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HAS MAINS – 2018 Full Length Test- 2

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 200

QUESTION PAPER SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS

Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions.

1. There are 28 questions printed in English.

2. All question are compulsory

3. Candidate should attempt questions/parts as per the instructions given in the section.

4. The number of marks carried by the question /parts as per is indicated against it.

5. All parts of question shall be attempted at the place designated for hem in the question cum answer Booklet. Attempts of part/questions shall be counted in sequential order.

6. Unless struck off, attempt of a question shall be counted even if attempted partly. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Question-cum-answer Booklet must be clearly struck off.

7. Candidates are required to write clear, legible and concise answers and to adhere to word limits, wherever indicated. Failure to adhere to word limit may be penalized.

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Attempt all question. Answer to Question No. 1 to 15 should not exceed to 60 words in each case. Content of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 4 marks.

1. What is symbolized by Tandva dance of Natraja?

Answer: Tāṇḍavam is a divine dance performed by the Hindu god Shiva. Tandava dance has been recorded as cosmic dance. Tandava dance of Nataraja represents and symbolises five divine actions viz. Shristi, Sthati, Samhar, Tirobhava and Anugraha. When Nataraja dances, the earth trembles; sky and stars are disturbed by the movement of his powerful hands, at the impact of his whirling matted locks of hair heaven shudders, such is its majesty. Thus Tandava symbolizes the cosmic cycles of creation and destruction, as well as the daily rhythm of birth and death.

2. What was the worldwide impact of industrialization?

Answer: Industrialization changed many aspects of life. Clearly the first change involved the nature of manufacturing. The basis of the Industrial Revolution was the application of mechanical power to manufacturing. At first this power came from water wheels, but the introduction of the modern steam engine around 1770 in Britain created more massive mechanical power. By driving stronger pumps, steam engines allowed deeper mine shafts to be sunk, thus greatly increasing the amount of coal that could be mined. Steam engines soon powered the bellows of blast furnaces and operated automatic hammers and rollers in the process of forming metals. Productivity in metallurgy was also greatly expanded by the substitution of the cheaper coal and coke for the traditional charcoal used for smelting and refining. Through a combination of these technical improvements the output of iron vastly increased. Ironically, the increased use of steam engines created a growing need for coal and iron—the very commodities they help made available—to build and power them.

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3. How industrialization in England changed the nature of trade in India?

Answer: India is not an industrial country in the true and modern sense of the term. But by the standards of the 17th and 18th centuries, i.e., before the advent of the Europeans in India, India was the ‘industrial workshop’ of the world.

In India, Industrialisation played a role more of ‘de-Industrialisation’ under British. Sources were exploited by all means. Internal balance of the village economy was slaughtered by them. In the process, traditional handicraft industries slipped away, from its pre-eminence and its decline started at the turn of the 18th century and proceeded rapidly almost to the beginning of the 19th century. Handicrafts succumbed before the machine-made goods. British always remained foreigners in the land, exploiting Indian resources and carrying away India’s wealth as tribute. The results of this subordination of the Indian economy to the interests of British trade and industry were many and varied. The oppression practiced by the East India Company and its servants on the craftsmen of Bengal during the second half of the eighteenth century, forcing them to sell their goods below the market price and to hire their services below the prevailing wage, compelled a large number of them to abandon their ancestral professions.

4. How Nazism is different from fascism?

Answer: The first new government department created by Hitler after assuming office was the ministry of public enlightenment and propaganda under the leadership of Joseph Goebbels. Nazism is a type of fascism, as it has the two most commonly cited characteristics of fascism, but it has more characteristics than those two, which were not necessarily shared by the other clear examples of fascist states. An example of this is in Italy, where anti-Semitic laws were in place, but not an expression of the core tenets of the PNF (Fascist Party), as evidenced by the fact that Italo Balbo publicly opposed these laws. Fascism was a system of government that reigned in Europe between the First and Second World Wars. It was a far-right form of government which was characterized by extreme nationalism, racial discrimination, promotion of violence and war, gender discrimination against women, and an unapologetic hatred for socialism. The most notorious regimes that practiced fascism were Benito Mussolini in Italy.

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5. Give a brief of Mughal Rule in Himachal.

