planandwhattheir local staffinCyprus, PRIOisproudtobeable tohelpinform joined theEUon1May 2004. Through ourhighly qualified establish statebefore anewfederal Cyprus inCyprus parties needs it. tohelpthe And itplayed thekey roleintrying of andin Africa Afghanistan. ItisneededinIraq. The USAalso The UNhas more peacefulworld. constellations of2004couldindeedprovide thebasisfor a andanumber ofothercountries,Iraq theglobalpolitical increased its relevance. It is needed in many parts itsrelevance. Itisneededinmany parts www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2003 3 www.prio.no

Strategy

Introduction Gender is an important, yet often neglected, aspect of the A new four-year strategy for 2002–05 was prepared during study of violent conflicts. It is a challenge both to develop the second half of 2001 and discussed by PRIO’s Institute research groups focusing on gender and conflict and to Council and Board. The following is a short presentation of include gender perspectives in peace studies more generally. the strategy document that was adopted by the Institute Council and Board in March 2002. Both civil and international wars are serious impediments to social and economic development in poor countries. This has Challenges for Peace Research led the World Bank and various national aid agencies to take After the end of the Cold War, peace researchers became an interest in conflict prevention and peacebuilding, and to increasingly aware of the fact that internal armed conflict has address the relationship between development and conflict. It for a long time been much more frequent than interstate is a challenge to integrate conflict management and peace- conflict. Reflecting this realization, peace research moved building into development plans for countries where there is, away from the study of mainly international wars to a focus or is a danger of, civil war. This will require increased interaction on internal wars and external interventions in these conflicts. between peace researchers, development researchers, and Priority is now given to establishing theories as well as multilateral and bilateral development aid agencies. empirical knowledge about: Yet another challenge is to develop more scholarly research • why and how internal wars break out; on the many dialogue and conflict-management activities that • why they last long as long as they do; and are now conducted in areas of internal armed conflict. This • what it takes for a peace settlement to ensure research should test existing theories of mediation and conflict lasting peace. management and should develop new theories based on empirical studies of inter-ethnic dialogues, conflict-management These questions must be addressed through a combination of efforts and peace settlements. The practical goal should be to quantitative methods, comparative case studies, single-case promote nonviolent tools of political practice in societies historical analyses and narratives based on fieldwork. A special suffering from protracted conflict. challenge is to identify the recurring mechanisms in human interaction that lead to civil war, prolong it or allow conflicts In Norway, it is also an important challenge to develop peace to be transformed and managed nonviolently. In relation to education, which is a growing field internationally. this, the ethics of conflict behaviour and external intervention is also an essential research topic. PRIO’s Previous Five-Year Strategy The four-year strategy for 2002–05 builds on the At the start of the 21st century, the risk of international achievements of the previous five-year period. PRIO’s strategy warfare seemed once more to be on the rise, not least in the for 1997–2001 was approved in 1996 and reaffirmed the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 commitment to maintaining the institute’s scholarly core, against New York and Washington. This may call for renewed independence and international profile. It identified PRIO’s attention to the danger of international war. Research into research priorities, which were institutionalized by late 1998 civil war must also now be broadened to include international as four strategic institute programmes. It also established that terrorist warfare, that is, violent actions by clandestine groups basic and applied research are equally central to PRIO’s and states that do not operate solely within national borders mission, and consequently priority was given to those fields but launch attacks against perceived enemies in other, even where theory and policy go hand in hand. distant, countries. This is neither ‘international war’ nor ‘civil war’ in the traditional meanings of those terms, but could The strategy set the aim of achieving greater stability in terms perhaps be seen as a kind of ‘global civil war’, thus reflecting of staff by creating more permanent contracts. Accordingly,

4 the ongoing process of globalization, which may or may not the number of researchers employed at PRIO on permanent end in the formation of a global society. contracts increased from two in early 1997 to eight in 2000. At the same time, the total strength of the institute increased More generally, the empirical study of norms and attitudes from nearly 40 people in 1996–97 to well over 50 in 2001. relating to peace, war and violence is a promising research The budget increased even more: from NOK 14.3 million in field. In highly developed countries, there is increasing 1996 to 37.8 million in 2000. Since the core grant remained reluctance to tolerate the loss of human life in armed conflict, approximately at the same level, most of PRIO’s income came and this could have a profound influence on the way conflicts from externally financed projects. are conducted. PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 engagement in conflict resolution through operational activities 1997–98. The latter qualification referred particularly to active projectsthathadbeenlaunchedin orinterrupting curtailing andstabilizingthroughconsolidation,staff numbers without in 1999theemphasiswasshiftedtolimitinggrowth in The institute’s wasreviewed onanannual strategy basis, and The objective ofstaffmanagementistoallow allmanagerial, Staff Management • • • • • • • The seven maingoalsinthenextfour-year are: period PRIO’s MainGoals2002–05 reputation. academic outputandinternational has achieved greaterfinancialstabilityandhasincreasedits achieved. PRIOhasgrown toahealthy andsustainable size, Overall, have thegoalssetin1997–2001strategy been fromtheNGOsector. withpartners cooperation mediation, conflictresolutionandpeacebuilding) developed in (i.e. activities within conflict management, facilitation of dialogue, to diversify thesourcesoffundingandobtainmorelong- todiversify toconsolidatePRIOatapproximately itspresentsize toimportant bridge tomaintainanddevelop astrategic todevelop basicandappliedresearchinconjunctionwith through toincreasethequalificationsofallresearchers toestablish aCentrefor theStudyofCivil War; tomaintainanddevelop high-qualityacademicresearch term funding. term (50–60 staff); and activities; the NGOsmanageoperational while NGOs, researchandtraining withPRIOundertaking activities; operational academic publishing; within thecoreareasofpeaceresearch; peace research. establishment competitive ofaninternationally website in fundingfor the toobtainexternal PRIO willalsostrive joint projects that can obtain groups research funding in other countries from with internationala view to establishing with alliances build to continue foundations. will we connection, this In projects for which major and long-term funding can be secured. A key task is to identify and encourage the development of Funding ensure thatstudentsaregiven propersupervision. fit intotheresearchprogrammes. will leaders The programme similar number ofMaster’s degreestudents, withprojectsthat We shouldalways have studentsanda atleastfive doctoral to undertake important tasks, this practice should continue. on the normal ladder. In order to ensure flexibility and an ability number of advisers and research assistants who are not placed fromApart the research staff listed above, PRIO also employs a the number of research professors and senior researchers. PRIO’s aim is to increase, through promotion and recruitment, and seven Master’s degree(hovedfag) students. researchers, four researchfellows, students seven doctoral staff includedfour researchprofessors, eightsenior reflects the university system. At the end of 2001, the research For theresearchstaff, PRIOusesaqualificationladderthat A significantaimistoincreasethequalificationsofallstaff. active, environment. healthy andrewardingworking capacities, improve theirknowledge andskills, andenjoy an andresearchstafftogetthemostoutoftheir information Photo: SvenGunnarSimonsen www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2003 5 www.prio.no

Research Organization

In 2003, PRIO research was organized within three thematic PRIO’s basic aim of studying the causes and consequences of programmes: Foreign and Security Policies; Ethics, Norms and peace and conflict. The programmes act as a focus for Identities; and Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding. In strategic planning, for budgeting, and for directing research addition, the Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) was and generating new projects, and as a guide for recruitment established in 2003, incorporating most of the activities of the policies. In addition, they provide the organizational basis for earlier Conditions of War and Peace programme. The CSCW frequent internal seminars in which PRIO researchers present was awarded Centre of Excellence status by the Research initial ideas and findings to groups of colleagues. Council of Norway. The organization of the CSCW’s research PRIO does not seek to cover every conceivable type of is presented separately in this report (see pp. I–XII). conflict, focusing instead on organized armed conflict. The institute’s research staff are not committed to supporting Strategic Institute Programmes in 2003 particular policies, nor do the Strategic Institute Programmes adopt specific standpoints. Our aim is to conduct research • Foreign and Security Policies that leads to solid conclusions, which can in turn serve as the • Ethics, Norms and Identities basis for tenable generalizations and theories that are useful • Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding in confronting key international problems of our time. For detailed information on all projects within the Strategic Each Strategic Institute Programme consists of a group of Institute Programmes, see the PRIO website at www.prio.no. related projects. Together, the programmes and projects fulfil

PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003

Photo: Kristian Berg Harpviken Photo: Carling Jørgen J. Peter Burgess Senior Researchers Staff in2003 outinPRIO’s otherresearchunits. carried andethicalnorms,cultural thereby complementingthework ofqualitative methodologiesinthestudyof importance isinterdisciplinary.The ENIprogramme Itemphasizes the • • • studies andhumangeography. The aimoftheresearchis: philosophy, socialpsychology, socialanthropology, religious researchwithintheﬁeldsofethics,comprises political The Ethics, atPRIO andIdentities(ENI)programme Norms Programme Leader: GregoryReichberg Ethics, NormsandIdentities • • • • • • projects in2003: thefollowing comprised research The ENIprogramme Karen Hostens Cecilie Hellestveit Carling Jørgen Lene Bomann-Larsen Endre Begby Elise Barth Junior Researchers Syse Henrik Reichberg Gregory

led by Gregory Reichberg led by Gregory Intervention Ethics ofMilitary on Network Applied Global Justice: ResearchGrouponthe project) Dieter Janssen(postdoctoral andthe Intervention Humanitarian Inger Skjelsbæk,&Karen Hostens EliseBarth Intended andUnintendedConsequences Gender Aspects ofConflictInterventions: Policy led by Peter Burgess onIdentity-Based Conflict Francophone Network institute programme) Reichberg, Syse&EndreBegby (strategic Henrik Gregory Ethical Dimensionsof War andPeace Syse &Henrik Reichberg Lene Bomann-Larsen, Gregory Corporate Actors in Zones of Conflict: Responsible Engagement thatbearonconflictandresolution. factors to explore, oftenthroughfieldwork, localperceptionsand peacebuilding; norms, toconflictand/or insofarasthesecontribute belonging, aswell asbeliefsaboutsocial, andlegal moral to conductresearchonperceptionsofidentityand peace andconflictresearch; to increaseawareness ofphilosophicalissuesrelevantto

Kristoffer Lidén Kristoffer Tor RikardEvensen Research Assistants Gina Lende MA Student Delphine Thivet Inger Skjelsbæk Åshild Kolås Dieter Janssen Ingierd Helene Christiansen

Role oftheUnitedNations

Implications of

• • Doctoral Projects • • frameworks, especially thejustwar tradition. philosophical vocabulariesand addressed usingvarious posed by thenewchallenges, andtohow they canbe NGOs. This SIPhaspaidspecialattentiontothequestions byconstantly Norwegian beingraised media, politiciansand exception inthisregard. Indeed, ethical challengesare especially sincetheendofCold War. Norway isno deeply embeddedindebatesover policy, foreign andsecurity conﬂict studies. Itreﬂectsthefactthatethicshasbecome maintaining afocusaspectsofpeaceand onthenormative ofPRIO’s institutionalgoalof akey part this SIPforms Syse, andHenrik Reichberg Gregory by SeniorResearchers Research CouncilofNorway, year. completeditsfourth Led on ‘Ethical Dimensionsof War andPeace’, fundedby the In 2003, instituteproject(SIP) theENIprogramme’s strategic • • • MA StudentProjects • • • •

Helene Christiansen Ingierd Helene Christiansen On BeingaMoral Decisionmaker in War Åshild Kolås Autonomous Prefecture Ethnic Tourism in Diqing andCultural Reconstruction Tibetan Carling Jørgen Migrants inCape Verde Transnational inan Entrepreneurs Outpost:African Chinese Peter Burgess Identity ofEuropeanSecurity Theory December 2003) atPRIO: Syse; (supervisor Henrik defendedIselin Frydelund Symbolic Warfare Lankaina inSri Time of War The SacredPlaceofKataragama: Religious Coexistence and 2004) January atPRIO:Gina Lende(supervisor GregReichberg; defended Contextual Theology, 1992–2002 A Questfor Justice: Palestinian and Christians Their Palestinian 2004) be completedspring atPRIO:Cecilie Hellestveit (supervisor GregReichberg; to Human Rights? Islam andHumanRights: Towards anIslamicConceptionof Delphine Thivet Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes War inthe inModernity: BetweenConceptandHistory Carling Jørgen Transnational Migration andMobilityConﬂicts Inger Skjelsbæk inthe Diversity Wars inBosniaandHerzegovina, 1991–95 Sexual in Violence Time of War: Sexuality, EthnicityandGender Cecilie Hellestveit Peace Agreements inCivil Wars ofSecession: A Legal Analysis

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PRIO Annual Report 2003 7 www.prio.no

The ‘Ethical Dimensions of War and Peace’ SIP has resulted in the Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry (NHO). numerous articles, both in scholarly journals and in the popular press, including: From 2003, the ENI programme has been a partner in an interdisciplinary research and training network funded by the • ‘What Kind of War? 11 September and Beyond’ (Security Fifth Framework Programme of the European Commission, Dialogue, 2001); on the theme of applied global justice. This collaboration is to • ‘“Dobbel effect” og sivile tap’ [‘Double Effect’ and Harm to last until 2006 and places PRIO in partnership with seven Civilians] (Dagbladet, November 2001); European research institutions (located in Zurich, Paris, • ‘Humanitarian Intervention: A Case of Offensive Force?’ Louvain, Madrid, Saarbücken, Tilburg and Graz). The network (Security Dialogue, 2002); includes an exchange of doctoral candidates. Thus, during • ‘Liberty, Statehood and Sovereignty: Walzer on Mill on 2003, the ENI programme hosted two young researchers, Non-Intervention’ (Journal of Military Ethics, 2003); one from the University of Saarland (Dieter Janssen) and the • ‘Just War or Perpetual Peace?’ (Journal of Military Ethics, other from the University of Paris–Sorbonne (Delphine 2002); Thivet). Doctoral candidate Cecilie Hellestveit is PRIO’s • ‘Plato, the Necessity of War, the Quest for Peace’ (Journal of exchange researcher at the University of Saarland. Each Military Ethics, 2002); institution participating in the network is responsible for a • ‘Rett intensjon som vilkår for rettferdig krig’ [Right Intention special area of research (in PRIO’s case, the right of military as a Prerequisite for Just War], in Bjørn Erik Rasch, Janne intervention) and will organize a conference on this topic. The Haaland Matlary & Per Kristen Mydske, eds, Spillet om Irak ENI programme’s working group will host its conference in [The Iraq Game] (Oslo: Abstrakt, 2003); Oslo in June 2004. • ‘Folkerett og etikk’ [International Law and Ethics] (Dagens Næringsliv, January 2003); and Gender studies have become increasingly important within • ‘Klasebomber: legitimt i krig?’ [Cluster Bombs: Legitimate in the ENI programme. During 2002–03, a major project was War?] (Dagbladet, July 2003). carried out (with funding from the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) on In 2003, the SIP brought its ﬁrst book to press. Senior ‘Gender Aspects of Conﬂict Interventions: Policy Implications Researcher Henrik Syse published a volume applying just war of Intended and Unintended Consequences’. Undertaken by theory to contemporary issues: Rettferdig krig? Om PRIO researchers Inger Skjelsbæk, Elise Barth and Karen militærmakt, etikk og idealer [Just War? Military Power, Ethics Hostens, the project has resulted in a policy report, several and Ideals] (Oslo: Aschehoug, 2003). The book has received scholarly articles and a workshop with a group of wide attention in Norwegian academic and political circles. international experts.

The SIP researchers (Gregory Reichberg, Henrik Syse and The ENI programme continues to be active in journal Endre Begby) are currently preparing a compilation of primary publishing. ENI Research Professor Peter Burgess is editor of sources and commentary, entitled The Ethics of War: A Historical Security Dialogue, where he has given normative and identity Anthology. To be published by Blackwell in early 2005, this issues greater prominence, alongside the journal’s traditional volume will bring together the most significant writings – focus on regional security issues. Gregory Reichberg and ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary – in Western Henrik Syse likewise serve as associate editors of the Journal thinking about the ethics of war. The beginnings of reflection on of Military Ethics, which was founded in January 2002. this subject may be found in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Augustine and the medieval Canon lawyers. The themes were then systematically developed by thinkers such as Aquinas, Vitoria, Suarez, Grotius, Vattel and Kant. Eclipsed for a time by developments in international law, ethical reflection on war has been revived by contemporary writers such as Paul Ramsey and Michael Walzer. Never before, however, have these benchmark contributions been brought together under one cover. This anthology will thus provide a valuable research tool, for use by researchers and the general public alike.

In addition to major funding from the Research Council of Norway, the ‘Ethical Dimensions of War and Peace’ SIP has received generous grants from the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and the Earhart Foundation (USA).

In 2003, the ENI programme brought to a successful completion its collaborative project with the United Nations University (Tokyo) on business ethics in zones of conﬂict. Led by PRIO Researcher Lene Bomann-Larsen, this project has applied insights from the just war tradition (in particular the

8 moral analysis of side-effect harm, or the ‘principle of double effect’) to the field of international business ethics. An edited volume with contributions from both ENI researchers and an international panel of experts – Responsibility in World Business: Managing the Harmful Side-Effects of Corporate Activity – will be published in 2004 by the United Nations University Press. A shorter version of the research project, with the title ‘Corporate Actors in Zones of Conflict: Responsible Engagement’, was published as a booklet in 2003 by PRIO and PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 Photo: Åshild Kolås programme hasnever aimedatbuildingprogramme asinglecoherent ofcomplicatedcases.range At thesametime, theFSP profile inpolicy-relevantresearchandin-depthanalysis ofa The programme’s identitywithinPRIOinvolves astrong oftheCSCW.work of Russia’s complex, energy inthe andengagingconstructively withananalysis oftheRussianmilitary on thetransformation to post-conflictpeacebuilding, focus combiningthetraditional ofissuesfromtheglobalwaronterror research onarange of thepeaceprocessinMiddleEast, developing new direction,the European/transatlantic continuing examination on PRIO’s documentandinvolved strategy building expertise inmorespecificgoalsthatwere formulatedin was elaborated on theroleofstatesinconflictsituations. In2003, thisaim system,emphasis shifts intheinternational withaparticular by ongoing evaluate thepressureandtensionsgenerated challenges. security responses tovarious aimisto Itsgeneral studies),and security focused onthenatureofstates’ relations(includinghistory,field ofinternational geopolitics researchprojectsinthebroad interdisciplinary comprises PoliciesThe ForeignandSecurity atPRIO (FSP)programme Programme Leader: Pavel Baev Foreign andSecurityPolicies Martin Langvandslien Martin Pål Høydal Halvorsen Martin Research Assistants andMAStudents Pinar Tank Olsen Mari Junior Researchers andDoctoralStudents Hilde Henriksen Waage Ola Tunander Stein Tønnesson Sven GunnarSimonsen Pavel Baev Senior Researchers Staff in2003 directions. projectsonkey strategic lead large-scale whoareable and toorganize resourceful SeniorResearchers and isitsfivestrength forexperienced theFSPprogramme continue intheforeseeable future. The mainsourceof strength. Rather, itisitsessentialfeature, onethatwill asitsweakness –or,be interpreted for thatmatter, its The eclecticnatureoftheprogramme, however, shouldnot different directionsandusevastly dissimilarmethodologies. Instead, includedprojectsthatmove ithastraditionally in ‘school’ projects. ofintegrated thatwould involve aportfolio • • • • research projects: In 2003, thefollowing comprised theFSPprogramme security integration: security achievements andobstaclesonthepathto European throughtheircommonaimofexamining integrated projects thatare but fiveintertwined separate comprises Looking Outwards’, ledby Ola Tunander. This ongoingSIP instituteproject (SIP) ofthestrategic ‘Europe importance research areasfor theFSPprogramme, hencetheparticular beenoneofthekey hastraditionally European security • • • MA StudentProjects • • Doctoral Projects • • • • • •

Sven Gunnar Simonsen (postdoctoral project) Sven GunnarSimonsen(postdoctoral andPost-Conflict Nation-Building Intervention Military led by Ola Tunander instituteprogramme) (strategic Europe Looking Outwards: ThePavel Baev Quest for a European SecurityCaspian Area Identity Cooperation andConflictBetweenRussiathe West inthe Pavel Baev Beyond Putin’s Westward Quest completed March2004) atPRIO: Langvandslien(supervisor Stein Martin Tønnesson; The Carter Administration’s Arms Transfer Policy atPRIO:Jonas (supervisor PavelAga Uchermann Baev) Policy and the EU Common Foreign and Security Exports Arms atPRIO:Pål Høydal(supervisor Pavel Baev) Stoneof Corner Control Arms The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty inaRussianPerspective: The Pinar Tank Desecuritization? Turkey’s EliteataCrossroads: Military Paths to Olsen(completedin2003) Mari Alliance andtheComingofIndochina Wars Soviet Policies Towards Indochina, 1949–64: The Sino-Soviet Ola Tunander US–European Differences After 11September2001 Pavel Baev Transforming the Russian Military:led by Stein Tønnesson A Fresh Effort or More ofTerrorism Challenge asaKey Security the Same? Ola Tunander andPSYOPs:Submarines USPolicies for aDissident State Stein Tønnesson ConflictinEast andMaritime Security Asia Hilde Henriksen Waage Process inthe ‘Peacemaking IsRisky Business’: Norway’s RoleinthePeace

Middle East, 1993–96

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PRIO Annual Report 2003 9 www.prio.no

• Europe and the Developing World: Confronting Migration Pressure interviews with officers and politicians, plus a range of archival Jørgen Carling sources, the book argues that the USA has used submarines • Europe and Russia: Responding to Transition to simulate enemy intrusions into the waters of allies and Pavel Baev friends in order not only to test their readiness and • Europe and Turkey: Democracy, Political Islam and Security capabilities, but also to manipulate the mindsets of local Pinar Tank military forces, governments and populations, as in Sweden in • Europe and the USA: Democracy and Security After 11 September the 1980s. Ola Tunander • Theory and Practice of European Security Identity The underfunded and misguided reforms of Russia’s armed Peter Burgess. forces have been the constant focus of Pavel Baev’s research, which has been supported by the Norwegian Defence Through building an interdisciplinary team of scholars with Ministry since 1995. The 2003 project ‘Transforming the complementary competencies, this ‘Euro-SIP’ also facilitated Russian Military’, besides re-evaluating the general pattern of interaction across PRIO’s programmes. The ambition of the these reforms, contained a particular angle on the negative team was to advance from analysing the phenomena of impact of ‘small wars’ – primarily in Chechnya – on the European security integration from various angles to an combat capabilities and professional culture of the Russian analytic synergy that would generate significant new insight army. This expertise is internationally renowned and generates and foresight. The Euro-SIP also provided for successful a steady flow of high-profile publications. networking with such partners as the Norwegian Institute for International Affairs (NUPI), the Finnish Institute for Sven Gunnar Simonsen’s postdoctoral project ‘Military International Affairs (FIIA-UPI) and the universities of Intervention and Post-Conflict Nation-Building’, supported by Copenhagen and Oslo. The project also aims at expanding its the Norwegian Defence Ministry, focused in 2003 on two collaborative activities in the EU’s Sixth Framework hugely complicated cases: Kosovo and Afghanistan. Field trips Programme. Launched in 2002, the SIP received expanded to both areas produced rich material for forthcoming support from the Norwegian Research Council in 2003 and academic articles. produced a peer-reviewed article and three book chapters. One particular element of this large-scale project, which was Stein Tønnesson continued to follow the security scene in supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East Asia, publishing an article on Sino-Vietnamese relations led by Ola Tunander, evaluated the influence of the so-called and giving lectures on a range of issues from human rights in neoconservatives on shaping US foreign policy and on Vietnam to the US role in East Asia and the crisis in North escalation of tensions in transatlantic relations. Another Korea. He took part in a multinational project, led by the Toda important element was Pinar Tank’s doctoral project, which Institute in Hawaii, on ‘Regional Cooperation and focused on the role of the military in Turkish–European Global Security’, with a draft chapter comparing relations; a Fulbright scholarship awarded to Tank in autumn regionalization and globalization in Europe and East Asia. 2003 provided many opportunities for networking in He maintained webpages on security and maritime conflict in Washington, DC. East Asia on the PRIO website, and served as a member of the boards of the Norwegian Network of Asian Studies and the International terrorism and the US-led global counter- Swedish School of Advanced Asia-Pacific Studies (SSAAPS). terrorist campaign were researched by Stein Tønnesson and Pavel Baev, who tried to combine broad analytical Pavel Baev’s new research project on the complex Russian– perspectives with attention to specific cases, such as the war Western interactions driven by energy riches of the Caspian in Chechnya and the struggle against terrorism in Southeast area is supported by the Petropol programme of the Asia. These particular cases involve analysis of the interplay Norwegian Research Council and will continue until 2006. between terrorism and protracted internal conflicts, which The focus here is on the interplay between geopolitical rivalries provided for a link between this research and projects centred on conflict management and geo-economic competition conducted within the CSCW. Intensive international focused on pipelines. The project involves much international networking and high media attention secured the profile of networking and aims at linking academic studies with the this research, which also produced solid academic output. practical interests of such actors as Statoil and Norsk Hydro.

Hilde Henriksen Waage’s project ‘Peacemaking Is Risky Business’ conducted a study of Norway’s efforts in constructing the Oslo ‘back channel’ for the Middle East peace process, as well as its involvement in implementing the agreements that resulted from that process. Based on archival research, extensive interviews and ﬁeld trips, the project had two key focuses: Norway’s facilitator/mediator role and the relationship between Norway’s peace attempts and the use of Norwegian development aid in the area. The project was funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and received a high proﬁle in Norwegian media. It is expected to

10 produce a range of important publications in 2004.

Ola Tunander invested sustained effort in completing his project on ‘Submarines and PSYOPs’ with the book Secret War Against Sweden, due to be published by Frank Cass in 2004. This will provide an English follow-up to the much debated Hårsfjarden: Det Hemliga Ubatskriget mot Sverige [Hårsfjarden: The Secret Submarine War Against Sweden] (Stockholm: Norsteds, 2001). Bringing together hundreds of PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 Photo: Sven Gunnar Simonsen and contributing an important dimension to PRIO’s profile. programme has a high profile, attracting considerable attention the synergy between research and practice further. The CRPB expanded its research capacity and established a basis for taking further research. In pursuing this ambition, the programme has research expertise and to use its activities to contribute to aimstobaseitsactivitiesonestablished The programme activelycontribute toconflictresolution andpeacebuilding. a safe distancefromconflictsunderstudybut alsoto outresearchat an ambitionnotjusttobelimitedcarrying eachother’s insightsintotheirwork.incorporate This reflects aspects ofconflictresolutiontoshareideasand inresearch, working andoperational training practitioners and scholars isuniqueinthatitencourages The programme theory, appliedknowledge andpractice. activities. Insum, seekstobridge theCRPBprogramme research, analysis, policyformulationandcapacity-building between seekstodevelop linkagesandsynergy programme peacebuilding andconflictresolution.that encourages The education, policydevelopment andthepromotionofdialogue encompassresearch,(CRPB) programme and training The activitiesoftheConflictResolutionandPeacebuilding Programme Leader: HildeHenriksen Waage Conflict ResolutionandPeacebuilding • MA StudentProjects • • Doctoral Projects Håvard Helland Halvorsen Martin Brenne Gjermund and MAStudents Research Assistants, COs Hilde Henriksen Waage Dan Smith Rebecca Roberts Nicholas Marsh Wenche Hauge Harpviken Berg Kristian Research Staff Staff in2003 Christin Ormhaug (supervisor atPRIO: (supervisor NilsPetter Ormhaug Christin America Democracy, DemandinLatin HumanRights andSmall-Arms (tobecompletedin2004) Harpviken Berg Kristian Afghanistan andBeyond inFlight:Social Networks The DynamicsofForcedMigration in Wenche Hauge(defended in2003) Environmental ChangeandEconomicDevelopment Causes andDynamicsofConflictEscalation: The Roleof

Lars Even Lars Andersen Advisers Jonas Aga Uchermann Skåra Bernt M.Christin Ormhaug Langvandslien Martin Are Hovdenak Jorunn Jorunn Tønnesen Snezana Popovic Gina Lende Ivar Evensmo Ane Bræin

This project aims to contribute tobuilding security,This projectaimstocontribute stability PRIO RepresentativesinCyprus: Yiouli Taki &EmineErk Project Consultant: Lockhart JamieBruce Project Manager: Ane Br Project Leader: DanSmith Mediterranean (1997–) Human RightsandPeace in Turkey andtheEastern • agendas, facilitation and follow-up governmentalfor the forum’s activities meetings. for further rapprochement.work towards PRIO supporting, provides encouraging and to public audiences,proposing whichtheyreachthroughthemedia. inter- to communicate ideasand analyses bothtogovernments and prominent citizens whoarewell ofthe two placed countries The Greek–Turkishmet in1998. first are Forum Itsmembers Greek–Turkish Forum take place. for thetwopreparation referendums, shouldtheyeventually well-informed debate, bothintheSouthandNorth, Annan Planinpublic presentationsandbooklets. The aimisa andcomprehensiveaboutthe providing information neutral United NationsOfficefor on ProjectServices, hasworked In 2003, PRIO’sInitiative, Cyprus withthe incooperation continued tolive underthesurface. a solution)wasputonhold. However, the Annan Plan broke down inMarch, andthe ‘Annan Plan’ (theUNplanfor brought disappointments. The UN-facilitatednegotiations inmid-December.minister intheNorth Buttheyear also in andtheelectionofapro-solutionprime April North Cyprus, following inthe thelooseningoftravel restrictions The year 2003saw renewed hopesfor apeaceagreementin management inOslo. withtheproject representatives inclosecooperation in1998.an officeinCyprus by localPRIO The officeisrun ofCyprus. PRIOestablished business peoplefrombothparts meetingfor Initiative grewoutofa1997Brussels The Cyprus Cyprus Initiative • • two objectives: problems intheregionareinterlinked, asaretheproject’s region. Mediterranean intheeastern and humanrights The Waage; 2004) tobecompletedspring atPRIO:Are Hovdenak (supervisor HildeHenriksen Negotiating Palestine Refugees: A QuestionofLegitimacy Gleditsch; completedSeptember 2003) to facilitate Greek–Turkish dialogue and confidence-building. problem;Cyprus and progresstowards asettlementofthe and tosupport to buildinCyprus, bi-communal contacts andcooperation æ in, GinaLende www.prio.no

They

PRIO Annual Report 2003 11 www.prio.no

In 2003, the forum focused ﬁrst on relations between Greece four on peacebuilding and development issues. The aim of the and Turkey in the context of the Iraq war. Later, the focus study was to produce policy-relevant conclusions in the form shifted to the Cyprus problem. Recognizing the important role of guidelines for peacebuilding derived from the experiences of Turkey in Cyprus, the forum stimulated discussion among of the four governments. The project culminated in an Turkish opinion-makers, in particular about the connection international seminar in December 2003, where the ﬁndings between the Cyprus issue and Turkish EU accession. of the study were presented and discussed.

The Human Rights and Peace in Turkey and the Eastern The work on this project is funded by the Norwegian Mediterranean project is funded by the Norwegian Ministry Ministry of Foreign Affairs. of Foreign Affairs. Activities of the Greek–Turkish Forum have also been funded by the foreign ministries of Greece and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan (2003–04) Turkey, and by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Kristian Berg Harpviken, PRIO; Astri Suhrke & Arne Strand, Christian Michelsen Institute, Bergen Utstein Peacebuilding Study (2002–03) Project Leader: Dan Smith Since the defeat of the Taliban regime, Afghanistan has been Researcher: Wenche Hauge undergoing massive changes – politically, economically and in its security architecture. This project assesses the process of The term peacebuilding became established in the ‘conflictual peacebuilding’, including the ambiguous role of the international vocabulary in 1992, when the concept was set international community (waging war while building peace), out by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then UN secretary-general. sustained tensions between parties in the transitional government, Since that time, a considerable amount of experience has and the exclusion of a key party to the conflict (the Taliban). accrued in peacebuilding after an armed conflict, before a There are three components to the project: conflict has escalated violently, and even while the fighting is still going on. Peacebuilding involves a variety of activities in • A report by the project team in preparation for an the fields of security, economic development, institution- international conference on Afghanistan’s future: ‘Conflictual building and democratization, and dialogue and reconciliation Peacebuilding: Afghanistan Two Years After Bonn’. – all in an effort to strengthen social capacities for avoiding • A roundtable on ‘Afghan Refugees in Iran: Repatriation and conflict escalation and to find peaceful ways of managing and its Alternatives’, in collaboration with the Institute for resolving contentious issues. Political and International Studies (IPIS), Teheran, 11 October 2003. This project comprised a study of the peacebuilding • A website on ‘Afghanistan: Peacebuilding in a Regional experience of four countries – Germany, the Netherlands, Perspective’. Norway and the UK – who together constitute the so-called Utstein Group, a framework for cooperation between the The project is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Balkan Dialogue Project

Project Director: Dan Smith Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia. Through dialogue Project Manager: Jorunn Tønnesen seminars, project staff made a signiﬁcant contribution to re- Project Staff: Lars Even Andersen, Ivar Evensmo, Vanja Pestoric & establishing inter-ethnic and political dialogue between Snezana Popovic political leaders from the Albanian and Serbian communities. Project Adviser: Steinar Bryn In the project as a whole, the following groups were targeted The Balkan Dialogue Project, a joint initiative between PRIO in 2003: young politicians, municipal workers and ofﬁcials, and the Nansen Academy in Lillehammer, grew out of a media professionals and others involved in social change, seminar for potential leaders from former Yugoslavia in 1995, informal leaders of local communities, school teachers, and assisted and supported by the Norwegian Red Cross and NGO activists and their leaders. Norwegian Church Aid. Today, the project’s primary funder is During earlier stages of the project, activities were primarily the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2003, the implemented in the urban locations of the dialogue centres. project’s nine dialogue centres in the region of former However, a strategy of moving more activity to the districts Yugoslavia were joined by the Centre for New Visions in has been developed and implemented. In 2003, the centres South Serbia as a special partner. This NGO is also funded by reached out to rural areas, which have to a large extent been the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. neglected in reconciliation efforts. The overall goal of the Balkan Dialogue Project is to support The dialogue centres approach their target groups through the peaceful and democratic development of the Balkans workshops, lectures, training courses in a wide range of skills and region through the promotion of inter-ethnic dialogue. issues, radio and TV programmes, publications, policy reports and Through the application of concepts and techniques of cultural activities. Major emphasis is placed on follow-up activities

12 dialogue, the project seeks to empower people to contribute for participants and on maintaining a network of like-minded to peaceful conﬂict transformation, democratic development people in the localities in which the centres work. Over time, and the promotion of human rights. This involves capacity-building among the project staff has meant that the strengthening the motivation of people to participate actively centres rely to a lesser degree on facilitators and seminar leaders in their societies. coming from outside the Balkans. Each dialogue centre has its own local staff and responds to During 2003, the project underwent a review by the problems and challenges in its local environment. At the same Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in late 2003 (with time, the centres collaborate at the regional level, since the effect from 2004) PRIO decided to withdraw from managing Balkan conﬂicts do not recognize borders.

PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 the project. In 2004, PRIO will support and facilitate the re- In 2003, the project increased its activities in South Serbia, a establishment of the project under the Nansen Academy, high-tension zone bordering both Kosovo and the Former where it all started almost ten years ago. destroyed inSmederevo, Photo: Small arms being Small arms www.seesac.org Serbia, 2003 Since NISAT wasformed, initiatives anumber ofinternational violence.and armed Soviet toconflict stockpiles–whichwasseenascontributing frompost- –many originating ofsmallarms the proliferation areas.ridden NISAT asaNorwegian wasformed responseto of violentdeaths, andincrime- civilwars especially during trade,global arms SALWs accountfor asignificantproportion ofthevalue While accountingfor asmallproportion machine guns and man-portable missile launchers. rifles, pistols and shotguns; light weapons include mortars, weapons (SALWs). Small arms comprise weapons such as and responsibility concerning, transfers of small arms and light to limiting armed violence by promoting increased control over, Cross and Norwegian Church Aid. NISAT aims to contribute established in December 1997 by PRIO, the Norwegian Red The Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) was Interns: RandiLægreid, Holm, Kyrre Gwinyayi Dzinesa MA Student: Ormhaug Christin Research Assistants: Jonas Aga Uchermann, Brenne Gjermund Project Leader: NicholasMarsh Norwegian Initiative onSmall Arms Transfers (NISAT) • PRIO’s projecthasfour mainareasofoperation: small-arms regional initiatives inEurope, Africa, the and Americas Asia. notably, of theseincludeaUNProgramme Action and have problem. beenmade to addressthesmall-arms Most

transfers (both the licensed trade andtheblack market); (boththelicensedtrade transfers systematic datacollection, focusing oninternational uses a wide variety of data sources, mainly relying upon ofﬁcial and territories during the period 1962–2004. The database records covering the exports and imports of some 251 states global small-arms transfers database. It contains over 250,000 http://www.nisat.org) is the world’s only such publicly available The NISAT online database of small-arms transfers (available at • • • • • • • • 2003,During highlightsoftheproject’s activitiesincluded: data (such as states’ annual arms-export reports).

assisting inpolicydevelopment. insmallarms; trade analysis oftheinternational and related laws, aswell asproductionandpolicyissues); the NISAT websiteonSALW- (whichincludesinformation the maintenanceofanonlineSALW databaseand trade Norwegian delegationtoaUNconference onsmallarms. in July, asamemberofthe served NicholasMarsh Latin America’; and ‘Democracy, HumanRights, andSmall Demandin Arms received an Ormhaug Christin ‘A’ for herthesison yearbook; inthe transfers on small-arms co-authoredthechapter Project LeaderNicholasMarsh took placeinOsloon22–24 April; brokering,on developing legislationtocontrolarms which the Netherlands, NISAT conference hostedaninternational ofNorway withtheforeignand ministries in cooperation inSALWstrade wasdeveloped fromscratch; a newandmuch improved onlinedatabaseofthelicensed Small Arms Survey 2003 Small Survey Arms www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2003 13 www.prio.no

Photo: PRIO

14 Ruth Bottomley PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 Photo: Photo: • • • through presentations and publications, including: placing peacebuilding centrally on the mine action agenda repertoire. Since 2002, the project has been instrumental in impact, which nonetheless remain of part the project’s to the earlier attention given to issues of socio-economic action (HMA). This represents a partial reorientation in relation been on exploring the peacebuilding role of humanitarian mine In recent years, the focus of the AMAC project has increasingly 2003); Håvard Helland(May–July2003) Conscientious Objector&Researcher: Bernt A. Skåra (untilMay (fromSeptember2003) Researcher: RebeccaRoberts Harpviken Berg Project Leader: Kristian Assistance toMine-Affected Communities (AMAC) practitioners, policymakers and academics.practitioners, policymakers The journal’s and development.postwar recovery include Contributors contextofpeacebuilding, mineactioninalarger – framing issues (includinglocalengagementand nationalcoordination) of topics–fromimpactassessmenttoorganizational range bywhich 6were written AMAC associates. awide Itcovers action. atotalof13articles, The specialissuecomprises peer-reviewed tobedevoted tofield-basedmine journal of editedaspecialissue Harpviken Berg Project LeaderKristian AMAC’s researchengagementstowards aconclusion. earlier been ayear ofextensive publishing, of several bringing Adding totheproject’s recognition, international 2003has case studiesin2004. Afghanistan, Cambodia, LankaandSudan, Sri withfollow-up and peacebuilding, visitsto AMAC hasconductedexploratory populations. To exploretherelationshipsbetween mineaction aswell asmine-affected HMApersonnel experienced agenda ispromotedthroughfieldstudiesthatengage enhancing peaceprocesses, theproject’s peacebuilding for conflict sensitive andareable torespondopportunities thataregenuinely Aimed atmineactionpoliciesandpractices •

Bernt Bernt A. in Skåra & Harpviken Berg Relationship’ by Kristian –anarticle Mine ‘Humanitarian Action and Peacebuilding: the Exploring Oslo, September2003; and published bypolicy brief Fafo AIS, Landmine Action &PRIO, ‘Mine Action andPeacebuilding: the Exploring Agenda’ –a Landmine Convention, Geneva, 14May 2003; tothe Committees established by theStateParties meetingoftheStanding presentation attheIntersessional Mine ‘Humanitarian Action andPeacebuilding’ –a Oslo, 13September2002; the conference Mine ‘The FutureofHumanitarian Action’, Mine Action’ at Harpviken Berg –apresentationby Kristian Mine ‘Humanitarian Action, ComplexEmergencies, and Third World Quarterly Third World Quarterly , the first issue of an international issueofaninternational thefirst 24(5). innovative responses. waslaunchedattheFifth The report demining’, topicthatcallsfor acontroversial newand Cambodianswhoengagein made by ordinary ‘village 1/2003). assessments This isanin-depthstudyoftherisk Divide: Landmines, andOrganizations Villagers PRIO ledtothepublication ofRuthBottomley’s (HIB), theUnitedNationsChildren’s Fund(UNICEF)and Belgium between HandicapInternational A collaboration reference work. ofthis distribution Macmillan in2004, further ensuring contents willalsobepublished asabookby Palgrave Norwegian Ministry ofForeign andUNICEF.NorwegianAffairs Ministry In 2003, fundingfor theprojectwasprovided by the mine actionactivitiesontheground. project’s tobereflectedin ultimate ambitionisfor itswork ofmine-affected peopleandpractitioners,experience andthe conflict situations. For AMAC, themainreference isthe developing assessmentin anewmethodologyfor rapid of landmines. Buildingonpastexperiences, we arealso new applicationsofgeo-referenced datatostudytheimpact mainstreaming mineactionintodevelopment, aswell asin Currently, theprojectisengagedinaUNDPstudyon academic research, capacity-building andpolicyformulation. andimpactassessmentinmineaction,organization combining AMAC onlocalengagement, continues itswork of forms engaging indeminingontheirown. fromlocals under way toaddressthelessonslearned are on villagedemininghasenteredanewphase, and efforts ofstakeholders.interest by avariety As aresult, thedebate Bangkok inSeptember, whereitwasreceived withpositive totheLandmineConvention in Meeting ofStateParties Photo: PhilippeHouliat (PRIO Report (PRIO Report Crossingthe www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2003 15 Photo: Nancy Bundt

Photo: Nancy Bundt www.prio.no/cscw

CSCW Director’s Introduction

Civil war is now the dominant form of war. In 2002, of the 31 closely with the Department of Sociology and Political armed conflicts worldwide that incurred 25 or more Science at the Norwegian University of Science and casualties, only one was a conflict between states. The rest Technology (NTNU), Trondheim; the departments of Political were internal conflicts, and only four of them attracted Science and Economics at the University of Oslo; and the international military intervention. Civil war inflicts tremen- Department of Political Science, University of California, dous human suffering, in terms of casualties and refugees, as San Diego (UCSD). well as severe damage to societies, economies and the environment. Civil war is more frequent in poor countries The year 2003 was a formative one for the CSCW. Until and further weakens their prospects for economic develop- Scott Gates returned to Norway in late June to take over the ment. Yet civil war remains less studied than interstate war. reins of the directorship full-time, Nils Petter Gleditsch served as interim deputy director. The working groups are now The Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) is a long- constituted and actively engaged in research. The seven term, multidisciplinary initiative that aims to understand why working group leaders have met several times in Oslo, civil wars break out, how they are sustained, and what it takes discussing key conceptual issues in the study of civil war and to build a durable civil peace. potential themes for cross-group collaboration.

At the centre’s official opening on 6 January 2003, Norwegian Several CSCW projects have been financed through external Minister of International Development Hilde Frafjord Johnson grants in 2003. This report features a selection of them. Our delivered the keynote speech. She stressed the need of funders include the World Bank, the Research Council of policymakers for more cohesive and theoretically grounded Norway (doctoral stipends and project grants), the Joint understanding of the complexities of conflict and peacebuilding Committee of the Nordic Social Science Research Councils, processes, and challenged the academic community to make its the United Nations University’s World Institute for research relevant for those engaged in operational work. The Development Economics Research (WIDER), the CSCW leadership is cognizant of this challenge, while International Human Dimensions Programme on Global remaining committed to scholarly excellence as a first principle. Environmental Change (GECHS), the University of British Columbia’s Liu Institute for Global Issues, the International The centre is organized into seven working groups. CSCW Department of the Norwegian Red Cross, the World Society staff and associates have a primary assignment in one group Foundation, the ministries of foreign affairs of Norway and but are encouraged to participate in several, enhancing cross- Sweden, and the US National Science Foundation. The fertilization. The centre has recruited PRIO researchers and Research Council provides core funding for the centre, eminent scholars from other institutions, both in Norway and designated as one of Norway’s 13 Centres of Excellence. abroad, in addition to selected master’s degree students and doctoral candidates. Together, they bring the insights and complementary strengths of economics, history, political science, philosophy and sociology to bear on a set of interrelated research questions. The CSCW cooperates Scott Gates

The Working Groups • International Dimensions of Civil War Leader: Pavel Baev, Senior Researcher, PRIO • Civil Conﬂict and Economic Development Leader: Karl Ove Moene, Professor, University of Oslo • Environmental Factors in Civil War Leader: Nils Petter Gleditsch, Research Professor, PRIO • Governance and Peace Leader: Kaare Strøm, Professor, UCSD • Values and Violence Leader: Ola Listhaug, Professor, NTNU • Microfoundations of Civil War Leader: Jon Elster, Professor, Columbia University • Civil Peace Leader: Scott Gates, Director, CSCW

Centre Administration in 2003

Scott Gates, Director I Dorthe Bakke, Researcher and Administrative Assistant Glenn Martin, Editor Martha Snodgrass, Chief Administrator

Mirjam E. Sørli, Information and Administrative Assistant Report 2003 Lars Wilhelmsen, Data Management Assistant CSCW www.prio.no/cscw

International Dimensions of Civil War Civil Conﬂict and Economic Development

Working Group Leader: Working Group Leader: Pavel Baev Karl Ove Moene

This Working Group aims to establish to what extent This Working Group will explore conflict, polarization and civil interstate wars are a fundamentally distinct phenomenon war. Our research agenda is built on an implicit criticism of from wars within states by evaluating the impact of external technocratic mainstream economics for its lack of a coherent pressure or interference on the character and trajectory of treatment of conflicts and for its neglect of social mechanisms. civil wars. In 2003, we began to proceed along two research In contrast, we try to make a case for what we may call socio- avenues. The first examines new features of civil wars (in economics, an analysis that combines social and economic particular, new qualities acquired through their links with factors while acknowledging their interdependences. international terrorism) given the challenges for state-building in the globalizing world. The second focuses on the impact of • What are the mechanisms behind the so-called resource international dimensions by isolating particular conflicts as curse – whereby countries with natural-resource case studies. A portfolio of seven research projects, which abundance tend to be more conflict-prone than others? embrace multiple disciplines and methodologies (from history to international relations to security studies), was gathered • What is the relationship between the strength of opposing with the aim to translate the in-depth analysis of particular groups, the intensity of the fight and regime stability? international dimensions and case studies into wider conclusions and sharper conceptual distinctions. The • Many countries are in a state between civil war and peace. countries/regions and specific relations featured in these case These countries can relapse to civil war, transit to a studies are Afghanistan/Central Asia, Georgia/Caucasus, Haiti peaceful reconstruction or converge towards a lawless (involvement of both the United States and the UN), Israel– balance of power. What are the socioeconomic dynamics Palestine (and US involvement), and Turkey (Kurdish issues for each of these three paths? and EU involvement). • When the state fails to provide basic security and At its three meetings in 2003, the group invested much protection of property, bandit gangs, warlords and guerrilla energy in discussing a variety of approaches to defining the groups take over. These violence entrepreneurs enter the phenomenon of civil war, taking as the point of departure a protection business. How does large-scale demobilization broad definition suggested by Jon Elster (‘civil war is affect the chances of ending up in such a protection screw? organized intrastate political violence’) and debating Greg Reichberg’s historical overview of relevant definitions and Working Group Members in 2003 Pavel Baev’s idea of ‘grey area’ conflicts that intersect but are Jon Elster not the same as civil wars. Joan Esteban Håvard Hegre Interplay Between Civil War and Terrorism Halvor Mehlum Working Group member Stein Tønnesson focused his Debraj Ray research on the conflict between the USA and Al-Qaeda, James Robinson which has spread across the world and could be defined as Todd Sandler ‘transnational war’. While US hegemony has approached a Stergios Skaperdas perilous point, he argues, the great powers are increasingly Ragnar Torvik willing to intervene in civil wars in order to prevent state Elisabeth Wood failure that facilitates the creation of ‘safe havens’ for terrorists. Pavel Baev evaluated the discourse and the practice of Russia’s ‘counter-terrorist operation’ in Chechnya, concluding that states can sometimes be more interested in engaging in protracted campaigns of this sort than in achieving victory, since internal mobilization against terror has helped consolidate societal support for the regime.

Working Group Members in 2003 Coup Jeffrey Checkel Kristian Berg Harpviken Terrorism Wenche Hauge David Lake Interstate war Sven Gunnar Simonsen

II Pinar Tank Civil War Stein Tønnesson Crime Hilde Henriksen Waage Barbara Walter Colonial war

Report 2003 Research Assistant Genocide Martin Halvorsen

CSCW Figure: Pavel Baev www.prio.no/cscw

Environmental Factors in Civil War Governance and Peace

Working Group Leader: Working Group Leader: Nils Petter Gleditsch Kaare Strøm

This Working Group defines environment in the broad sense Governance structures play a particularly significant role in of physical factors that condition human affairs. For instance, determining the outbreak of armed conflict and civil war. physical distance plays an important role in theories of Coherent democracies and harshly authoritarian states have conflict. We have recently created two new measures: one for few civil wars, and intermediate regimes (semi-democracies) the distance between the centre of a rebellion and the that exhibit inconsistent institutions are less stable than country’s decisionmaking centre; the other for the length of institutionally consistent autocracies and democracies. Such land boundaries. Mountainous terrain, forest cover, rivers and semi-democracies or anocracies are also the most conflict- the availability of natural resources are other physical features prone. Constitutional and institutional choices also matter that may influence the onset and duration of civil war. Work significantly for conflict resolution, in that some institutions on these questions was presented at a workshop on provide much more suitable incentives for cooperation, trust ‘Geography, Conflict, and Cooperation’ at the ECPR March and political accountability than others. This Working Group meeting in Edinburgh. will explore the mechanisms through which democratic institutions engender peace either by preventing conflict in Population pressure plays an important role in neomalthusian the first place or by facilitating its resolution. To address these theories of scarcity. Demographic factors in internal conflict questions, we draw on an extensive body of research, from are studied in Henrik Urdal’s doctoral project. In November, analyses of rebellion and revolt to studies of democratization the CSCW co-sponsored with the International Union for and political stability. We employ a variety of methods, including the Scientific Study of Population an international workshop case studies, game theory and quantitative statistical analysis. on the demography of conflict. Papers from that meeting are currently being edited for special issues of Journal of Peace In its first year of operation, the Working Group launched a series Research and European Journal of Population. of initiatives. The group met at PRIO in February and August for discussions of research in progress, including papers on regional The neomalthusian perspective contrasts with the argument diffusion of democratization, the UN’s state-building agenda, that technological progress, human innovation and market definitions and coding of electoral systems for statistical analysis, pricing can overcome scarcity. Several ongoing projects also and the relationship between a state’s human rights practice and contrast the resource scarcity approach with the perspective the gender balance in its parliament. In August, several Working that resource abundance may be more important in Group members presented papers at an international conference accounting for conflict. in Oslo on human security data, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and organized by Andrew Mack of the University of The Working Group members and associates meet in regular British Columbia. This conference will be followed by one in workshops at PRIO and NTNU. Bellagio, Italy, on governance and civil conflict, co-organized by Kaare Strøm, CSCW Director Scott Gates and Andrew Mack. Governance of Natural Resources Tanja Ellingsen and other Working Group members developed In this project, the CSCW cooperates with two departments successful proposals for double panels on ‘Democracy: Prospects, of the World Bank to study the links between conflict and Prerequisites and Consequences’ at the 2004 annual meeting of certain natural resources, such as conflict diamonds, illegally the International Studies Association in Montreal. logged timber and precious metals. A major task of the CSCW group is to establish a database of the precise extent and Resources, Governance Structures and Civil War location of relevant resources, using Geographical Information Kaare Strøm and Magnus Öberg developed a successful System tools, and compatible with our data on conflict workshop proposal on this theme for the Joint Sessions of locations. We have developed a very detailed database on Workshops of the European Consortium for Political diamonds and are currently working on a database on Research (ECPR), in Uppsala, Sweden, in April 2004. The petroleum locations. workshop will be attended by about 20 conflict researchers from Europe and the United States, including 9 from Working Group Members in 2003 the CSCW. Helge Brunborg Halvard Buhaug Working Group Members in 2003 Indra de Soysa Sabine Carey James Fearon Indra de Soysa Håvard Hegre Tanja Ellingsen Päivi Lujala Håvard Hegre Eric Neumayer Erik Melander Magnus Öberg

Jan Ketil Rød III Håvard Strand Arvid Raknerud Henrik Urdal Bjørn Erik Rasch Anita Schjølset Research Assistants and Interns Håvard Strand Bethany Lacina Report 2003 Elisabeth Gilmore MA Students and Research Assistants

Nadia Thieme Lene Siljeholm Christiansen CSCW Taylor Owen Chris Shioya www.prio.no/cscw

Values and Violence Microfoundations of Civil War

Working Group Leader: Working Group Leader: Ola Listhaug Jon Elster

This Working Group will undertake a comparative study of In January 2003, all members of the Working Group, except values, attitudes and public opinion, studying generally Stephen Holmes, met in Oslo to organize a five-year plan for peaceful societies as well as countries undergoing a transition its activities. They decided to have five annual workshops, away from violence. In some countries, such as in Scandinavia, organize two or more field trips to countries currently prevalent values all but rule out the use of violence as a undergoing civil war, and have regular visits to Oslo by foreign method of political action and affect governments’ ability to associates. These activities have started up in 2004. intervene militarily in ongoing conflicts. Data collected by rigorous comparative social surveys (World Values Survey, the Several members of the group (Jon Elster, Diego Gambetta, European Social Survey and others) are well suited for Stephen Holmes, Stathis Kalyvas) have continued their understanding several themes relevant for the study of civil collaboration on a book about suicide missions, to be submitted unrest, such as attitudes toward immigration, social and for publication by Oxford University Press in early 2004. In political trust, nationalism and prejudice. addition to chapters on suicide missions in Sri Lanka and Israel, the book will include general discussions about the motivations In 2003, members of the Working Group have collected new and beliefs of suicide attackers and of the reasons why some data in a major study, the South-East European Social Survey, insurgency groups abstain from using this particular technique. on conflict and cooperation in the countries of former Yugoslavia. Data from this survey will be compared with data Other members (Elster, Kalyvas, Roger Petersen) have from previous surveys to explain change, and with data from undertaken trips to Bogota, to participate in a conference, countries across Europe to study ways in which the Balkan build links with the administration and prepare a field trip to countries are unique. The Working Group has also initiated a Colombia in 2004. Elster’s research assistant Pablo series of country studies by MA students, the first focusing on Kalmanovitz, a graduate student of political science at religion and values in contemporary India. Columbia University, spent the fall of 2003 working for the mayor of Bogota, Antanas Mockus. The Office of the Mayor Working Group Members in 2003 has prepared a book, Rationality, Collective Action and Tanja Ellingsen Precommitment: An Approach from Elster’s Ideas to Colombian Sabrina P. Ramet Reality, for which Elster will write an Afterword. The strong Kristen Ringdal ties that are developing between the Working Group and the Albert Simkus Colombian administration can be expected to facilitate in- Zan Strbac depth understanding of the dynamics of civil war.