Answer: Mughal influence grew in Himachal in medieval age. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. While Timur and Sikander Lodi also plundered through the lower hills to capture several forts and fought many battles. Feroz Shah Tughlak invaded Nagar Kot in 1365, while Muhmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. During the medieval period, the older and larger states of Kullu, Kangra, Mandi etc. were divided and many new small states of Gular Siba, Datarpur, Handur, Koti, Bhajji, Kumarsain, Khaneti etc. came into existence. During this period, the Turks and Mughals attacked this region. The sultanate kings invaded parts of Himachal Pradesh from time-to-time but were unable to establish a permanent hold in the region owing to the harsh and hostile terrain. The real onset of a concrete relation between the Mughals and this hill state started with the rule of Akbar. He sent Todar Mal to seize Kangra. By 1620 when the reign of Jehangir started, Kangra came under the Mughal rule entirely, which continued for a very long time. In 1620, the Kangra fort was captured by the Mughal Army and was visited by Jehangir in 1622. He was welcomed by all hill chiefs and that’s how a special mention to Raja of Chamba has been given in Jehangir’s Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri. Even during the decline of Mughal Empire, under the reign of Aurangzeb, the hill rulers accepted the Mughal superiority. Once the Mughal Empire declined even in the hilly state, Raja Sansar Chand became the ruler of Kangra in 1775. He even won back the Kanga fort in 1786.

6. Discuss Battle of Aliwal.

Answer: The Battle of Aliwal was fought on 28 January 1846 between the British and the Sikhs. Following the Battle of Ferozeshah, Tej Singh withdrew his Sikh army across the Sutlej River, while General Sir Hugh Gough formed his force on the south bank and awaited reinforcements. Seeing this inactivity on the part of the British and Bengali army, Tej Singh detached Ranjodh Singh with 8,000 troops and 70 guns to march east along the river and cross, so as to menace the British base at Ludhiana, thereby causing Gough great concern, as a large slow column of supplies with the British siege train was coming up from the east.

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7. Write a note on inscriptions of Meru Varman.

Answer: Meru Varman (A.D. 680): He seems to have been one of the most notable of the early Brahmapura rulers. He was probably the first to extend the state boundaries by conquest, for that he dedicated the idol of Shakti Devi in gratitude for help against his enemies. From an inscribed stone found at `Gun', erected by a feudatory of Meru Varman named Ashadha, it is clear M that Meru's rule extended from down to the Ravi Valley upto the present Chamba town. In the reign of Sri Dateshwar Pal, Raja of Kullu, there was a with war Brahmpura in which the Kullu Chief was killed by Meru Varman (mentioned as Amar). The predominance of Brahmpura was also confirmed further by a note in the Kullu annals that Amarpal, Raja of the state, was killed with his sons except one by the Brahmpura chief.

8. What is Global warming?

Answer: Global Warming is the increase in Earth's mean surface temperature because of the effect of greenhouse gases. These gases absorb long wave radiations and warm the atmosphere, and this process is called as Greenhouse effect. For both land and ocean, the global mean surface temperature indicates warming of 0.85°C during 1880 to 2012. During the period 1906-2005, the Earth’s mean surface temperature had increased by 0.74±0.18°C. Hence, it is seen that the rate of warming approximately doubled for the last half of that duration (0.13±0.03°C per decade, as compared to 0.07±0.02°C per decade).

It had led to many changes on the planet, such as rise in sea level, massive melting of snow and land ice, elevated heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, change in the timings of seasonal events, and many others.

9. What are the characteristics of Alluvial soils?

Answer: Alluvial Soils  Alluvial soils are formed mainly due to silt deposited by Indo-Gangetic- Brahmaputra rivers. In coastal regions some alluvial deposits are formed due to wave action.  Rocks of the Himalayas form the parent material. Thus the parent material of these soils is of transported origin.

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 They are the largest soil group covering about 15 lakh sq km or about 46 per cent of the total area.  They support more than 40% of the India’s population by providing the most productive agricultural lands.

Characteristics-  They are immature and have weak profiles due to their recent origin.  Most of the soil is Sandy and clayey soils are not uncommon.  Pebbly and gravelly soils are rare. Kankar (calcareous concretions) beds are present in some regions along the river terraces.  The soil is porous because of its loamy (equal proportion of sand and clay) nature.  Porosity and texture provide good drainage and other conditions favorable for agriculture.  These soils are constantly replenished by the recurrent floods.

10.What crops are best suited in Black soils?

Answer: Black soils are also called as Cotton soils or Regur Soils. These soils mainly found in Deccan lava tract which includes the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Mostly, you can find this type soils in the river valley Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, and Tapi. Black soils are formed due to the weathering of the lava rocks. Suitable Crops of Black Soils – The black soils moisture very well hence it’s excellent for growing cotton. This is also popularly known as black cotton soil. However, there are many other crops which can be grown in these soils are; Rice and sugarcane, wheat, jowar, linseed, sunflower, cereal crops, citrus fruits, vegetables, tobacco, groundnut, any oilseed crops and millets.

11.What is the difference between Aerobic Biodegradation and Anaerobic

Biodegradation?

Answer: Aerobic biodegradation is the breakdown of organic contaminants by microorganisms when oxygen is present. More specifically, it refers to occurring or living only in the presence of oxygen; therefore, the chemistry of the system, environment, or organism is characterized by oxidative conditions. Many organic

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12.Differentiate‐ Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers.

Answer: Himalayan Rivers: These rivers are again subdivided into two groups. Trans Himalayan and Hima- layan. The Trans-Himalayan Rivers originate beyond the Great Himalayas. These are the Indus, the Sutlej and the Brahmaputra rivers. Himalayan rivers are those which originate in the Himalayas and flow through the Northern Plains, e.g., the Ganga, the Yamuna and their tributaries. These rivers are useful for irrigation and navigation and the lowlands drained by them have fertile alluvial deposits.

The Peninsular Rivers originate in the Western Ghats. They have a large seasonal fluctuation in volume as they are solely fed from rainfall. These rivers flow in valleys with steep gradients. Major rivers of the Peninsula such as Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery flow eastwards on the plateau and drain into Bay of Bengal. The Narmada and Tapti flow eastwards. Narmada rises in Amarkantak plateau and enters Gulf of Cambay. The Tapti rises in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh and reaches the Arabian Sea, west of Surat. The Damodar flows to north of Ranchi plateau, the Mahanadi originates on northern edge of Dandakaranya and flowing east reaches Bay of Bengal. The Godavari rises near Trimbank in Nasik district and drains into Bay of Bengal.

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13.Write a note on Parbati Basin.

Answer: ▪ Parbati Basin is located in eastern Rajasthan. It lies between the Gambhir Basin in the west and the Chambal Basin in the east. Its northern edge borders the Yamuna River Basin in Uttar Pradesh. ▪ The Parbati Basin extends over parts of Sawai Madhopur and Dholpur Districts. ▪ The total catchment area of the Basin is 2,388 Sq KM. ▪ Orographically, the southern part of the Basin is marked by hilly terrain belonging to the Aravali chain, with a sloping valley along the Parbati River and its tributaries. The northeastern part of the Basin also slopes towards the Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh.

14.Give a brief of moist alpine scrub forests and subalpine forests.

Answer: The moist alpine scrub is a low evergreen dense growth of rhododendron, birch, berberis and honeysuckle which occurs from 3,000 metres and extends upto snowline. The dry alpine scrub is the uppermost limit of scrub xerophytic, dwarf shrubs, over 3,500 metres above sea level and found in diy zone. Juniper, honeysuckle, artemesia, potentilla, etc. are important species.

The sub- alpine forests occur at the upper limit of tree forest adjoining alpine scrub and grasslands and comprise of dense growth of small crooked trees and large shrubs with coniferous overwood. It is a mixture of coniferous and broad-leaved trees in which the coniferous trees attain a height of about 30 m while the broad leaved trees reach only 10 m. Fir, kail, spruce, rhododendron, plum, yew, etc. are important species.

15.What is Modern Slavery?

Answer: Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th century. Instead, it changed its forms and continues to harm people in every country in the world. Modern slavery, Contemporary slavery also known as or neo-slavery, refers to institutional slavery that continues to exist in present day society. Someone is in slavery if they are:  forced to work – through coercion, or mental or physical threat;  owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;

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 dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as ‘property’;  physically constrained or have restrictions placed on their freedom of movement. Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 16 to 25 should not exceed to 120 words in each case. Content of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 8 marks.

16.What is the important of culture in Human life?

Answer: Culture forms an important element of social life of a man. It is the culture that makes human animal to man. It regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. It teaches him what type of food he should take and what manners, how he should cover himself and behave with the fellows, how he should speak and influence the people, how he should co-operative and compete with other. Man has acquired these qualities required to live and social behavior even for complicated situations. There would not have been group life without culture. Culture regulates the behavior of the people and satisfies their primary drives i.e. hunger, shelter and sex, which enable him to maintain group life. People behave the way of society. Culture has provided a number of checks upon irrationally or irresponsibly. It has kept social relationship intact. Culture has given new vision to the individual by providing him a set of rules of co-operation. Culture teaches him to think of himself as a part of large whole. It provides him with the concept of family, state, nation, class and makes possible the co-ordination and division of labors. Culture also creates new needs and drives for example thirst for knowledge and arranges for their satisfaction. It satisfies the aesthetic, moral and religious interest of members of group. In brief, the culture gives the individuals or groups the feelings of unity with the group. It enables them to live and work together without too much confusion and mutual interference.

17.How the word ‘Tolerance’ is ordinary in Indian culture?

Answer: Tolerance, in the fullest sense, embraces differences in the total spectrum of human life, language, dress, customs, food habits, morality, religion, art, politics and social institutions. Indian history does not point to any massacres, forcible mass migrations, religious bans, forced conversions.