MA Students Working Group Members in 2003 Turid Beitland James Fearon Rachel Gjelsvik Haug Diego Gambetta Ragnhild Nordås Stephen Holmes Stathis Kalyvas Losers’ Consent Karl Ove Moene Political conﬂict and, in extreme cases, civil war are related to Roger D. Peterson citizen support for the political system. In the forthcoming book Gregory Reichberg Losers’ Consent (Oxford University Press), Working Group Leader Henrik Syse Ola Listhaug and co-authors Christopher J. Anderson, André Blais, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan analyse how support for the Research Assistant democratic system varies among winners and losers of elections in Pablo Kalmanovitz new and old democracies. Using data from the 1999–2000 European Values Study, the authors compare 18 ‘old’ democracies and 15 post-communist countries. Across all dimensions of political support, including beliefs in core principles of democracy, losers of elections show lower levels of support than winners.

The authors develop the idea that losing has stronger negative effects in new democracies, since losers have not yet ‘learned to lose’ in these systems. Voters for the hegemonic communist parties of the past show weaker support for the democratic

IV system than voters for other parties. This is not unexpected: the supporters of these parties are the big losers, in the sense that democracy has replaced a system where winning was guaranteed. In a reﬁnement to these results, however, data show that voters for communist parties are at least as conﬁdent in Report 2003 parliament as other voters. The reason may be that communist parties in some new democracies have been able to use

CSCW parliament as a basis for a continued ﬁght for their lost cause. www.prio.no/cscw

Selected CSCW Events 2003 Civil Peace (held in Oslo unless otherwise indicated)

Working Group Leader: Scott Gates

This Working Group is scheduled to begin in early 2004. The designation ‘Civil Peace’ reﬂects the aim to study both the processes of conﬂict resolution and the conditions for enduring social, economic and political stability.

To better understand long-term peacebuilding, we will focus on 6 January the development of institutions that can serve to mitigate or CSCW Launch supplant the conditions that cause and sustain armed civil Moderator: Hilde Frafjord Johnson, Norwegian Minister of conflict. Peace depends essentially on the laying down of arms. International Development But neglect of the economic, social and political conditions that led to a conflict makes it likely to erupt again and again. 28 March–2 April European Consortium of Political Research (ECPR) Working Group Members (recruited for 2004) Joint Sessions of Workshops (Edinburgh) Steven J. Brams Political Geography Workshop Christopher K. Butler Organized by Halvard Buhaug and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Gretchen Casper Han Dorussen Kristian Berg Harpviken 18–19 August Anke Hoeffler Economic Analyses of Civil War: Addressing the S. Mansoob Murshed Problem of Contested Datasets and Findings Inger Skjelsbæk Co-organized by the CSCW and the Liu Institute for Global Hilde Henriksen Waage Issues, University of British Columbia Barbara Walter Elisabeth Wood 26 August Can Sanctions Be Designed To Be Smarter and More Effective? Co-sponsored with the Norwegian Red Cross

12–14 September Conference on Natural Resources and Conﬂict (Montreal) Co-sponsored with the McGill Research Group in Conﬂict and Human Rights

19 September Film Seminar on Civil War: Screening of Rachida, panel discussion and open debate (Forskningsdagene)

8–12 November Demography of Conﬂict and Violence Co-sponsored with the International Union for the Scientiﬁc Study of Population (IUSSP) and Statistics Norway. Financial support from the Research Council of Norway

14–15 November Workshop on Autonomy Arrangements and Internal Territorial Conﬂicts Co-organized with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and PRIO

24–25 November Regional Governance of Oil Revenues in the Central

African Rift Region Co-sponsored with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs V and the French Embassy in Norway. Organized by NTNU and Ecole des Mines de Paris under the auspices of the International Union of Geological Sciences Report 2003 CSCW

Photo: Jorunn Tønnesen www.prio.no/cscw www.prio.no/cscw

Cross-Cutting Activities

The CSCW’s cross-cutting activities encourage the integra- conflict. Likewise, conflict has an effect on aid. This project tion of a variety of disciplines and methods. This includes investigates the effects of both economic policies and aid application of state-of-the-art statistical methods from flows on the risk of civil conflict. The policy implications for economics and political science to conflict and other social the multilateral system are studied in close collaboration with phenomena. Important theoretical developments outside the Development Research Group at the World Bank. conflict research per se – in international relations, gender studies, or international law and ethics – are linked to the This project has proceeded in two stages. The first explored study of civil war. Further, scholarship in related policy areas patterns of aid allocations with regard to conflict. New data (sanctions, development, public health, migration/refugees) is were collected and comparisons were made between linked to the study of peacemaking and peacebuilding. bilateral and multilateral assistance allocations (the EU, the Research staff grouped here contribute to the disciplinary and World Bank). The second stage has featured policy-relevant methodological pluralism of all of the centre’s working groups. analyses of the use of multilateral aid to prevent conflict.

Cross-Cutting Research Staff, 2003 The project was funded by the MULTI programme of the Paul Collier Bethany Lacina Research Council of Norway. Scott Gates David Lektzian Elisabeth Gilmore S. Mansoob Murshed The Humanitarian Consequences of Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Eric Neumayer Economic Sanctions (2003) Nils Petter Gleditsch Gregory Reichberg Project Leader: David Lektzian Martin Halvorsen Håvard Strand Håvard Hegre Lars Wilhelmsen The logic underlying most cases of sanctions views the Anke Hoeffler imposition of high economic costs as the means necessary for achieving political success. This project challenges that conventional wisdom by presenting ethical and practical Conflict Database & Datasets problems with the traditional model of sanctions. Project Leader: Nils Petter Gleditsch Researchers: Elisabeth Gilmore, Martin Halvorsen, Bethany In August 2003, the project leader presented his report, Lacina, Håvard Strand, Lars Wilhelmsen ‘Making Sanctions Smarter: Are Humanitarian Costs an Essential Element in the Success of Sanctions?’, to scholars, Data collection and management are important cross-cutting political leaders and practitioners at a public forum co- activities. The CSCW and the Department of Peace and organized by PRIO/CSCW and the International Department Conflict Research (PCR) at Uppsala University, Sweden, have of the Norwegian Red Cross. The report combines a collaborated in the production of a dataset of armed conflicts, quantitative analysis of 104 pre-1990 sanctions cases with a both internal and external, covering the period from 1946 to summary of case studies of 12 UN sanction regimes, primarily the present. This dataset is primarily intended for academic drawn from the post-1990 period. Its major conclusion is that use in statistical and macro-level research. It complements the economic sanctions are not about economics, but about annual compendium of ongoing armed conflicts published in politics. Not only does the imposition of high degrees of Journal of Peace Research, as well as a forthcoming PCR online economic hardship – and the humanitarian costs that follow – database, which provides qualitative overviews of recent introduce serious ethical concerns, but high-cost sanctions are conflicts worldwide. also no more likely to be successful than sanctions that impose lower costs on a target. The Centre for Human Security at the Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia, has also funded an The project was funded by the Norwegian Red Cross. expanded PRIO–Uppsala data-collection effort for its forthcoming Human Security Report, which tracks additional Globalization, the State and Conflict (2002–04) forms of social violence, such as intracommunal conflict and Project Leader: Scott Gates human rights abuse. Researchers: Håvard Hegre, David Lektzian, Håvard Strand Recent data-generation projects have included collecting Trade, foreign investment and other forms of international more fully specified conflict start and end dates to aid in the economic interaction have grown since World War II. In the study of the duration of violence; creating ‘conflict polygons’ absence of any opposing world system, an extensive debate to pinpoint the geography of war within a given country; and on the consequences of ‘globalization’ has arisen. The problem adding figures for yearly combat deaths. is that globalization is not uniform. Its nature and extent vary considerably across regions of the world, as well as within individual countries. First the project will map out the patterns of Aid, Policy and Conflict: Multilateral globalization between and within countries, developing a dataset

VI Development Assistance and Conflict of indicators of globalization (trade, foreign direct investment, Prevention (2001–03) migration, etc.). Then it will study the effects of globalization of Project Leader: Scott Gates violent conflict, through intervening factors such as economic Researchers: Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler, S. Mansoob Murshed development, income distribution, political transformation, ethnic fractionalization and environmental change. Report 2003 Multilateral development assistance agencies increasingly provide aid to conflict-ridden areas. Unavoidably, whether The project is funded by the Research Council of Norway as

CSCW before, during or after civil violence, aid has an effect on a strategic institute project. www.prio.no/cscw

Doctoral Projects

The Geography of Armed Civil Conﬂict and hence sharpen them. This project tests the validity of Halvard Buhaug Huntington’s claims by asking: (1) Is there such a thing as a Dissertation Adviser: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO and NTNU) civilization? and (2) Are we seeing a clash of civilizations?

This doctoral project aims to improve the study of armed To answer the first question, the project investigates to what conflict by treating a number of geographic factors in a extent people identify themselves in terms of civilizations, and systematic, quantitative fashion. While the project covers both to what extent trade and political alliances can be explained by international and civil wars, the primary focus is on civil wars cultural similarities. The data used are drawn from the World – the most frequent kind of armed conflict and the type most Value Survey, the Penn World Tables and the United Nations likely to be affected by geography. The project seeks to General Assembly (voting data). To answer the second uncover the extent to which geographic factors like question, the project investigates the relationship between topography, natural resources and climate affect the risk and civilizational belonging and both interstate and intrastate duration of internal conflict, and whether these factors may conflict. Are factors other than ‘civilizational’ better at explaining explain the relative location of conflict zones. Combined these conflicts? For example, is conflict intervention based on analysis of such factors is also relevant to understanding the kinship? This analysis is based on the Correlates of War’s success (or failure) of international and third-party interven- Militarized Interstate Dispute data and the PRIO–Uppsala tions. A central ambition has been to generate quantitative, conflict dataset. geo-referenced data on the location of all armed conflicts since 1946. The project continues the fruitful cooperation The dissertation is due to be completed in 2004. between the CSCW and the departments of Geography and Geomatics at NTNU. The Limits of the Liberal Peace Håvard Hegre The dissertation is due to be completed in 2005. Dissertation Advisers: Jon Hovi & Arvid Raknerud (both UiO)

Prospects for the Future: Towards The dissertation studies the empirical evidence for the liberal Civilizational Clashes? peace hypothesis – do democracy and free trade reduce the Tanja Ellingsen risk of interstate and domestic war? While largely supporting Dissertation Advisers: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO) & the hypothesis, the dissertation points out its limits: the Øyvind Østerud (UiO) evidence for the interstate liberal peace is clearly strongest in relations between developed countries, and trade reduces Samuel Huntington’s controversial ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis conflict mainly in symmetrical dyads. Domestically, democra- suggests a new post-Cold War pattern of conflict, shaped by cies are no less prone to civil war than non-democracies. cultural dissimilarities. In his view, nation-states are fading as However, political systems that are consistently democratic sources of identity and are being replaced by religion. Economic along several dimensions or have had time to consolidate and political cooperation follow the fault-lines of civilizations, have fewer conflicts than newly established or inconsistent

Photo: Rebecca Roberts www.prio.no/cscw

systems. Moreover, democracies are normally more The goals set out above are pursued by identifying three consistent, consolidated and stable in middle- and high- ways in which power is distributed institutionally, with income countries. Developed democracies are therefore emphasis on the first: (1) the type of electoral system for the most effective in maintaining domestic peace. lower house of the parliament; (2) whether the office with primary influence in the shaping of most major decisions Development is important for the liberal peace because affecting the state’s domestic and foreign policy is presidential (1) education and the absence of poverty strengthen the or parliamentary; and (3) whether power is distributed abilities of citizens to constrain rulers that might benefit from vertically through a federal system or is centralized. The war; and (2) the increased mobility of assets associated with project applies quantitative techniques to analyse cross- economic development does not favour groups that seek to sectional time-series data. gain control over them through physical force (e.g. territorial conquest). This both favours democratization and reduces the The dissertation is due to be completed in 2004. incentives for using military force to conquer territory. Ethnic Intolerance, Ethnic Identities The dissertation is due to be completed in early 2004. and Violence in Contemporary European Societies Natural Resources, Conflicts and Zan Strbac Economic Growth Dissertation Advisers: Kristen Ringdal & Ola Listhaug Päivi Lujala (both NTNU) Dissertation Advisers: Ragnar Torvik (NTNU) & Scott Gates (PRIO) The main focus of this doctoral project is the relationship between This doctoral project examines how the type and availability ethnic identities, ethnic intolerance and violence. The dissertation of natural resources affect the risk, duration, type and location will consist of a set of empirical articles, an introductory piece of internal conflict. For the moment, there are no clear presenting common themes for the articles, and a summary and guidelines for a precise assessment of how the economic commentary on the results of the empirical analysis. Quantitative incentives and opportunities for violent conflict and rent- analyses will make use of survey data from countries of former seeking differ for various natural resources. Moreover, conflicts Yugoslavia and Eastern and Western European. Special attention and resources are unevenly distributed geographically, and will be devoted to the following factors: rebel groups can finance warfare from natural resources only • Impact of religiosity and religious affiliation on ethnic if they are able to gain access to them. Statistical research on intolerance and ethnic identities. conflict risk, type and duration has been impeded by • Impact of previous experiences of war-related violence on inadequate disaggregation of natural resources to different ethnic intolerance. types and the lack of spatial data on resource location. This • Differences in the level of ethnic prejudice between elites project aims to identify natural-resource types relevant to and masses. conflict research, collect spatial data on their distribution and analyse how different resource types affect the risk, duration, The dissertation is due to be completed in 2007. type and location of conflict. In particular, it will produce new datasets on the worldwide location of diamond and Demography and Domestic Armed Conflict gemstone deposits, petroleum reserves and drug cultivation. Henrik Urdal The assessment of natural resource effects on conflict Dissertation Advisers: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO) & patterns and the financing of rebel groups will use the PRIO– Øystein Kravdal (UiO) Uppsala conflict dataset. The objective of this doctoral project is to address and analyse demographic characteristics as potential causes of The dissertation is due to be completed in 2006. domestic political violence, such as armed conflict, rioting and terrorism. The point of departure is the debate over the Extending the Democratic Peace: The assumed relationship between population growth, natural- Role of Governmental Institutions for resource scarcity and political violence. According to International Conflict neomalthusians, population pressure can, under unfavourable Anita Schjølset economic and political conditions, lead to environmental Dissertation Advisers: Hayward Alker (USC) & degradation and resource scarcity. It is further assumed that Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO) collective violent action may erupt over such scarcities. The project also addresses two additional demographic character- The primary goal of this project is to investigate the istics: the existence of ‘youth bulges’ and unequal growth rates relationship between governmental institutions and the between different ethnic groups. These are frequently argued VIII likelihood that states will engage in conflict internationally. As to have important security implications. Using statistical its secondary objective, the project models how this surveys, the project examines whether these demographic relationship between institutions and conflict changes over factors are associated with different forms of political time and whether it differs between regions. The project violence. The project includes both time-series cross-national covers all states that were or became independent during the Report 2003 studies and studies of interregional patterns of political period 1816–2002. violence for some countries of particular interest. Are Hovdenak CSCW The dissertation is due to be completed in 2007. Photo: Photo: www.prio.no/cscw www.prio.no/cscw

MA Projects

Resource Conflict and Oil Companies in for the period 1990–2002 is used to test whether religious Angola: An Economic Conflict Analysis heterogeneity alone or in combination with certain state Kirsten Hegsvold Andersen (Economics) policies best predicts conflict. Advisers: Tanja Ellingsen (NTNU) and Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO). Oil and diamond resources have been important in sustaining the war in Angola between the government army (the FAA) The thesis is to be completed in spring 2004. and the rebel group UNITA. The International Monetary Fund has called for more transparency of investment and revenues Horizontal Inequality and Civil War: Do in the oil sector. A game-theoretic approach models the Ethnic Group Inequalities Influence the Risk conflict as a competition for resource rent. Depending on the of Domestic Armed Conflict? expectations of the FAA and UNITA, increased transparency Gudrun Østby (Political Science) with regard to the income of the oil companies could either increase or reduce the conflict’s severity. Advisers: Karl Ove Recent studies of civil war conclude that vertical inequality Moene (UiO) and Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO). (inequality between individuals) does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This thesis examines whether The thesis was submitted to the University of Oslo in May countries with severe horizontal inequality (structural 2003 and defended in June. inequality between ethnic groups) are more prone to internal armed conflict. It compares subnational groups in 34 Lethal Religions: Hindu Nationalism and countries. Adviser: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO and NTNU). Communal Violence in India Turid Beitland (Political Science) The thesis was submitted to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in August and defended in ‘Communal violence’ is often used to describe violent conflict September 2003. between religious communities. This thesis takes a closer look at one such case, the February 2002 bloodshed in Gujarat, and Resources, Regimes and Rebellion: A Critical asks how people can suddenly engage in such brutality with Assessment of the Greed and Grievance such apparent fervour. The proposed interpretation is rational Model of Civil War ‘scapegoating’ on the part of high-caste Hindu nationalists, who Mirjam E. Sørli (Political Science) use religious myths and symbols to ignite hatred among relatively deprived lower castes. Perpetuation of religious This thesis assesses Collier & Hoeffler’s ‘greed or grievance’ conflict as the main cleavage serves to suppress simmering approach to conflict. The theoretical discussion emphasizes class/caste conflict which, if unleashed, could deprive the upper the importance of regime type, ‘lootability’ of resources and castes of privileges. Adviser: Ola Listhaug, NTNU. the unique qualities of oil. The thesis proposes changes to Collier & Hoeffler’s empirical model, with alternative The thesis is to be completed in spring 2004. measurements for conflict, regime type and natural-resource dependence. It compares conflict in sub-Saharan Africa and Democracy and Intervention the Middle East/North Africa. Advisers: Nils Petter Gleditsch Lene Siljeholm Christiansen (Political Science) (PRIO) and Øystein Noreng (UiO).