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In the medieval period Indian culture cannot be reduced to its territorial stem, whether pre-Aryan or Aryan minus the cultural career of Islam in India. Indeed, the cultural history of the Muslims of the sub-continent is an integral part of Indian culture. By the same logic pre-Islamic Indian culture is as much the heritage of the Muslims of India as of the Hindus or others. Ideally speaking, neither the cultural elements of Indian origin predating the Muslim presence, nor the cultural elements of Islamic origin, developing and flourishing in the Indian environment, can be viewed as alien or dispensable elements of the highly complex and still growing entity or process called "Indian culture". The movements of reform or spiritual renewal, like Jainism and Buddhism, which were roughly contemporaneous, were based on free exchange of ideas and challenging the authority of the Vedas. It is significant that this challenge was made in the name of reason, the right of free enquiry and the ethic of large-hearted tolerance, and further that this challenge was met by the Vedic orthodoxy, not by the sword, but by the pen. Both Mahavira and Gautama Buddha initiated an era of peaceful change, shifts in meaning of basic concepts and values, new cultural symbols and practices and an inner spiritual renewal to cure the hardening of the spiritual arteries of the Vedic priests (lost in the esoteric intricacies of Mimamsa) and to improve the spiritual and moral health of the vast populace sunk in the torpor of ritualistic conformism and the prison of caste. After centuries of cross-fertilization of ideas and an extended dialogue between Indian classicism (represented by Vedanta) and the then modernism (represented chiefly by Buddhism), Hinduism (represented by the Gita) displaced Buddhism from the land of its birth. Meanwhile, Buddhism itself had undergone considerable inner transformation in the course of the extended peaceful dialogue. As we all know, the presiding muse of this super-Marathon cultural dialogue was Sankaracharya who died in the 9th century.

In the course of later centuries when Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism developed or degenerated into Tantrisrn, the process was again peaceful. The socio-cultural dynamics of this interesting phenomenon is perhaps not fully grasped, but in any case, no coercion of the populace was involved.

18.What do you understand by Racism? Examine the events that led to its rise

in European and the consequences it had on European Society?

Answer: Racism is any belief, action or practice that reflects the racial worldview, which is the dogma that human beings can be classified into separate biological

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As per the study of Harvard University from 2002-15, it mapped the countries in Europe with the highest incidents of racial bias, based on data from 288,076 White Europeans. The weakest racial bias was found in Serbia and Slovenia, and the strongest racial bias was found in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Malta, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Po rtugal. The ingredients for the changing racial discourse in 20th century Europe are historical, political, and economic. If the scientific rejection of biological racism after World War II led to an apparent universal consensus, Europe never broke completely from its longstanding tradition of building “otherness.” Two main trends have developed since then. On the one hand, from the 1980s, “cultural racism(s)” emerged and continues to develop today. In line with this phenomenon, grassroots groups, as well as leading intellectuals spark fears that European and non-European cultures are incompatible and ought to live separately. It is easy to see how this discourse resonated in the new multi-ethnic landscape that the post- war economy built in European societies, and especially to the most industrialised ones. On the other hand, race is not in itself the main ground for racism(s) and discrimination anymore. contemporary forms of discrimination are increasingly intersectional and target individuals that, more often than not, bring together several of the prohibited grounds of discrimination. Religion, nationality, age, class, gender, and gendered identity became intertwined in the notion of race, opening the door to new groups of “others”. Young Muslims of the banlieues, veiled women, third country nationals coming from the least industrialised parts of the planet, Romanian Roma, Polish plumbers: racial identities are continuously redefined.

19.Write a note on Mughals invasion of Kangra.

Answer: Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. While Timur and Sikander Lodi also plundered through the lower hills to

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20.Give an account of relations between Mughals and Chamba.

Answer: MUGHALS AND CHAMBA

In the annals of history, there is no evidence that Chamba was ever invaded by Muslim before 16th century. However it is said that Chamba became tributary to the Mughal Empire after the capture of Kangra fort Akbar had sent his able Finance Minister, Raja Todar Mal to build imperial demesne in Kangra by way of confiscating territories from various adjoining states of Kangra group. In this

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In the Dhalog battle (near Dalhousie) between Raja Janardhan of Chamba and Jagat Singh of Nurpur, Mughal sided with Jagat Singh. Chamba was defeated in this battle. Raja Janardhan of Chamba was deceptively made to present himself at the Mughal court to settle the terms of negotiations with Raja Jagat Singh. He was treacherously murdered sometime in the year 1623 A.D. and consequently for two decades Raja Jagat Singh ruled over Chamba. While Raja Jagat Singh was reigning the Chamba state, he revolted against the Mughal authority. Emperor Shah Jahan sent large number of Army under the command of Murad Baksh in 1641 A.D. to suppress rebellion Janardhan's son Prithvi Singh rushed to Rajas of Mandi and Suket to seek their help for restoration of the Chamba throne. With the help of Raja of Mandi, he crossed Rohtang and entered Lahaul and Pangi via Cheni pass and remained successful in capturing his capital.