The democratic peace and the emerging norm of human- The thesis was submitted to the University of Oslo in itarian intervention may have contributed to a normative October 2002 and defended in January 2003. justification for military intervention for the purpose of promoting democracy and peace, and maybe even for the A Democratic Peace – Revisited purpose of regime change. This thesis is a quantitative project Lars Wilhelmsen (Political Science) that studies the effects of military interventions conducted by democratic countries in the period 1960–96. Adviser: The theory of democratic peace, as it applies to relations Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO). between pairs of states, has remained strong over quite some time. Although some disagree with the findings on methodo- The thesis is to be completed in spring 2004. logical or theoretical grounds, others suggest that the theory might be the closest thing we have to a scientific law in the Religious States and Civil War social sciences. This thesis seeks to test whether the Ragnhild Nordås (Political Science) application of different measures of democracy impact previous findings on the relationship between the two X This thesis investigates the impact of religious heterogeneity, variables of democracy and peace. Advisers: Nils Petter state policies such as restrictions on religious freedom and Gleditsch (PRIO) and Håvard Strand (UiO). the combined effect of these on the risk of intrastate armed conflict. A quantitative study of a global sample of countries The thesis is to be completed in late 2004. Report 2003 CSCW www.prio.no/cscw

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles Ramet, Sabrina P. ‘Kuga nacionalisma in zapuscina vojne’ [The Scourge of Nationalism and the Legacy of War], Teorija Baev, Pavel. ‘Examining the “Terrorism-War” Dichotomy in in Praksa 40(4): 759–770. the “Russia-Chechnya” Case’, Contemporary Security Policy 24(2): 29–46. Ramet, Sabrina P. ‘In Search of the “Real” Milosevic: New Books About the Rise and Fall of Serbia’s Strongman’, Journal Brunborg, Helge; Torkild Hovde Lyngstad & Henrik of Human Rights 2(3): 455–466. Urdal. ‘Accounting for Genocide: How Many Were Killed in Srebrenica’, European Journal of Population 19(3): 229–248. Journal Issues Furlong, Kathryn & Nils Petter Gleditsch. ‘The Boundary Dataset’, Conﬂict Management and Peace Science Checkel, Jeffrey; James Caporaso & Joseph Jupille, 20(1): 93–117. eds. ‘Integrating Institutions: Rationalism, Constructivism and the Study of the European Union’, Special Issue of Comparative Gleditsch, Nils Petter & Claire Metelits. ‘The Political Studies 36(1–2): 7–40. Replication Debate’, International Studies Perspectives 4(1): 72–79. Gleditsch, Nils Petter, ed. ‘Symposium on Replication in Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Claire Metelits & Håvard International Studies Research’, Special Issue of International Strand. ‘Posting Your Data: Will You Be Scooped or Will You Studies Perspectives 4(1): 72–107. Be Famous?’, International Studies Perspectives 4(1): 89–97. Harpviken, Kristian Berg, ed. ‘The Future of Harpviken, Kristian Berg. Feature Review: ‘Guides to Humanitarian Mine Action’, Special Issue of Third World CSCW Publication List CSCW Publication Humanitarian Mine Action’, Third World Quarterly 24(5): 967–976. Quarterly 24(5).

Harpviken, Kristian Berg & Bernt A. Skåra. ‘Humanitarian Mine Action and Peacebuilding’, Third World Monographs Quarterly 24(5): 809–822. Collier, Paul; Lani Elliott, Håvard Hegre, Anke Harpviken, Kristian Berg; Ananda S. Millard, Kjell E. Hoefﬂer, Marta Reynal-Querol & Nicholas Kjellmann & Bernt A. Skåra. ‘Measures for Mines: Sambanis. Breaking the Conﬂict Trap: Civil War and Approaches to Impact Assessment in Humanitarian Mine Development Policy. World Bank Policy Research Report. Action’, Third World Quarterly 24(5): 889–908. Oxford & Washington, DC: Oxford University Press & World Bank. 240 pp. Kjellman, Kjell E.; Kristian Berg Harpviken, Ananda S. Millard & Arne Strand. ‘Acting as One? Coordinating de Soysa, Indra. Foreign Direct Investment, Democracy & Responses to the Landmine Problem’, Third World Quarterly Development: Assessing Contours, Correlates, and Concomitants 24(5): 855–871. of Globalization. London: Routledge. 176 pp.

Lektzian, David & Mark Souva. ‘The Economic Peace Between Democracies: Economic Sanctions and Democratic Edited Volumes Institutions’, Journal of Peace Research 40(6): 641–660. Schneider, Gerald; Katherine Barbieri & Nils Petter Mehlum, Halvor; Karl Ove Moene & Ragnar Torvik. Gleditsch, eds. Globalization and Armed Conﬂict. Lanham, ‘Predator or Prey: Parasite Enterprises in Economic MD: Rowman & Littleﬁeld. xiii, 365. Development’, European Economic Review 47(2): 275–294. Strøm, Kaare; Wolfgang C. Mueller & Torbjörn Mousseau, Michael; Håvard Hegre & John Oneal. Bergman, eds. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary ‘How the Wealth of Nations Conditions the Liberal Peace’, Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. xv, 764 pp. European Journal of International Relations 9(2): 277–314.

Ravlo, Hilde; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Han Dorussen. Book Chapters ‘Colonial War and the Democratic Peace’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(4): 520–548. Baev, Pavel. ‘Civil Wars in Georgia: Corruption Breeds Violence’, in Jan Koehler & Christoph Zürcher, eds, Potentials Skaperdas, Stergios. ‘Restraining the Genuine Homo of Disorder: New Approaches to Conflict Analysis. Manchester: Economicus: Why the Economy Cannot Be Divorced from Its Manchester University Press (127–144). Governance’, Economics & Politics 15(2): 135–162. Brehm, John; Scott Gates & Brad Gomez. ‘Donut Shops, Speed Traps, and Paperwork’, in George A. Krause & Other Journal Articles Kenneth J. Meier, eds, Politics, Policy, and Organizations: Essays in the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Harpviken, Kristian Berg. ‘The Future of Humanitarian Michigan Press (133–159). Mine Action: Introduction‘, Third World Quarterly 24(5): 777–780. Dorussen, Han & Håvard Hegre. ‘Extending the XI Owen, Taylor. ‘Measuring Human Security: Overcoming the Multicountry Model of Trade and Conflict’, in Gerald Paradox’, Human Security Bulletin 2(3). Schneider, Katherine Barbieri & Nils Petter Gleditsch, eds, Globalization and Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Ramet, Sabrina P. ‘Under the Holy Lime Tree: The (77–102).

Inculcation of Neurotic & Psychotic Syndromes as a Serbian Report 2003 Wartime Strategy, 1986–1995’, Polemos 5(1–2): 83–97. CSCW www.prio.no/cscw

Gleditsch, Nils Petter. ‘Environmental Conﬂict: Syse, Henrik. ‘Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651): The Right Neomalthusians vs. Cornucopians’, in Hans Günter Brauch et of Nature and the Problem of Civil War’, in Jorge J. E. Gracia, al., eds, Security and the Environment in the Mediterranean: Gregory Reichberg & Bernard N. Schumacher, eds, The Conceptualising Security and Environmental Conﬂicts. Berlin: Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader’s Guide. Malden: Springer (477–485). Blackwell (234–244).

Hegre, Håvard. ‘Development and the Liberal Peace: What Does It Take To Be a Trading State?’, in Gerald Schneider, Doctoral Theses Katherine Barbieri & Nils Petter Gleditsch, eds, Globalization and Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield (205–231). Hauge, Wenche. Causes and Dynamics of Conflict Escalation: The Role of Environmental Change and Economic Development Hegre, Håvard; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Ranveig Case Studies of Bangladesh, Haiti, Madagascar, Guatemala, Gissinger. ‘Globalization and Internal Conflict’, in Gerald Senegal and Tunisia. For the degree of Dr.polit., Department of Schneider, Katherine Barbieri & Nils Petter Gleditsch, eds, Political Science, University of Oslo. Globalization and Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield (251–275). MA Theses (Hovedoppgaver) Hoeffler, Anke & Paul Collier. ‘Über die Ökonomischen Ursachen von Bürgerkriegen’ [On the Economic Causes of Andersen, Kirsten Hegsvold. Resource Conflict and Oil Civil Wars], in Hans-Jörg Albrecht & Horst D. Entorf, eds, Companies in Angola. Department of Economics, University of Oslo. Kriminalität, Ökonomie und Europäischer Sozialstaat [Criminality, Economics and the European Social State]. Heidelberg: Beitland, Turid, 2004. Lethal Religions: Communal Violence in Physica Verlag. India – The Case of Gujarat. Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Öberg, Magnus & Margareta Sollenberg. ‘O ensino da análise de conflictos: Sugestões sobre a utilizacão dos media Østby, Gudrun. Horizontal Inequality and Civil War: A como recurso para a análise de conflitos’ [Teaching Conflict Quantitative Analysis of Group Inequality and Armed Conflicts Analysis: Suggestions on the Use of Media as a Resource for 1980–2000. Department of Sociology and Political Science, Conflict Analysis], in José Manuel Pureza & Francisco Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Ferrándiz, eds, Fogo Sobre os Media: Informacão, Conhecimento e Critica em Conflitos Armados [Media Under Fire: Information, Owen, Taylor. Measuring Human Security: A New View of Knowledge and Critical Analysis in Armed Conflicts]. Coimbra: Cambodian Vulnerability. Department of Geography, University Quarteto (25–54). of British Columbia.

Öberg, Magnus & Margareta Sollenberg. ‘Teaching Sørli, Mirjam E. Resources, Regimes and Rebellion: A Critical Conflict Analysis: Suggestions on the Use of Media as a Assessment of the Greed and Grievance Model of Civil War. Resource for Conflict Analysis’, in Mariano Aguirre & Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Francisco Ferrándiz, eds, The Emotion and the Truth: Studies in Mass Communication and Conflict. Bilbao: HumanitariaNet. Databases Ramet, Sabrina P. ‘The Failure of Transition in the Balkans: An Introduction’, in Modern Greek Studies Yearbook 2000– Chiozza, Giacomo; Jinhee Choung, Hein Goemans & 2001. Vol. 16/17. Minneapolis, MN: Institute of International Kristian S. Gleditsch. Archigos: A Database of Political Studies, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities (277–291). Leaders and Transitions. Database. [Manuscript in preparation for journal submission.] Ramet, Sabrina P. ‘Postscript: The Albanian Insurrection in Macedonia’, in Modern Greek Studies Yearbook 2000–2001. Vol. Gilmore, Elisabeth; Päivi Lujala, Nils Petter 16/17. Minneapolis, MN: Institute of International Studies, Gleditsch & Jan K. Rød. DIADATA: A New Dataset on University of Minnesota-Twin Cities (435–437). Diamonds. Oslo: Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO. [Database is not public while the article is under submission; Ramet, Sabrina P., ed. ‘The Balkans Since Dayton: A when published, the data will be released.] Symposium’, in Modern Greek Studies Yearbook 2000–2001. Vol. 16/17. Minneapolis, MN: Institute of International Studies, Strand, Håvard; Lars Wilhelmsen & Nils Petter University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. Gleditsch. The Codebook on Armed Conflict 1946–2002. Version 2.0, released 19 September (http://www.prio.no/page/ Ramet, Sabrina P. & Angelo Georgakis. ‘Milosevic and Project_detail//9244/42133.html). Kosovo Through Western Eyes: A Review Essay’, in Modern Greek Studies Yearbook 2000–2001. Vol. 16/17. Minneapolis, MN: Institute of International Studies, University of Minnesota- Reports Twin Cities (591–602). Checkel, Jeffrey. Is a More Democratic Europe Good News Schneider, Gerald; Katherine Barbieri & Nils Petter for Post-Soviet States? Policy Memo, 297. Washington, DC:

Gleditsch. ‘Preface’, in Gerald Schneider, Katherine Barbieri Program on New Approaches to Russian Security, Center for & Nils Petter Gleditsch, eds, Globalization and Armed Conﬂict. Strategic and International Studies and the University of XII Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littleﬁeld (xi–xiii). Washington, October.

Schneider, Gerald; Katherine Barbieri & Nils Petter Lektzian, David. Making Sanctions Smarter: Are Gleditsch. ‘Does Globalization Contribute to Peace? A Humanitarian Costs an Essential Element in the Success of

Report 2003 Critical Survey of the Literature’, in Gerald Schneider, Sanctions? Oslo: Norwegian Red Cross & PRIO. Katherine Barbieri & Nils Petter Gleditsch, eds, Globalization

CSCW and Armed Conﬂict. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littleﬁeld (3–30). Photo: Ruth Bottomley

PRIO Annual Report 2003 17 PRIO Annual Report 2003 18 Photo: Nancy Bundt academic publishers. withrecognized alsopublish monographs researchers own journals, ininternational includingPRIO’s often meanarticles through peer-reviewed and/oreditedchannels. This willmost publications. aimtopublish theirresults PRIOresearchers The mainchannelfor disseminationofPRIO researchis Publications for peaceresearch, andnationally. bothinternationally meetingpointandresourcecentre shall functionasacentral otherpublic arenas,activities andvisibilityinvarious PRIO of PRIOresearchandresults. Through ourwebsite, seminar aidsandassistsinthedissemination Department Information audiences.results fromourresearchactivitiestovarious The activities atPRIO. and We aimtodisseminateexpertise ofthebasicresearch isregardedasapart Information Director (onleave):Information Haavardsson Ingeborg Information Assistant: Håvard Bakken Language Editor: JohnCarville Webmaster: StianHåklev Director: Information Agnete Schjønsby PRIO Information weekly by theresearchprogrammes. seminars,Internal open to allstaffmembers, bi- areorganized conferences. seven orco-organized international organized most ofthemheldinthePRIObuilding. Inaddition, PRIO institutions. In2003, by PRIO, were arranged 20seminars from other activities andtoinvite interesting speakers Care istaken bothtogive exposuretoPRIO’s own research scholars, diplomats, andotherinterestedpeople. journalists meetingplacesfor Oslo-based areimportant PRIO seminars Seminars andConferences andfor academicpublishing. articles PRIO hasintroducedincentive systemsbothfor popular media. inthenationalandinternational commentaries public. In2003, PRIOstaffpublished anumber ofop-edsand available tothegeneral debate andtomake theirexpertise inpublic totake part areencouraged PRIO researchers • ofthisseries: In 2003,waspublished aspart onereport on ourwebsite, asboundreports. andsomearealsoprinted outcome ofmajorprojects. arepublished All PRIOReports series, whichreﬂectsthe PRIO maintainstheReport Landmines, andOrganizations. Villagers 1/2003:PRIO Report RuthBottomley:

Journal ofPeaceJournal Research and Security Dialogue. Security Crossing theDivide:

PRIO

Photo: Are Hovdenak media in2002continued into2003asa resultofthe by the increaseinPRIOstaffbeinginterviewed The marked Media ﬁlmseminaronthecivilwarin oriented Algeria. throughaCSCW-Research Days (‘Forskningsdagene’) ofOslo’sIn 2003,intheUniversity PRIOalsoparticipated Festival inOslo(seetheseminarlistfor details). theFilmsfromSouth during well-attended seminars For thethirdtimerunning, successfuland PRIOorganized Film Seminars continued toincrease. tothePRIOwebsite visitors the number ofexternal interesting linksonrelevanttopicsofpublic interest. In2003, activities. Inaddition, we seektoprovide and information new website isupdateddaily andaimstocover allPRIO restructuring. The ‘new look’ waslaunchedinDecember. Our In 2003, thePRIOwebsite underwent acomplete viathePRIOweb. replication datasetsfor itsarticles and/or relatedmaterial. through theonlineprovision ofdifferent kindsofadditional reality notonly throughonlineaccessto texts, but also research. Traditional publishing isadaptingtotheelectronic channelsfor thedisseminationofknowledge and important viathewebinformation isfastbecomingoneofthemost academicpublishing,Alongside traditional of thetransmission PRIO Website continued in2003. was ofPRIOresearchers for mediatraining The programme have mediaappearances stabilized atapromisinglevel.staff’s continuing unrestintheMiddleEastand thewarinIraq. PRIO Journal ofPeaceJournal Research

offers offers www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2003 19 www.prio.no

PRIO Events 2003

Seminars and conferences are listed in two places in this 26 September annual report. PRIO seminars appear on the list below, Terror or Transformation? Future Imperfect in whereas CSCW events are listed in the CSCW section of the Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nepal report (see page V). Sundeep Waslekar, International Centre for Peace Initiatives in Mumbai, India Seminars 24 January 14 October Genocide Prevention: Problems and Prospects Children, War and Violence Thomas Cushman, Wellesley College PRIO ﬁlm seminar following the screening of A Stone’s Throw Away by Line Halvorsen, co-organized with Films from the 10 March South Festival (attended by 110 people). US–European Long-Term Differences 16 October 25 March Genocide: The Cambodian Case The EU, NATO and Russia: A Lithuanian View PRIO ﬁlm seminar, following the screening of S21: The Khmer Raimundas Lopata, Director, Institute of International Relations Rouge Killing Machine by Rithy Panh, co-organized with Films and Political Science, University of Vilnius from the South Festival (attended by 90 people).

9 April 26 November Voices of the Other Israel Dealing with Small Arms in West Africa Jeff Halper, Gila Svirsky and Ariel Levin Dr Sola Ogunbanwo

10 April 3 December The US Lion, the European Fox – and Iraq Militarization: A Gender Approach Alyson Bailes, Director, Stockholm International Peace Cynthia Enloe Research Institute (SIPRI) 3–4 December 20 May Gender and Humanitarian Military Interventions Constitution, Courts and Minorities Workshop organized by NISAT and the ENI gender project Soli Jehangir Sorabjee, Attorney General of India Conferences 26 May 23–24 April Conflict and Negotiation in Nepal Dutch–Norwegian Initiative on Further Steps To Shastri Ramachandaran Enhance International Co-operation in Preventing, Combating and Eradicating Illicit Brokering in 18 June Small Arms and Light Weapons The Conflict in Aceh: What Went Wrong and What Norwegian Red Cross, Oslo; co-organized by NISAT Can Be Done? We Delsey Ronnie, Aceh & Øyvind Dammen, Norwegian 11 October Armed Forces Roundtable on Afghan Refugees in Iran: Repatriation and its Alternatives Cooperation between the Christian 26 August Michelsen Institute, PRIO and the Institute for International Can Sanctions Be Designed To Be Smarter and and Political Studies (IPIS), Teheran, 11 October 2003 More Effective? Humanitarian Forum at the Norwegian Red Cross & launch 3–4 November of CSCW researcher David Lektzian’s report on sanctions Does Support to Media Further Democracy, Peace and Human Rights? 11 September International conference on media support; organized by Rettferdig krig? Om militærmakt, etikk og idealer PRIO (Ivar Evensmo), and funded by Fritt Ord and NORAD [Just War? Military Force, Ethics and Ideals] (attended by 75 people). Launch of Henrik Syse’s book & PRIO seminar, in collaboration with Aschehoug publishers. The Norwegian 14–15 November minister of defence, Kristin Krohn Devold, and the leader of Autonomy Arrangements and Internal Territorial the Socialist Left Party, Kristin Halvorsen, took part in the Conflicts

20 panel debate, which was chaired by PRIO Director Stein CSCW/PRIO workshop in cooperation with the Norwegian Tønnesson. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Human Rights Centre

19 September 1–2 December Civil War Strategic Frameworks for Peacebuilding: An Film seminar during ‘Forskningsdagene’ following the screening International Seminar of Rachida by Yamina Bachir Organized by PRIO and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and based on the Utstein peacebuilding project at PRIO PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 by publishers hopingforby abooknoteinoneofPRIO’s publishers arereviewcopiessent Many newacquisitionsinthelibrary the vastproductionofPRIO’s founding father, JohanGaltung. is essential. We have alsoacceptedaspecialresponsibilityfor encyclopaedias, dictionaries, yearbooks andstatisticalsources reference collectionofthemostrelevanthandbooks, inpeaceandconflictresearch.are basicfor work A strong istheacquisitionofbooksthat for thelibrary A highpriority Books at aconstantlevel. decreased. outsideNorway remained Exchangewithlibraries loans intoPRIO, loansoutofPRIO whileinterlibrary 2003, therewasa15%increasein thenumber ofinterlibrary resources withotherlibraries, bothinNorway andabroad. In a conflict resolution(assuch, itisopen tooutsidevisitors); and collection anddocumentationcentrefor peaceresearchand atPRIO;researchers a for allprojectsand library function asthesupporting hasthreemainfunctions: an The PRIOlibrary Trainee: GiselaRuizChacón time): (part Librarian OlgaBaeva Head Librarian: Odvar Leine The PRIOLibrary • :thematic parts Processes ofPeace’ andwasdividedintothreemajor title hadthe general The course ‘Causes ofConflict: confessional communities were present. represented thisyear. Studentsbelongingtoallmajor continent andtheCentral Asia/Caucasus regionwere well oftheworld. Notably, fromallparts countries the African from24different ofgenderandoriginating divided interms from 30Juneuntil7 August, had27participants,evenly by CecilieHellestveit and Ane Bræin. The course, whichlasted SummerSchool(PeaceInternational Research154)wasled In 2003, ofOslo’s PRIO’sattheUniversity summercourse Summer School

network network peace research and some of its Causesmajor theoriesand Dynamics and ﬁelds of Conﬂict of study. – function as a library cooperating and sharing andsharing cooperating function asalibrary public function as a permanent function asapermanent introducing the discipline of

internal

about the arrival of a new issue of a particular periodical to periodical ofanewissueparticular about thearrival holdingscansendanautomatice-mailnotification periodical anddiscontinued.both current ITsystemfor The library’s holdsapproximately titles,In total, 600periodical thelibrary archive ofbackissuesperiodicals. from 2003, PRIOalsoisconnected toJSTOR, theelectronic –anincreaseof17%fromthepreviousyear.network Starting withinPRIO’scould beaccessedonlinefromcomputers local exchange agreements). Bytheend of2003, 152ofthesetitles holdsapproximately (including 290periodicals PRIO’s library isourstockofrelevantperiodicals. importance Also ofcrucial Periodicals increase inthenumber ofloanswithinPRIO. searchable onPRIO’s intranet. In2003, therewasa30% 20,000 titles(20,400volumes). databaseis The library’s journals. heldapproximatelyAt theendof2003, thelibrary within itsPeace asof2004. andConflictMAProgramme asanoptionalcourse include thesummerschoolcourse ofOsloto requesthasbeenmadetotheUniversity A formal PRIO directorStein Tønnesson. conflictby current ofarmed lecture onchangingpatterns PRIOdirectorDanSmith,former andclosedwithageneral onconflictresolutionwith opened withfour workshops intervention.dimensions ofwarandhumanitarian The course The mainfocuses ofthisyear’s were religious course • • Literature. Security and theLancasterIndextoDefence andInternational totheISI subscribes WebThe library ofScience, JSTOR Databases links totables ofcontents. any individualinstitutemember. include These e-mailalerts

to postwarreconstruction. Post-Conﬂict Challenges– major challengesandobstaclesofpeaceprocesses. offacilitationgavehand experience apresentationonthe Peace Processes

– whereNorwegian diplomatswithﬁrst-

highlightingselectedissuesrelated www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2003 21 www.prio.no

Journals

Journal of Peace Research Päivi Lujala, Economics, NTNU, Trondheim Journal of Peace Research (JPR) is an interdisciplinary and Bjørn Møller, Political Science, DIIS, Copenhagen international bimonthly of scholarly work in peace research Magnus Öberg, Peace and Confl ict, Uppsala University that strives for a global perspective on peacemaking. Hanna Ojanen, Political Science, FIIA, Helsinki Elling Njål Tjønneland, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen JPR is fully peer-reviewed, and most articles are submitted Henrik Urdal, Political Science, PRIO unsolicited. One issue per year is a guest-edited special issue, Håkan Wiberg, Sociology, DIIS, Copenhagen subject to the same strict review process as regular issues. Topics covered by such issues have included Environmental Security Dialogue Confl ict (Paul F. Diehl, ed., 1998), Trade and Confl ict (Gerald Schneider & Katherine Barbieri, eds, 1999), Ethics of War and Security Dialogue is a peer-reviewed policy-oriented quarterly Peace (Henrik Syse & Gregory Reichberg, eds, 2000), Confl ict journal that attempts to analyse theories, policies and political Resolution in Ethnopolitical Disputes (Frederic S. Pearson, ed., developments in the fi elds of security and peace research, 2001), Civil War in Developing Countries (S. Mansoob proposing new approaches where possible. It provides a Murshed, ed., 2002) and Peace History (Peter van den forum for innovative thinking about security as well as new Dungen & Lawrence S. Wittner, eds, 2003). Forthcoming approaches to confronting the security issues of our day. It special issues include Duration and Termination of Civil War enjoys a reputation as a serious, high-quality journal, (Håvard Hegre, ed., 2004), and Demography of Confl ict and increasingly known for its balance of theoretical, empirically Violence (Helge Brunborg & Henrik Urdal, eds, 2005). based and policy-oriented scholarship. It serves and draws upon a growing circle of international scholars and a Authors with quantitative data are obliged to post their data distinguished editorial board. In 2003, Security Dialogue published, on the Internet. JPR’s data replication page (http://www.prio. in 512 pages, 23 peer-reviewed articles and review essays, 5 no/jpr/datasets.asp) contains links to such datasets from 1998 rejoinders, 7 reference reviews, 11 short pieces in its ‘Dialogue’ onwards. As of March 2004, 123 datasets are listed on the and ‘Viewpoints’ sections, and one longer ‘Outlook’ piece. replication page. Editor: J. Peter Burgess JPR is edited at PRIO and published by Sage Publications in Managing Editor: Andrew John Feltham London. Since its establishment in 1964, JPR has published the Language Editor: John Carville work of authors from over 50 countries. In 2003, JPR published, Book Review Editor: Anne Cecilie Kjelling, in 760 pages, a total of 40 articles and 79 Book Notes. Norwegian Nobel Institute, Oslo

Editor: Nils Petter Gleditsch Editorial Board as of 31 December 2003 Managing Editor: Glenn Martin Abdel Monem Said Aly, Al-Ahram Center for Political and Book Review Editor: Sven Gunnar Simonsen Strategic Studies, Cairo Magne Barth, International Committee of the Red Cross, Bangkok Associate Editors Michael E. Cox, London School of Economics and Political Science Michael Brzoska, Bonn International Conversion Center James Der Derian, Brown University, Providence, RI Han Dorussen, Political Science, University of Essex Pál Dunay, Geneva Centre for Security Policy Scott Gates, Political Science, PRIO Jozef Goldblat, Geneva International Peace Research Institute (GIPRI) Mats Hammarström, Peace and Conﬂ ict, Uppsala University Lene Hansen, University of Copenhagen Håvard Hegre, Political Science, University of Oslo/PRIO Tomosaburo Hirano, Toda Institute for Global Peace and Torbjørn L. Knutsen, Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim Policy Research Honolulu, HI Øyvind Østerud, Political Science, University of Oslo Rex Li, Liverpool John Moores University Anne Julie Semb, Political Science, University of Oslo Sverre Lodgaard, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo Terrence Lyons, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA Editorial Committee Thomas Risse, Free University of Berlin

22 Sabine Carey, Political Science, Paul Rogers, University of Bradford University of Nottingham Alexander Sergounin, Nizhny Indra de Soysa, Political Science, Novgorod Linguistic University University of Bonn Henrik Syse, PRIO Tanja Ellingsen, Political Science, NTNU, Peter van Ham, Clingendael, The Hague Trondheim Timo Kivimäki, Political Science, NIAS, Security Dialogue is published with the Copenhagen generous support of Soka Gakkai. PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 PRIO Publication List idealer Syse, Henrik. London: Earthscan. Smith, Penguin/London: Earthscan/Paris: Autrement. Smith, Dan. Monographs Small inLatin Arms ofSociology,America’, Department Ormhaug, ChristinM. Their Contextual Theology’, ofCulture Department Lende, Gina. Religious CoexistenceandSymbolic Warfare Lankain inSri Frydenlund, Iselin. MA Escalation: The Role of Environmental Change and Economic Hauge, Wenche. Doctoral – special issue on ‘The Future of Humanitarian Mine Action’. Harpviken, KristianBerg, ed. Gleditsch, Nils Petter, ed. Burgess, J. Peter, ed. Journal AReader’s Guide. Schumacher, eds. Reichberg, Gregory; Jorge Gracia&Bernard BetweenEconomicsand PoliticsHeritage Burgess, J. Peter, ed. p Nye perspektiver Burgess, J. Peter, ed. Edited University ofOslo;University Syse, Henrik PRIO. Religion), ofOslo. University Per Supervisors: Kværne, a Time of of War’, ofCultureStudies(History Department December 2002 and defended on 26 September 2003). University of Oslo; Dan Smith, PRIO (submitted on 13 Science, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Helge Hveem, Guatemala, Senegal and Tunisia’, Department of Political Development Case Studies of Bangladesh, Haiti, Madagascar, Norwegian Academic Press. Oslo: Abstrakt. on Norwegian NationBuildinginthe19thCentury]. [The Norwegian Enlightenment: Pastoral NewPerspectives Oslo: Aschehoug. Oslo; NilsPetter Gleditsch, PRIO. ofOslo.University PålMeland, Supervisors: of University Reichberg, PRIO. Kari Supervisors: Vogt, ofOslo; University Gregory ofReligion), ofOslo.Studies (History University Theses Dan. [Just Force,War? EthicsandIdeals]. Military Volumes Issues

Dissertations

Atlas of War andPeace. The Stateofthe World Atlas, ‘A Questfor Justice: and Palestinian Christians

Rettferdig krig? –Ommilit Rettferdig krig? ( Hovedoppgaver ‘Causes andDynamicsofConﬂict Oxford: Blackwell.

å The Classicsof Western Philosophy:

‘The SacredPlaceofKataragama: norsk nasjonsbygging p norsk

MuseumEuropa: The EuropeanCultural Security Dialogue Security Den norske pastoraleDen norske opplysningen. ‘Democracy, HumanRights, and

Journal of Peace Research

Third World Quarterly

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æ 34(1–4). . 7th edn. New York: rmakt, etikkog Kristiansand: å 1800-tallet

40(1–6).

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Kjellman, KjellErling; KristianBergHarpviken, Approaches toImpact Mine Assessment inHumanitarian Erling Kjellman&BerntSk Harpviken, KristianBerg; Ananda S. Millard, Kjell Mine Action andPeacebuilding: the Relationship’, Exploring Harpviken, KristianBerg&BerntSk Action’, Harpviken, KristianBerg. Transnationalism’, Carling, J on MillNon-Intervention’, Begby, Endre. the “Russia–Chechnya” Case’, Baev, Pavel. Baev, Pavel. International Journals Peer-Reviewed in Articles Russland’ inRussia], [PresidentsandDemocrats Simonsen, Sven Gunnar. Norwegian Journals Peer-Reviewed in Articles the South China Sea Irritant’, T China SeaSoIntractable? A Historical Approach’. T Mine Community EngagementinHumanitarian Action’, Sk Ethnic ReconciliationinKosovo’, Simonsen, Sven Gunnar. and Practices of “Modernity”’, Kol theMaoEra’,and During Kol Coordinating ResponsestotheLandmineProblem’, Ananda S. Millard & Arne Strand. ø ø Action’, Third World Quarterly 46–62. 24(2): 29–46. European Security Internasjonal PolitikkInternasjonal ofSocialScience Journal Third World Quarterly 15(3): 1–6. and Power World Quarterly å nnesson, Stein. nnesson, Stein. å å ra, Bernt. s, s, Å Å shild. shild.

Third World Quarterly Third World Quarterly ø rgen. 10: 181–200.

‘Putin’s Western Choice: Too Goodtobe True?’, ‘Examining the “Terrorism–War” Dichotomy in ‘Modernising Tibet: Contemporary Discourses

‘Risky BusinessorConstructive Assistance?

‘“Class” in Tibet: CreatingSocialOrderBefore ‘Liberty, StatehoodandSovereignty: Walzer 24(5): 855–871. ‘atgahe fCp eda ofCape ‘Cartographies Verdean

12(1): 1–14. Global Networks Global Networks

‘Sino-Vietnamese Rapprochementand ‘Why aretheDisputesinSouth

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24(5): 839–853. 24(5): 809–822. 30(3): 570–601. Identities: GlobalStudiesinCulture

‘Problems andProspectsof ‘Presidenter og demokrater i ‘Presidenter ogdemokrater Mine ‘Guides toHumanitarian 24(5): 889–908. 24(5): 967–976. Inner Asia Security Dialogue Security å Contemporary Security Policy Security Contemporary Journal of Military Ethics ofMilitary Journal ra. Analysis of Current Events Analysis ofCurrent

‘Measures for Mines: 3(4): 533–539. ‘Acting asOne: 5: 17–37. å ra. ‘Humanitarian

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PRIO Annual Report 2003 23 www.prio.no

Chapters in Edited Volumes Romantic Enlightenment], in J. Peter Burgess, ed., Den norske pastorale opplysningen. Nye perspektiver på norsk Baev, Pavel. ‘The Challenge of “Small Wars” for the Russian nasjonsbygging på 1800-tallet [The Norwegian Pastoral Military’, in Anne Aldis & Roger McDermott, eds, Russian Enlightenment: New Perspectives on Norwegian Nation Military Reform 1992–2002. London: Frank Cass (189–208). Building in the 19th Century]. Oslo: Abstrakt (103–116).

Baev, Pavel. ‘Military Aspects of Regionalism’, in Graeme Burgess, J. Peter. ‘The Abduction of “The Abduction of Herd & Anne Aldis, eds, Russian Regions and Regionalism: Europa”’, in J. Peter Burgess, ed., Museum Europa: The Strength Through Weakness. New York: RoutledgeCurzon European Cultural Heritage between Economics and Politics. (120–137). Kristiansand: Norwegian Academic Press (85–105).

Baev, Pavel. ‘Opportunities and Challenges for Russia in the Burgess, J. Peter & Frode Helland. ‘Som det egentlig Nordic–Baltic Region’, in Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., Russia var? Det egne og det andre i 1800-tallets kulturhistoriograﬁ’ Between East and West: Russian Foreign Policy on the Threshold [As It Actually Was? The Selfsame and the Other in 19th- of the Twenty-First Century. London: Frank Cass (99–110). Century Cultural Historiography], in Bjarne Hodne & Randi Sæbøe, eds, Kulturforskning [Culture Research]. Oslo: Baev, Pavel. ‘Civil Wars in Georgia: Corruption Breeds Universitetsforlaget (19–28). Violence’, in Jan Koehler & Christoph Zürcher, eds, Potentials of Disorder. Manchester: Manchester University Harpviken, Kristian Berg. ‘Afghanistan: From Buffer State Press (127–144). to Battleground – to Bridge Between Regions?’, in James J. Hentz & Morten Bøås, eds, Beyond the Nation State: New Baev, Pavel. ‘Reforming the Russian Military: History and and Critical Security and Regionalism. Aldershot: Ashgate Trajectory’, in Yuri Fedorov & Bertil Nygren, eds, Russian (152–176). Military Reform and Russia’s New Security Environment. Stockholm: Swedish National Defence College (37–54). Kolås, Åshild & Monika P. Thowsen. ‘Dilemmas of Education in Tibetan Areas Outside the TAR’, in Jørund Baev, Pavel. ‘Russia’s Policies in the North and South Buen & Bjørn Kjellgren, eds, China at the Turn of the 21st Caucasus’, in Dov Lynch, ed., The South Caucasus: A Century. Stockholm: Nordic Association for China Studies Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Paper no. 65. Paris: Institute (131–148). for Security Studies (41–51). Marsh, Nicholas & Aaron Karp. ‘Global Small Arms Baev, Pavel. ‘The Impact of “Small Wars” on the Trajectory Transfers: Insights and Mysteries’, in Peter Bachelor & Keith of the Russian Military’, in Yuri Fedorov & Bertil Nygren, Krause, eds, Small Arms Survey. Oxford: Oxford University eds, Russian Military Reform and Russia’s New Security Press (97–123). Environment. Stockholm: Swedish National Defence College (139–155). Nordås, Ragnhild; Robert Ekle, Torbjørn L. Knutsen & Helga Binningsbø. ‘Afghanistan under den kalde krigen’ [Afghanistan Baev, Pavel. ‘The Russian Military: Too Many Wars, Too Little During the Cold War], in Torbjørn Knutsen, ed., Blodspor. Om Politics’, in Jakub Godzimirski, ed., The Russian Federation – bakgrunnen til 11. september [Trail of Blood: On the Ten Years of Statehood: What Now? Oslo: NUPI (55–68). Background to 11 September]. Oslo: Cappelen (146–173).