Raja Jagat Singh fought bravely, but could not withstand the might of Mughal Army. The fort Taragarh was sieged and Jagat Singh was pardoned. He spent his remaining period in the service of the Emperor and the kingdom of Chamba was restored to Prithvi Singh. He developed good reputation in Mughal Durbar and visited Delhi about nine times. He was granted Jagir of Aswan permanently. In his dispute with chief of Basholi, Sangram Pal regarding his claim over Bhalai, he was favored by settling the dispute in his favour. Raja Chatar Singh, who succeeded Raja Prithvi Singh, was contemporary of Aurangzeb, refused to obey the royal order, regarding the demolition of all Brahmnical temples in the native state. Upon this Raja Chater Singh was compelled to organize a confederacy of the hill chiefs of Basholi. Guler and Jammu to counter the attack of Mughals led by Mirza Obed Beg. Consequently the Mughals got defeated whereupon the hill chiefs recovered their lost principalities.

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21.Discuss Battle of Sabraon.

Answer: The Battle of Sobraon was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the East India Company and the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab. The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War.

The First Anglo-Sikh War had commenced in 1845 when the Khalsa army had crossed the River Sutlej and attacked British positions. This war consisted of a series of battles fought between the Khalsa army and the British Indian army comprising of the East India Company’s units chiefly the Bengal army. Battles were fought at Mudki, Ferozeshah, Baddowal and Aliwal before the one at Sobraon. All the battles had been won by the British except at Baddowal which was indecisive. But the British victory was hard fought as the Khalsa army was powerful and aggressive. They had excellent infantry units which had been trained along European lines under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. His death in 1839 caused some maladministration in the army. But their gallantry and fighting prowess were praised even by their enemies in battle. At the Battle of Sobraon, the British were commanded by the commander-in-chief of the Bengal army Sir Hugh Gough. The commanders in the Sikh side included Tej Singh (who is believed to have betrayed his team), Lal Singh and Sham Singh Attariwala. In the battle that ensued on 10 February, the British forces attacked the weakest point of the Sikh defence. Again, it is believed that Lal Singh had supplied this vital information to the British. After the fierce battle was fought and firing ceased, the Sikhs had lost about 10000 men and 67 of their guns. The British suffered about 230 casualties. It was a decisive victory for the British. This marked the end of the First Anglo- Sikh War. The Treaty of Lahore was signed on 9 March 1846 between the Governor-General Henry Hardinge and Maharaja Duleep Singh, the 7-year old king of the Sikh Empire. This treaty reduced Sikh territorial possessions a great deal and also handed independence to the Raja of Jammu Gulab Singh, who acquired Jammy by paying a sum to the East India Company. A British resident was to be appointed at the Lahore Durbar.

22.Write a note on Nuclear and Radiological disasters.

Answer: Introduction

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• The growth in the application of nuclear science and technology in the fields of power generation, medicine, industry, agriculture, research and defence has led to an increase in the risk of occurrence of Nuclear and Radiological emergencies. • India is also one amongst the seven declared nuclear weapon states, which uses nuclear technology for strategic purposes. • The phenomenal growth in the applications of radioisotopes and radiation technology has helped in improving the quality of life of the human race. • Nuclear plants, in general, adopt a defense- in-depth approach and multiple physical barriers to ensure that radioactivity is contained at all times. Emergency preparedness and response plans are in place to cope with nuclear or radiological emergency scenarios ranging from minor incidents like a small spillage of radioactive material to a major nuclear accident releasing large-scale radioactivity (like Chernobyl) in the public domain. • However, nuclear emergencies can still arise due to factors beyond the control of the operating agencies; e.g., human error, system failure, sabotage, earthquake, cyclone, flood, etc Nuclear or radiological emergency disaster scenario Any radiation incident resulting in or having a potential to result in exposure to and/or contamination of the workers or the public in excess of the respective permissible limits can be termed is a nuclear/ radiological emergency.

These emergencies can be broadly classified in the following manner:

1. An accident-taking place in any nuclear facility of the nuclear fuel cycle. 2. A 'criticality' accident in a nuclear fuel cycle facility where an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction takes-place. 3. An accident during the transportation of radioactive material. 4. The Male-volent use of radioactive material as Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) by terrorists. 5. A large-scale nuclear disaster resulting from a nuclear weapon attack (as had happened at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan), The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classifies the above emergency scenarios under- two broad categories nuclear and radiological: • A nuclear emergency refers to an emergency situation in which there is, or is presumed to be, a hazard due to the release of energy along with radiation from a nuclear chain reaction. • All other emergency situations, which have the potential hazard of radiation exposure due to decay of radioisotopes are classified as radiological emergencies.

23.How climate is an important factor in soil formation?

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Answer: Some of the important factors responsible for soil formation in India are as follows: 1. Parent Material 2. Relief 3. Climate 4. Natural Vegetation Parent Material: The material for soil formation is mainly derived from the rocks and is termed as the parent material by soil scientists. The parent material determines the colouration of the soil, its mineral composition and texture. India possesses a great variety of parent material which is generally categorised into following six classes: (i) Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks (ii) Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks (iii) Gondwana rocks (iv) Deccan basalts (v) Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India (vi) Recent and sub-recent rocks.

Relief: Relief influences the process of soil formation in many ways, the most important being the slope of land. Steep slope encourages the swift flow of water and hinders the process of soil formation. There may even be soil erosion in areas of steep slope. Chambal ravines offer an important example of soil erosion. The areas of low relief or gentle slope generally experience deposition and have deep soils. Because of this reason, there are thick layers of fertile alluvial soils in the northern plain of India whereas the soils are generally shallow in the plateau area. The exceptions in the plateau are river basins where the soil layers are sufficiently deep. The degree of slope also largely determines the fertility of soil.

Climate: Climate is the single most important factor in soil formation. Most important climatic factors affecting soil formation are the amount and seasonal distribution of temperature and rainfall. Climate controls the type and effectiveness of weathering of the parent material, the quantity of water seeping through the soil and the type of micro-organisms present therein.

Natural Vegetation: Natural vegetation reflects the combined effects of relief and climate. The formation and development of soil is very much influenced by the growth of vegetation. The decayed leaf material adds much needed humus to soil thereby increasing its fertility. The densely forested areas contain some of the best soils in

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India. There is a close relationship between the vegetation types and soil types in India.

24.Give an account of Spiti Basin.

Answer: Spiti River originates from Kunzum Range, which is located at a height of 16,000 ft above sea level. Kabzian and Tegpo streams are the main tributaries of this river. A number of water streams coming out of the eminent Pin valley are also part of this river system. It is interesting to note that the position of this river across Himalayan range withdraws it from benefits of the South-West winds that cause widespread rain in all the major parts of India between June and September. River Spiti gets its waters from the glaciers that melt at the top of the Himalayan range. The river initially flows through Spiti valley and then meets Satluj River in Kannur. It flows in South-West direction towards Himachal Pradesh. Beautiful, hefty mountains rise to high elevations on the edge of Spiti River and its tributaries. These mountains are barren and they are mostly devoid of a vegetative cover. Major settlements of Spiti River along with its tributaries are Dhankar Gompa and Hansi. The Spiti river system is a great center for cultural arts and Buddhists and their major attractions include Tabo and Ki monasteries. These monasteries are a beloved place of Dalai Lama. They represent intense beauty and holiness simultaneously. The side scene of this river is absolutely perfect for cinematography and spectacular scenery. A number of Indian movies have been shot at by this riverside. The silence of this river deeply describes Buddhist culture and monasteries. This has made it home to Buchen Lamas, which is a Buddhist sect. This river initially flows towards east till Kaurik and then takes a turn towards south to join river Satlujat Khabwhich is at the height of 2589 meters and one of the best tourist attractions of this area. The deep color of this river’s water is sure to mesmerize viewers with its intense beauty. This has made Spiti River a popular tourist destination for national and international travelers. The Buddhist connection has enhanced its popularity. Spiti River is an epitome of natural beauty with many small water streams ending in Spiti River. A major tributary on left side of Spiti River is Chaladogpo and there are many important ones on the right side—Yulang, Lipak and Tirasang. The calm of this river is sure to relax the one who is disturbed or looking for a peaceful escape. There is a beautiful Spiti Lake as well where people come to celebrate

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25.Write Social, Economic and cultural reasons in regard to child Marriage in

Indian Society.

Answer: Child marriages are manifested by multiple factors which can be broadly classified as socio-cultural, economic and religious factors. The key issues which have linkages with child marriage include education, rural-urban divide, caste/ethnicity and economic status of the family. However, these factors do not determine the women's age at marriage independently; rather these factors are interrelated and produce a collective effect to determine the women's age at marriage. For example, people of certain caste/ethnic groups who belong to relatively low social position in local caste hierarchy are generally deprived in economic terms as well. The poor socio-economic status leads to poor access to education and subsequently less economic opportunities. Poverty supplements the problem and in order to support the family even minors are drawn in to earn. This deprives the minor from educational and other career opportunities subsequently resulting in early marriage. This vicious circle continues in the next generations as well.