Begby, Endre. ‘Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientiﬁc Reichberg, Gregory. ‘Francisco de Vittoria, De Indis and De Revolutions (1962): “Relativism” Hits the Headlines’, in Jorge jure belli relectiones: Philosophy Meets War’, in Gregory J. E. Gracia, Gregory M. Reichberg & Bernard N. Reichberg, Jorge Gracia & Bernard Schumacher, eds, The Schumacher, eds, The Classics of Western Philosophy: A Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader’s Guide. Oxford: Reader’s Guide. Oxford: Blackwell (580–586). Blackwell (197–203).

Burgess, J. Peter. ‘Culture and the Rationality of Law from Syse, Henrik. ‘Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651): The Right Weimar to Maastricht’, in Christian Joerges & Navrai Singh of Nature and the Problem of Civil War’, in Gregory Ghaleig, eds, Darker Legacies of Law in Europe: The Shadow Reichberg, Jorge Gracia & Bernard Schumacher, eds, The of National Socialism and Fascism over Europe and its Legal Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader’s Guide. Oxford: Traditions. Oxford: Hart (143–166). Blackwell (234–244).

Burgess, J. Peter. ‘Jacob Aall and the Two Faces of Dano- Syse, Henrik. ‘Rett intensjon som vilkår for rettferdig krig’ Norwegian Patriotism’, in Jens Johan Hyvik, ed., Fædrelandske [Right Intention as a Condition for Just War], in Bjørn Erik Ideer (1799–1814) [Ideas of Fatherland, 1799–1814]. Rasch, Janne Haaland Matlary & Per Kristen Mydske, eds, Kristiansand: Norwegian Academic Press (9–28). Spillet om Irak [The Iraq Game]. Oslo: Abstrakt (169–186).

Burgess, J. Peter. ‘Forord’ [Foreword], in J. Peter Burgess, Waage, Hilde Henriksen. ‘Hvorfor Norge? Oslo- ed., Den norske pastorale opplysningen. Nye perspektiver på prosessens politiske forhistorie’ [Why Norway? The Political norsk nasjonsbygging på 1800-tallet [The Norwegian History of the Oslo Process], in Sven G. Holstmark, Helge

Pastoral Enlightenment: New Perspectives on Norwegian Ø. Pharo & Rolf Tamnes, eds, Motstrøms. Olav Riste og norsk

24 Nation Building in the 19th Century]. Oslo: Abstrakt (5–7). internasjonal historieskrivning [Countercurrent: Olav Riste and the Writing of Norwegian International History]. Oslo: Burgess, J. Peter. ‘Introduction: The Myth of Europe’, in J. Cappelen (398–425). Peter Burgess, ed., Museum Europa: The European Cultural Heritage between Economics and Politics. Kristiansand: Non-Refereed Journal Articles Norwegian Academic Press (7–9). Andersen, Kirsten Hegsvold. ‘Olje – Angolas forbannelse Burgess, J. Peter. ‘Den opplyste romantikken og den eller velsignelse?’ [Oil – Blessing or Curse for Angola?], Verdensmagasinet X (5).

PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 romantiske opplysningen’ [Enlightened Romanticism and Reports inExternalSeries Reports and Organizations Bottomley, Ruth. inPRIOSeries Reports Uchermann, Jonas. sikkerhetsrådet?’ [Why DidNorway Fail Politically inthe T Cambodian Insecurity’, Owen, Taylor. Kol BilingualEducation’, Kol Mine Action: Introduction’, Harpviken, KristianBerg. Territoriality Law’, andInternational Burgess, J. Peter. 5–6; 34(2): 131–134; 34(3): 251–254; 34(4): 387–390. Burgess, J. Peter. frigjøringskrig’ [When soldater iEritreas War isBetterthan Barth, EliseF. Skjelsb Barth, EliseFrederikke; Karen Hostens&Inger toDonors/Funders Reports Aggregating Small CustomsData’,Arms backgroundpaper Marsh, Nicholas. Multipurpose Ammunition BeingUsedinan Anti-Personnel Marsh, Nicholas. Other Revolt Against Occupation]. Oslo: Norwegian People’s Aid. Hovdenak, Are. fromthe Annual MadameMadeleineFeher report Gleditsch, NilsPetter. Status’, no. PONARSReport 318. Washington, DC: Center Baev, Pavel. ø 777–780. 7–10. Sociologisk Forskning Peace: intheEritrean FemaleSoldiers War ofLiberation], written for the written Cross (ICRC), 15February. CommitteeoftheRed prepared for theInternational of Nammo12.7mmMultipurpose Ammunition’, report Role, orProcuredwith That Intention; andtheProliferation Studies,Center for Strategic Bar-Ilan University. European Scholar-in-Residence Lecture, Begin–Sadat Studies. andInternational for Strategic and theUnitedNationsChildren’s Fund(UNICEF). Belgium(HIB) withHandicapInternational collaboration Minerva Council?],Security 7(2): 9–16. Verdensmagasinet X nnesson, Stein. å å s, s, Å Å æ Reports shild. shild. k.

79(4): 20–23.

‘Gender Aspects ofConﬂictInterventions: Policy ‘Putin ReconstitutesRussia’s GreatPower ‘Vill Vest iKina’ [Wild West inChina], ‘Teaching Tibetan in Tibet: The Needfor ‘euiyMpig e iwo Mapping:‘Security A New View of erbedreennfred:‘Når krig kvinnelige

Small Survey Arms ‘Intifada: opprørmotokkupasjon’ [Intifada:

‘The Politics oftheSouthChinaSea: ‘Commentary’, ‘Evidence fromOpenSourcesofNammo

, 1/2003. PRIOReport Oslo: PRIO, in ‘Counting Guns: The Methodologyof Crossing theDivide: Landmines, Villagers ‘Hvorfor politiski mislyktes Norge Internasjonal PolitikkInternasjonal (4): 9–15. (5): 24–25. ‘En gigantvåkner’ [AGiant Awakes], Cultural Survival Quarterly Cultural Survival Cambodian Development Review ‘The Futureof Conﬂict’,Armed Third World Quarterly ‘The FutureofHumanitarian Security Dialogue Security . Security Dialogue Security 61(2): 235–239. (Fall): 67–71.

24(5): 34(1):

34(1):

Marsh, Nicholas. Conference 5–14May 2003, undertaken fromfieldtrip June. report T Survey Marsh, Nicholas. 1998–2002: FutureChallenges’, totheNorwegian report Hauge, Wenche. Proposed Research Area’, fromChr. report Michelsen Henrik Urdal. Gleditsch, NilsPetter; Are Knudsen, Astri Suhrke & Studies. for Strategic Burgess, J. Peter. Implications ofStudiesthe Temporary International StudentFestivalin presented attheInternational Burgess, J. Peter. presented at ‘The World Today and Tomorrow: Stocktaking Burgess, J. Peter. Žižek’s totheNationalismDebate’, Contribution presented Burgess, J. Peter. for Peace Research’, presentedat toMedia ‘Does Support Burgess, J. Peter. Spatial Dimension: Conflictand GISDataonIntrastate Buhaug, Halvard &P Conflict Interventions: IntendedandUnintended Barth, Elise&Karen Hostens. Conference Papers Steps To inPreventing, Cooperation EnhanceInternational ø Ministry ofForeign Affairs,Ministry April. archive/2003/npg001.pdf. 31 March; available athttp://www.prio.no/publications/ ofForeign Oslo (PRIO)totheNorwegianAffairs, Ministry Peace &International Institute (Bergen) ResearchInstitute, ofForeign to theNorwegianAffairs, Ministry Oslo, January. Force inBosnia-Herzegovina (SFOR)’, report preliminary andEthiopia(UNMEE)theNATOEritrea Stabilization Presence inHebron(TIPH), theUnited NationsMissionin Trondheim (ISFiT), 12 March. Berlin, 1–2November. andSecurity’,Concepts ofCooperation FreeUniversity, and Assessment of Trends andtheNeedfor New Studies, Bergen, 25–27 August. at ‘Globalization andPsychoanalysis’, Centrefor Women’s Oslo, 3–4November. by PRIO, OrdandNORAD, Fritt Hotel, Holmenkollen Park Democracy,Further Peace and HumanRights?’, organized Portland, March. OR, 25February–1 Convention Studies oftheInternational Association (ISA), Resources’,Natural presentedatthe44th Annual Portland, March. OR, 25February–1 Convention Studies oftheInternational Association (ISA), Consequences’, paperpresentedatthe44th Annual governmental conference, Oslo, 23–24 April. and Light Weapons’, proceedingsofaninternational inSmall IllicitBrokering Combating andEradicating Arms nnesson, Stein. , September.

‘Conﬂict andDevelopment: for a Framework Proceedings

‘Identity andtheIntolerable’, paper ‘Selling GunstoMurderers’, ‘Research on Sri LankainthePeriod‘Research onSri ‘Security Identity’.‘Security Rome: Centre Military ‘Urbi etorbi: The GlobalSubject’, ‘Psychoanalysis oftheNational Thing: Sphere:‘Media intheCultural Contexts ‘Dutch–Norwegian Initiative on Further ‘Dutch–Norwegian Initiative onFurther

‘The Norwegian Church Aid in Vietnam’, ä ivi Lujala. ‘Gender Aspects of

‘How To Dealwiththe Small Arms www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2003 25 www.prio.no

Burgess, J. Peter. ‘Identity, Community, Security’, paper Hellestveit, Cecilie. ‘Islam og demokrati : selvmotsigelse presented at ‘Kulturarv og komparasjon’ [Cultural Heritage eller fremtidsvisjon’ [Islam and Democracy: Contradiction and Comparison], University of Oslo, 5–6 May. or Vision], Babylon 1(1): 26–35.

Burgess, J. Peter. ‘The Ethical Subject of Security’, paper Hellestveit, Cecilie; Kristian Harpviken & Greg presented at ‘Globalization, Uncertainty, New Prospects’, Reichberg. ‘Er klasebomber et legitimt virkemiddel i krig?’ Military Centre for Strategic Studies, Rome, 29–30 May. [Are Cluster Bombs Legitimate in War?], Dagbladet, 20 July 2003. Furlong, Kathryn & Nils Petter Gleditsch. ‘Geographic Opportunity and Neomalthusian Willingness: Shared Rivers, Reichberg, Gregory & Henrik Syse. ‘Folkerett og etikk’ Boundary Length, and Conﬂict’, paper presented at the [International Law and Ethics], Dagens Næringsliv, 44th Annual Convention of the International Studies 30 January. Association (ISA), Portland, OR, 25 February–1 March. Smith, Dan. ‘No Early War in Syria, US Would Hegre, Håvard. ‘Disentangling Democracy, Development as “Overstretch”’, Kathimerini, 18 April. Determinants of Armed Conﬂict’, paper presented at the 44th Annual Convention of the International Studies Tunander, Ola. ‘Falske document legitimerte krigen’ [False Association (ISA), Portland, OR, 25 February–1 March. Documents Legitimized the War], Dagbladet, 1 April.

Kolås, Åshild. ‘“Welcome to Shangri-La”: The Making of Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Kan FN tøyle Blair og Bush? [Can the Place in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture’, paper UN Rein In Blair and Bush?]’, Dagsavisen, 28 January. presented at the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies (IATS X), Aris Trust Centre, Book Reviews Oxford University, 6–12 September. Carling, Jørgen. Book review of Floya Anthias & Gabriela Kolås, Åshild. ‘Ethnic Tourism in China: Renegotiating the Lazaridis, eds, Gender and Migration in Southern Europe: Meanings of “Minzu”’, paper presented at the Nordic Women on the Move, in Asian and Pacific Migration Journal Conference on China Studies, Nordic Association for China 11(3): 399–401. Studies, University of Oslo, 17–19 June. Reichberg, Gregory M. Review of Pierre Hassner & Justin Lujala, Päivi. ‘Classification of Natural Resources for Vaïsse, Washington et le monde: Dilemmes d’une Conflict and Growth Research’, presented at the European superpuissance & Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Joint Session of Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy, in Ethics & Workshops, Edinburgh, 28 March–2 April. International Affairs 17(3): 131–135.

Lujala, Päivi & Elisabeth Gilmore. ‘The Development of Electronic Publications Natural Resource Database’, presented at the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), Joint Session of Baev, Pavel. ‘Putin the Pacifist?’, Russia and Eurasia Review Workshops, Edinburgh, 28 March–2 April. 2(7); available at http://www.jamestown.org/pubs/view/ rer_002_007_001.htm. Lujula, Päivi; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Elisabeth Gilmore. ‘Diamonds in Civil War: A New Database and a Barth, Elise Fredrikke. ‘The Reintegration of Female Test’, presented at ‘Natural Resources and War’ workshop, Soldiers in Post-Conflict Societies’, Aid Workers Exchange, Montreal, Quebec, 13–14 September. weekly on-line bulletin, 20 August; available at http:// aidworkers.net/exchange/20030820.html. Simonsen, Sven Gunnar. ‘A Dilemma of Peacebuilding: Post-Conflict Electoral Systems That Perpetuate Ethnic Marsh, Nicholas. ‘Significant Exporters of Small Arms and Division’, presented at the Global Justice Conference on Light Weapons’, Human Security Bulletin 1(4); available at Democratic Participation, European Research Training http://www.humansecuritybulletin.info/archive/en_v1i4/ Network, University of Graz, Austria, 23–26 October. research_2.htm.

Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Present World Politics and Global Marsh, Nicholas & Jonas Uchermann. ‘NISAT Database Peace’, paper presented at the 2nd Humanity Conference, of Small Arms Transfers, Production and Laws’, ongoing EarthHuman Peace Forum, Korea, 1–3 March. project; available at http://www.nisat.org.

Urdal, Henrik. ‘People vs Malthus: Population Pressure, Reichberg, Gregory. ‘Legitimate Authority, Just Cause, and Environmental Degradation and Armed Conﬂict Revisited’, the Decision To Invade Iraq’, Cardiff Centre for Ethics, Law paper presented at the 44th Annual Convention of the and Society, Issue of the Month, April; available at http:// International Studies Association (ISA), Portland, OR, 25 www.ccels.cardiff.ac.uk/issue/reichberg.html. February–1 March.

26 Popular Articles Hellestveit, Cecilie. ‘Det politiske islam’ [Political Islam], Dagens Næringsliv, 16 April.

Hellestveit, Cecilie. ‘Det politiske islam’ [Political Islam], Minerva. PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 Gender Breakdowns atPRIO, 2003 the maintenance and further development oftheinstitute’s the maintenanceandfurther income. roleinensuring plays animportant The coregrant to NOK6,600,000, representing13.9%oftheinstitute’s total In 2003, fromtheResearchCouncilamounted thecoregrant assets to current liabilities has increased from 1.30 to 1.43. PRIO’s cash-flow situation is satisfactory, and the ratioposition from31December2002to2003. of current analysis alsoshows anetincrease intheinstitute’s cash equivalent to37.7%ofnetassetsandliabilities. The cash-flow net assets, whichwillthenamounttoNOK13,460,357, objectives ofPRIO.strategic The 2003profitwillbeaddedto over tosecurethe 2002andasufficientannual contribution 2003 profitof6.4%annual turnover isanimprovement 2003 isNOK3,036,292, equivalentto6.4%ofturnover. The 2,795,731, comparedto–46,979in2002. for The totalsurplus ofNOK surplus The 2003accountsshow anoperating represented anincreaseof5.4%over theturnover for 2002. In 2003, PRIOhadaturnover ofNOK47,616,050. This duration and ending of civil wars. economic changes, and attitudes and values affect the outbreak,environmental and geographical factors, political institutions,international state system, individual and collective behaviour,disciplines and theoretical perspectives to investigate how thewhich has brought together academics from a range of and three was the first full year of operation for the CSCW,the Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW). in Two2002 for the thousand establishment of a Centre of Excellence at PRIO:PRIO’s successful application to the Research Council of Norwayshift in focus towards civil war. This formed inthe the background wake of forarmed conflicts. In recent years, there haslast been as along as they do, and how lasting peace can be establishedconducts research on, in particular, why wars break out,period 2001–05,why they its director is Stein Tønnesson. peace researchThe institute as an important academic discipline. For the Institute, Oslo (PRIO) has played a central role in establishingSince its foundation in 1959, the International Peace Research Financial Statement2003 funds from international sources, including the World Bank, the Affairs and the Ministry of Defence. In addition, PRIO receives Norway are the Research Council, the Ministry of Foreign for PRIO. Among the institute’s main contributors within Externally financed projects represent the main basis of income is sustainedatastable andsufficientlevel. key competences, thatthisgrant anditisofgreatimportance 48 Resear % cher* person-y 52 ears % * PRIOorCSCWstaff whoseprimar 67 Doctoral candidates* % Men office spaceatHausmannsgate7. has beensignedwiththeNorwegian RedCrosstolease 2004,at Fuglehauggata11wassoldinearly and anagreement move theinstitutebefore theendof2005. PRIO’s property lack ofsufficientmeetingroomshave ledtoadecision environment.external However, limitedofficespaceanda have beenestablished. PRIOalsotakes carenottopollutethe routines for health, environmental awareness andsecurity environment, working PRIO enjoys agoodinternal and Board. Sickleave in2003was3.5%(3.2%2002). the InstituteCouncilandthroughrepresentationonPRIO oforrepresentationon decisionmaking throughmembership from 2002to2003. in PRIOemployees participate for PRIOstaffhasincreasedby four number ofperson-years theyear,during anequivalentof49person-years. working The In 2003, anaverage of66peoplewere employed atPRIO the percentagewas48. junior researchers, 67%were women. Forseniorresearchers, of 2003, 52% of the employees at PRIO were women. Among PRIO promotesgenderequalityfor itsemployees. Bytheend potential both partners within Norway and abroad. working to establish relations with other funding sources and and improve its collaboration with these institutions, while UN and a number of foundations. PRIO will seek to maintain condition of continuous operation ismet.condition ofcontinuous operation is budgeted for 2004, anditistheboard’s opinionthatthe the basisofpositive signalsgiven by funders. A positive result securedorregardedashighly likelycontractually tobesoon about 82%ofthebudgeted incomefor 2004waseither 6,840,000, anincreaseof3.6%over 2003. As of14May 2004, For 2004, the Research Council has approved of NOK a grant the overall budgeted turnover for PRIOin2004. totheNansen transferred Academy, resultinginadecrease engagement intheBalkanDialogueprojecthasbeen centres informer Yugoslavia. 2004,As of1January PRIO’s acted asafacilitatorinthedevelopment dialogue ofseveral together withtheNansen Academy atLillehammer–has oftheBalkanprojects.institutions isonepurpose PRIO– conflict resolutionanddialogueintheBalkans. The building of programme, PRIOhasin2003 beenactively involved in Through itsConflictResolutionandPeacebuilding Wo y emplo men 33