It doesn't end here; there are other factors which contribute to the menace and make it even more complex to intervene. In countries like India, there are traditions such as dowry where parents of the young woman are obliged to give gifts to the spouse and his family, and the amount of dowry increases in proportion with age and education of the girl child. This is one of the major reasons for marrying girls at a young age as this helps in plummeting the burden of dowry. Therefore, Child

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Traditional practices particularly in certain selected districts of Rajasthan, India also contribute to the problem of Child marriage. On the auspicious day of Akha Teej, the mass solemnization of marriages between young boys and girls is performed. From the parents’ point of view, this is the tried and tested way of organizing the passing on of property and wealth within the family. It is intimidating to note that a small but significant proportion of the children involved are under age 10, and some are mere toddlers of two or three-years-old.

Child marriage is a social phenomenon practiced in some of the communities/regions where girls/boys marry before legal age at marriage. The global data suggests that more than one third of women aged 20-24 were married or in union before they reached 18 years of age as per UNICEF's report- The State of the World's Children 2006. It may not be astounding to note that approximately 40 percent of girls are married before the legal age of marriage (18 years) in the state of Bihar and West Bengal.

Attempt all question. Answer to Question No. 26 to 28 should not exceed to 400 words in each case. Content of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 20 marks.

26.What is Rajrishi concept of chanakya? What were chanakya’s observation

and solution for corruption.

Answer: The king should be a leader – Rajrishi concept  The concept of Rajrishi is very similar to that of the Philosopher King by Plato.  An ideal leader is a combination of Raja and Rishi. Like a Raja, he is dynamic, active, has decision-making capacity. At the same time, he should be able to connect with the spiritual and higher level of the world by being wise, should focus on philosophy.  A king should be promulgator of Dharma.  He should be a model for the masses.  There should be royal idealism in him  He should possess the quality of inviting nature, self-restraint and spirit, intellect and intuition, enthusiasm.

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 He should control his lust, greed and attachment, vanity and pride.  Dharma should be considered as a social duty, moral law based on truth, civil law and performance of rituals by the king.  Satya, Ahimsa, celibacy and non-stealing should be prescribed for him  The king can promulgate new laws, but the basic principles should stick to the idea of Shastras.  He should be a affirm believer in the moral order of the universe.

Chanakya’s observations on Corruption  Chanakya believed there should not be too much of personal interaction in professional life else it leads to corruption and hierarchy.  A man by nature is selfish and brutal. A man is like a horse that roams about when left free and hence fickle mind. One cannot be honest lifelong.  Team work is very important.  There should not be a waste of labour.  Nepotism and favouritism were also mentioned by Kautilya by government officials to favour their family members, friends etc.  He also mentioned about the corruption in the judiciary and mentioned about strict punishment if innocents are penalized, else there is pendency of cases.  Taxes should be collected by being sweet and manipulative with sugar coated words which serve the purpose of both the state and the citizens.  A strict vigilance and monitoring on all the officials were the call of Chanakya. Kautilya’s Solution for corruption  Kautilya believed in keeping spies to look after if the officials carried forward their work properly.  He also mentioned about the whistleblowers. They were given awards and incentives to blow off the corruption.  Public honour boosts their confidence and gives them a sense of pride of being more honest in future.  However, if wrong information is passed off, they were punished too. The death penalty was given for them.  Kautilya believed that government servants should be frequently transferred from one place to other so that corruption cannot start at a place.  Certain posts should be made temporary because permanency makes government servants haughty and they can take leverage.  Superintendents cannot take new mechanism without informing the king. Hence the concept of accountability was proposed by Kautilya.

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 Chanakya wrote that dispensing with the service of too many government servants is conducive to financial prosperity. This would help in faster and effective decision making. This reduces the scope of bribery and corruption in general.

27.What is the important of accountability for public officials? What are

facets of Accountability?

Answer: Accountability is a mechanism designed to ensure that the affairs or the entities are conducted with due regard to the interests of those who are interested in the affairs of the entity. Accountability guarantees actions and decisions taken by public officials regarding government initiatives and respond to the needs of the community thereby contributing to better governance and poverty reduction. It also means their decisions and actions are subject to oversight so as to guarantee that their stated objectives are met. The Good governance recognizes accountability in terms of improving the delivery of public services, measuring performance and providing incentives to achieve targets and sanctions in case of non-performance. Accountability is not to be viewed only in terms of democratic control and integrity of operations but also in terms of performance. Through series of reform measures such as Financial Management Initiative, creation of Executive Agencies, Citizen’s Charter, and Public Service Agreement, complete transformation of bureaucratic structure and efficient public service, accountability is embedded. Several countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Canada and USA have embraced the philosophy of accountability and brought significant improvement in public service delivery and efficiency. USA has enacted a Government Result and Performance Act 1993.