% y er wasPRIO 67 % MA students* 33 % www.prio.no

PRIO Annual Report 2003 27 www.prio.no

Income Statement (All figures in NOK thousands) 2003 2002 OPERATING REVENUES Grants 45 549 42 604 Note 14 Sales revenues 1 110 1 467 Other revenues 957 1 094 Total operating revenues 47 616 45 165 Note 3 OPERATING EXPENSES Salaries and social costs 20 414 18 947 Note 9 Professional fees 2 152 2 592 Note 11 Other personnel costs 1 488 2 034 Office costs 2 091 1 640 Running costs field offices 12 732 12 752 Travel, representation and seminars 3 775 5 168 Computers, running costs 659 673 Building, running costs 697 592 Depreciations Building 152 152 Note 5 Furniture and machines 118 179 Note 4 Computers 542 484 Note 4 Total operating expenses 44 820 45 212 Operating profit 2 796 -47 FINANCIAL INCOME / EXPENSES Financial income 1 152 1 685 Financial expenses 912 980 Net financial items 241 704 Net profit 3 036 657 DISPOSAL OF NET PROFIT Transferred to net assets 3 036 657

Cash-Flow Statement (All figures in NOK thousands) 2003 2002 CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Annual surplus 3 036 657 Depreciations 813 815 Loss on disposal of fixed assets 25 Gain on disposal of fixed assets - 73 Change account payments and project advances from funders 1 659 - 433 Change revenues earned, not invoiced - 361 - 519 Change other receivables 2 687 1 192 Change other current liabilities - 264 - 173 Effect of pension cost - 321 190 Change in other periodized items 644 51 Net cash flow from operating activities 7 918 1 707 CASH FLOW FROM INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES Payments for purchase of fixed assets - 723 - 574 Payments for sale of fixed assets 13 90 Net cash flow from investment activities - 710 - 484 CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Payments on mortgage - 502 - 502 Net cash flow from financing activities - 502 - 502 28 Net change in cash and cash equivalents 6 706 720 Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January 8 817 8 096 Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 15 523 8 817 PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 (All figuresinNOKthousands) Balance Sheet Board member Snodgrass Martha Board member Pavel Baev Chairman Ø Oslo, 14May2004 Total netassetsandliabilities Total current liabilities Other liabilities Accounts payable Account payments andprojectadvancesfromfunders Withholding tax, socialsecurity, holiday pay, unpaid VAT, etc. ofmortgage part Short-term liabilities Current Total long-termliabilities Pension liabilities Mortgage liabilities Long-term Total netassets31December equitycapital Earned Basic capital Net assets NET ASSETS AND LIABILITIES Total assets Total current assets Cash andcashequivalents Other receivables Revenues earned, notinvoiced assets Current Total fixed assets Machines andfurniture Real estate(Fuglehauggata11) Building Fixed assets ASSETS yvind Ø sterud

Stein T Board member Board member Director Raimo V Fride Eeg-Henriksen ø nnesson ä yrynen yrynen 13 460 35 702 18 860 16 842 35 702 13 166 15 523 13 680 9 076 3 749 8 785 7 263 6 197 2 299 1 038 2 300 1 316 7 026 2003 502 291 862 573 Board member Board member Bernt Aardal Cathrine L 10 424 31 450 14 480 16 970 31 450 11 127 13 832 9 899 3 106 9 287 4 227 6 197 8 817 4 987 2 300 1 323 5 366 2002 ø 502 612 676 838 830 chst

ø er Notes 1, 8, 13 Note 6, 15 Note 5, 15 Notes 1, 8 www.prio.no Note 15 Note 3 Note 6 Note 2 Note 3 Note 4

PRIO Annual Report 2003 29 www.prio.no

Notes to the Accounts at 31 December 2003

Note 1: Accounting Principles The annual accounts are produced in accordance with the Accounting Act of 1998 and sound accounting practice. Current Assets and Liabilities The cost basis of accounts receivable and liabilities in foreign currency is equivalent to the exchange rate at the end of the year. Fixed Assets All fixed assets are valued at cost price, and depreciation is calculated using the straight linear method. The annual depreciation of the value of the building is 1% of the price for which it was purchased. Depreciation of machines and furniture is calculated using the linear method over three years. Depreciation of cars is calculated using the linear method over five years. Principles for Entering Income Revenue on royalty is recognized in the year the money is received. For all other income and expenses, PRIO maintains its accounts on the accrual basis of accounting. Pensions The basis for recording pension liabilities is estimated salary level upon retirement and years of service. Deviations from estimates and effects of changes in assumptions are amortized over expected remaining years of service if exceeding 10% of the greater of pension liabilities and pension funds. Changes in the pension plan are dispersed over the remaining years of service. The figures include social security tax.The pension means are assessed at real value. Note 2: Separate Bank Account for Withholding Taxes The balance in the separate bank account for withholding taxes was NOK 928,947 at 31 December 2003. The corresponding figure at 31 December 2002 was NOK 720,147. Note 3: Project Accounts The method of accounting for the projects is the percentage-of-completion method (Norwegian Accounting Standard, Construction Contracts). Project revenues are accounted for according to progress and reflect earned income. Project expenses are accounted for according to the accrual principle of accounting. The project balance and any outstanding income are regarded as sufficient to cover both accrued and future expenses needed for the completion of the project. Earned non-invoiced revenues are specified in a separate line in the balance sheet. Account payments and project advances from funders are presented as current liabilities in the balance sheet.

Projects at 31 December 2003 Earned non-invoiced revenues on ongoing projects 1 037 631 Pre-invoiced production 7 025 504

Note 4: Machines and Furniture 2003 2002 Cost price 1 January 2 469 005 2 875 060 Accumulated previous depreciations 1 630 986 1 932 129 Decline/sales during the year 38 275 16 403 New investments 723 239 574 194 This year’s depreciation 660 627 662 703 Net book value at 31 December 862 356 838 019

Note 5: Building 2003 2002 Cost price 1 January 1994 15 200 000 15 200 000 Accumulated previous depreciations 1 368 000 1 216 000 Decline/sales during the year 0 New investments 0 This year’s depreciation 152 000 152 000 Net book value at 31 December 13 680 000 13 832 000

Note 6: Mortgage The security for PRIO’s loan from Union Bank of Norway of NOK 9,287,000 is the property at Fuglehauggata. The book value of buildings and real estate is a total of NOK 15,980,000. The starting point for the mortgage with Union Bank of Norway was 5 March 1997. The original loan was for NOK 12,550,000. The loan is a serial loan, amortized over 25 years with yearly down payments of NOK 502,000. In 2003, the average rate of interest on the mortgage was 5.94%. Note 7: Leasing PRIO has the following contracts for leasing of ﬁxed assets: In 2002, PRIO signed a ﬁve-year contract for the leasing of two copy machines. The agreement was made for the period 1 August 2002 to 31 July 2007. The annual rent is NOK 56,792, including VAT.

Note 8: Pension Expenses, Pension Assets and Pension Liabilities 30 PRIO’s employees are members of the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund. The pension plan comprises retirement pensions, disability pensions and contingent life pensions (contingent life pensions include joint life pensions and children’s pensions). The pension plan is regulated by the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund Act. The plan also comprises contractual pensions from 62 years (the contractual pension is a tariff-agreed early-retirement scheme that offers many employees the choice of retiring with a full or partial pension between the ages of 62 and 67, that is, before having achieved the regular retirement age). The pension plan is coordinated with pensions from the National Insurance Scheme. All employees can be members of the pension fund if they work 14 hours or more per week. At 31 December 2003, 42 employees were included in the fund. Calculation of pension contributions and pension liabilities are based on actuarial principles. The pension scheme is not based on funds; payment of pensions is guaranteed by the Norwegian state (Retirement Pension Act §1). The Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund simulates placing the pension assets in government bonds (fictitious funds). PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 The average numberfigurefor ofemployees 2002was53). 2003was66(thecorresponding atPRIOduring Additionally, theinstitute Note 10: NumberofEmployees DuringtheFinancial Year Total Employer pensionscheme contribution Payroll tax Salaries Total andsocialcostsconsistofthefollowing salaries items: Note 9: SpecificationofSalariesandSocialCosts andretirement. factors assumptionsfor demographic areusedasactuarial industry The regularpresuppositionsintheinsurance onfunds Expected return Expected Gregulation regulation/pensionregulation Expected salaries Discount interest Economic Assumptions Prepaid pension(netliability)afterpayroll tax Periodized payroll tax Prepaid pension(netliability)before payroll tax Estimate deviationsnotrecognized Pension value) planassets(atmarket pensionliabilities Earned Pension expense(afterpayroll tax) Periodized payroll tax Net pensionexpense(before payroll tax) Effect ofestimatedeviation Net pensionexpense(before payroll tax) cost Administration onpensionexpense(before payrollReturn tax) Interest expenseonpensionliabilities pensionin2002 Present valueofearned Gjensidige NORSparebank wasredeemed. NOK 23million, with adeductionofNOK7millionfor therent-backagreement. with Inconnection withthesale, themortgage agreement wassignedwiththenewowner. The rent-backagreementistolastuntil 31December2005. wassoldfor The property After thebalancingdateof31December 2003, atFuglehauggata 11wassold. PRIO’s ofthesale, property arent-back As part Note 15: Fuglehauggata 11 in 2003. to2004. The resthasbeentransferred ofNOK6,600,000 fromtheResearchCouncilofNorwayPRIO received in2003. acoregrant Ofthis, NOK5,673,123hasbeenspent theyear havespent during beenaccountedasincomein2003. costsonspecificprojects. inlinewithaccrued All Norwegian PRIOisperiodized public fundinggranted This meansthatonly funds Note 14: Public Funding Total netassets, 31December2003 equitycapital,Earned 31December2003 Net profitfor 2003 equitycapital, 2003 Earned 1January Basic capital Note 13: Net Assets 159,000, respectively. In 2003, PRIO’s ofthePRIOBoardwere NOK582,217and totalcostsfor oftheInstituteDirectorandmembers remuneration Note 12: Remuneration oftheLeadership amounted toNOK137,412. SpecialattestationsonprojectsamountedtoNOK 109,000. These amountsinclude VAT. In 2003, for theirauditoftheaccounts. PRIOpaidafee ofNOK165,354toitsauditors Consultantfees for audit-relatedservices Note 11: Auditors’ Fee was 8). figurefor 2002was3). was3(thecorresponding The average number ofconscientious objectors figure for theyear 2002 (thecorresponding and/orofficespaceatPRIOduring studentswithscholarships had onaverage 8graduate 31 December2003 Assets

- 290955 - 255000 - 385900

460 357

413 900

- 35955 263 357 036 292 227 064 197 000 960 800 011 000 326 800 341 017 165 717 175 300 148 600 472 900 037 200 741 280 500 747 171 873 26 700 24 400 6.50% 2.90% 3.30% 6.00% 2003 2003 2003 2003 31 December2002 Assets

493

PRIO Annual Report 2003 31 www.prio.no

Director’s Ofﬁce in 2003 Damian Laws Martha Snodgrass Stein Tønnesson

PRIO Board

As indicated by PRIO’s Statutes, the PRIO Board consists of ﬁve external members nominated by other institutions and two staff members nominated by the staff. In addition, the Institute Director, the Deputy Director and the Administrative Director participate in the meetings without voting rights. The external nominating bodies are the Institute for Social Research, the Research Council of Norway (which nominates two members), the University of Oslo and the Nordic International Studies Association (whose nominee must be from another Nordic country). At 1 May 2004, the members and their deputies were as follows:

Board Members Deputies

Øyvind Østerud (Chair) Rolf Tamnes University of Oslo Institute for Defence Studies

Cathrine Løchstøer Eva Hildrum Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) Ministry of Communications

Fride Eeg-Henriksen Karin Dokken Statistics Norway University of Oslo

Raimo Väyrynen Olav Fagelund Knudsen The Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies Swedish Institute of International Affairs

Bernt Aardal Tordis Borchgrevink Institute for Social Research, Oslo Institute for Social Research, Oslo

Pavel Baev Wenche Hauge PRIO PRIO

Martha Snodgrass Agnete Schjønsby PRIO PRIO

Ex Ofﬁcio Members Stein Tønnesson (Director) Hilde Henriksen Waage (Deputy Director) Lene Kristin Borg (Administrative Director) Eystein Emberland (Administrative Director)

PRIO Board Members PRIO Administration in 2003 Øyvind Østerud (Chair) Lene Kristin Borg (Administrative Director – on leave) Cathrine Løchstøer Kai Robert Braaten (Administrative Secretary) Fride Eeg-Henriksen Eystein Emberland (Administrative Director) Raimo Väyrynen Øyvind Foss (Controller) Bernt Aardal Odvar Leine (Librarian) PRIO Annual ReportAnnual PRIO 2003 Pavel Baev Svein Normann (IT Manager) Martha Snodgrass Tonje Paulsen (Receptionist) Lorna Quilario Sandberg (Accountant) www.prio.no

PRIO Statutes

(amended by the PRIO Board, 28 March 2000) § 1: Aim and Purpose to the Board. Before delivering its recommendation, the Council is to obtain The International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), herein also referred to as statements from outside experts. ‘the Institute’, is an independent international research institute. Its purpose is to engage in research concerning the conditions for peaceful relations between nations, The Institute Director shall be appointed by the Board to serve for a period of groups and individuals. four years, with the possibility of an extension of up to four years. If the Institute Council, within two weeks of the Board’s announcement of the appointment, and In addition to this main purpose, the Institute shall: by at least a 3/4 majority, disagrees with the decision of the Board, the Board must - stimulate research cooperation nationally and internationally take the matter up for new deliberation and decision. - undertake training and teaching - hold conferences and seminars The Board shall appoint the Deputy Director for two years at a time, following - disseminate information based on its own research as well as that nomination by the IC. The Deputy Director may be re-appointed. of other institutions. § 7: Institute Director: Functions The Institute is free to choose its research projects. The Institute Director is in charge of leading the activity of the Institute.

The results of its research shall be available to the public. The Institute Director has overarching responsibility for the planning, running, coordinating and ﬁnancing of the scholarly activities of the Institute, within the framework The name of the Institute is, in Norwegian, ‘Institutt for fredsforskning’ and, in set by the work plan and the budget adopted by the Board. The Institute Director is to English, ‘the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo’, with ‘PRIO’ as the ofﬁcial see to it that the staff are provided with possibilities to develop their competence. abbreviation in both languages. The Institute Director has main responsibility for information about the Institute externally. § 2: The Foundation He/She shall also determine what is to be published in the name of the Institute. The International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, is an autonomous foundation, independent of ideological, political or national interests. The Deputy Director shall execute the daily functions of the Institute Director when the latter is prevented from performing them. The ‘basis capital’ (grunnkapital) of the Institute (as of 31 December 1996) stands at NOK 6,197 million. § 8: The Institute Council The Institute Council (IC) is composed of all employees in permanent positions, as well § 3: Governing Bodies as all employees in non-permanent positions employed for 50% or more of standard The Institute has the following governing bodies: working hours for more than 6 months. All these have voting rights in the IC. - the Board - the Institute Director The conscientious objectors and the students elect one representative each with - the Institute Council. voting rights – with personal deputies. These are to be chosen at separate, annual elections. Further rules concerning these elections shall be determined by the IC. § 4: The Board The Board shall consist of seven members with personal deputies. Board members A quorum of the Institute Council shall be constituted by the presence of at least are appointed for a three-year period, in such a way that 4 and 3 members, 3/5 of its members with voting rights. Unless otherwise determined, matters are to respectively, are to be appointed at a time. be decided by simple majority vote. The Chair has a casting vote in the case of a tie.

Members are appointed by the following bodies: The Institute Council shall be convened when requested by the Institute Director - One member by the Institute for Social Research or three of its members. - Two members by the Norwegian Research Council (NFR) - One member by the University of Oslo The Institute Director takes part in the meetings of the IC, without the right to vote. - One member from the other Nordic countries, appointed by the Nordic International Studies Association At the beginning of each meeting the IC is to decide who shall chair that session. - Two members by the Institute Council (IC). These two members shall be chosen from among the PRIO staff. The Institute Director, the Deputy Director The Administrative Director normally acts as secretary to the IC. The IC shall keep minutes and the Administrative Director are not eligible. of its meetings.

The Institute Director, Deputy Director and the Administrative Director take part in § 9: Institute Council: Functions the meetings of the Board, without voting rights. The Institute Council is a consultative body for the Board and the Director. All matters which, according to § 5 above, are to be dealt with by the Board (including Consideration shall be given to achieving reasonable representation of both sexes. work plan, budget and accounts, appointment of the Administrative Director, researchers in permanent positions and other researchers when they are engaged The Board elects its own Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson. for a period of over one year) are to be presented ﬁrst to the IC for its recommendation. Unless special circumstances are an impediment, the Institute If any Board member ﬁnds it necessary to leave the Board during his/her period of Director and the staff representatives to the Board shall also present to the IC all appointment, a new appointment should be made for the duration of the period. other matters which they intend to put before the Board.

A quorum of the Board shall be constituted by the presence of at least ﬁve Personnel matters are not to be dealt with by the Institute Council. The Institute members; or by the presence of four, including the Chairperson. The Chair has a Council itself determines whether a matter falls within its mandate. double vote in the case of a tie. The Institute Council elects two members of the PRIO staff to the Board. The IC The Board shall be convened when demanded by the Chair or by two of its members. can require these to take up speciﬁc matters before the Board.

The Board shall keep minutes of its meetings. Minutes are to be available to the § 10 Freedom of Speech members of the Institute staff. All staff members have full freedom of expression, internally and externally.

§ 5 Board: Functions § 11: Statutes The Board shall discuss and approve the work plan of the Institute, approve the These Statutes are available in both Norwegian and English. In the case of any budget and accounts, and evaluate the activities of the Institute in relation to the discrepancies, the Norwegian text shall apply. Institute’s aim and purpose and its work plan. Amendment of the Statutes requires both a 2/3 majority of the Institute Council, The Board shall appoint the Institute Director (cf. § 6), the Administrative Director, and a 5/7 majority of the Board. researchers employed in permanent positions and other researchers when these are engaged for a period of over one year. Notice of termination for these same § 12: Dissolution personnel categories is likewise to be approved by the Board. Dissolution of the Institute requires a 2/3 majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 majority of the Board. § 6: Appointment of Institute Director and Deputy Director The Institute Council and the Board jointly prepare the appointment of a new Should this take place, any funds shall go to the Institute for Social Research or be Institute Director. The Institute Council is to deliver an annotated recommendation used for a research purpose designated by the latter Institute. www.prio.no

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