The basic characteristics of Accountability can be summarized as follows:  Definition of goals of the institution and powers, functions and resources committed thereto  Planning, directing, supervision and control of activities/operations

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 Recording of transactions  Audit by an independent authority  Final disposal of the accountability responsibility Accountability is important in evaluating the on-going effectiveness of public officials or bodies ensures that they are performing to their full potential, providing value for money, instilling confidence in the government and being responsive to the community. Bureaucracy is a social institution, and its members, do not shrink from exercising this power in their own favour, unconcerned about, or to the detriment of, the people whom they profess to serve. No government, of whatever complexion, can evade the need for accountability. In a democracy, accountability inevitably assumes a pre-eminent position as it derives its legitimacy from the people at large. Accountability is at the heart of every government, what the nature of that accountability, and how it is articulated, however, depends upon the kind of polity a country has. The greater the need for accountability, the greater is the difficulty of its enforcement. Bureaucracy tends to monopolize within itself awesome power, which is not necessarily used for the citizen’s welfare. Accountability is important in good governance to keep the public servants tuned to the right perspective, including goals; society needs to have at its disposal definite ways of holding the servants accountable.

28. Write a note on

a. Bhuddi Diwali

b. Pathronka Mela

c. Bhunda Festival

d. Atta-Satta ka Nats.

Answer: Bhuddi Diwali- Buddhi Diwali is mainly celebrated in Ani and Nirmand in Kullu district, Shillai in Sirmaur district and Chopal in Shimla district. Its considered a festival of animal sacrifice.During the three day festival, locals dance and sing folklores related to the

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Pathron ka Mela- It represents a strange gathering, where people pelt small stones at each other in a spirit of celebration. They get injured and the blood that pours from their wounds is used to smear a “tilka” on the forehead of Goddess Kali. The fair is held in the Halog village of tehsil Shimla, capital of erstwhile Dhami state. The fair is a unique feature of Dhami’s cultural life. There are many customs and legends behind the celebration of the event. According to one legend when Narbali i.e. human sacrifice, was offered to appease Kali Devi in the state. Later, Rani of the state of Dhami put an end to this cruel custom. In lieu of the human sacrifice, a new tradition of throwing stones at each other was started and one who got wounded, his blood was applied as a Tilak to the Devi. However, according to another legend, the story behind the fair relates to a girl of Halog, who was engaged to Prince of Rangoili. Due to enmity, people of Jamog poisoned the Prince just before the marriage. The girl burnt herself at the pyre of her would be husband and became a sati. Villagers from both sides then took positions against each other and fought with stones. Since then this event is observed every year in the form of festival of stones. According to custom, the stone pelting exercise takes place between residents of Halog and Jamog. They line up on either side of the circular structure where the girl has committed sati and throw a virtual shower of stones at each other. These stones are not very large. The fair begins when the priest of Narsingh Devta temple, housed in Dhami’s crumbling Palace walks to the Kali Devi temple accompanied by a team of musicians.

BHunda Festival

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Bhunda is a three day local festival, celebrated in the Nirmand region of Himachal Pradesh. A man from the Beda tribe is chosen to perform all the rituals of the ceremony and also gamble his life by agreeing to slide down a deep ravine on a grass rope. With the help of his tribesmen, the Beda man weaves a sacred rope from munji grass on which he is supposed to glide on the day of the traditional ceremony. The length of this sacred rope is generally kept around 500 meters. It is clamped across a deep ravine, known as the “well of death.” After the pundits perform a puja in the presence of numerous local devi and devtas (Gods and Goddesses), the Beda man sits on a wooden sledge, his hands are positioned upwards and he slides across the ravine. His wife, in the meantime is adorned with jewelry and declared a widow in case her husband dies. His death indicates that the devtas have accepted their sacrifice. But if he escapes death, he is accompanied to a nearby temple, where he is worshipped with the devtas.

Dhari & Atta-Satta Ka Nata Different communities in Himachal follow their own rituals which they have preserved zealously despite modernization. For instance in parts of Sirmaur and Shimla, people practice reverse dowry system, which is locally known as Dhari. Under this system, the groom’s father pays a certain amount of money to the bride’s father to meet the expenses of the marriage. Another unusual betrothal system practiced in certain parts of Himachal Pradesh is atta-satta ka nata. Here, a series of marriages are arranged by the relatives of boys and girls of marriageable age. Following the age old tradition, a father promises the hand of his daughter to another’s son on the condition that the latter will give his daughter to the third man’s son, who in turn will promise her hand to the first man.

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