South Korea's 70-Year Endeavor for Foreign Policy, National Defense

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South Korea’s 70-Year Endeavor for Foreign Policy, National Defense, and Unification Sung-Wook Nam • Sang-Woo Rhee Myongsob Kim • Young-Ho Kim Yong-Sub Han • Young-Soon Chung Seong-Ok Yoo South Korea’s 70-Year Endeavor for Foreign Policy, National Defense, and Unification Sung-Wook Nam Sang-Woo Rhee Department of Unification and New Asia Research Institute Diplomacy Seoul, South Korea Korea University Seoul, South Korea Young-Ho Kim Department of Political Science and Myongsob Kim Foreign Affairs Department of Political Science and Sungshin Women’s University Diplomacy Seoul, South Korea Yonsei University Seoul, South Korea Young-Soon Chung Graduate School of Korean Studies Yong-Sub Han Academy of Korean Studies Korea National Defense University Seongnam, South Korea Nonsan, South Korea

Seong-Ok Yoo Institute for National Security Strategy Seoul, South Korea

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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface: The ROK’s International Standing Solidified by the Korean People’s Commitment

The year 2015 marks the 70th anniversary of Korea’s independence from Japan. Over the past seven decades, the Korean people built “the Republic of Korea”, endured the Korean War, and went through major events like the April 19 Revolution, the May 16 Coup, and the June 29 Declaration along the nation’s long and tumultuous path toward democracy. Amid the Cold War, the global ideological confrontation between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, and the fierce competition between the global superpowers, the Korean people overcame the tribulations and crises with endurance, wisdom, and endeavor. And finally, the Korean people have successfully achieved the difficult tasks of building “democracy”, “self- defense capability”, and “industrialization”. Taking this opportunity, we would like to look back on the proud 70-year journey that the Koreans have made so far. The modern history of the Republic of Korea (ROK) is filled with events that the fledgling democratic republic has gone through, overcom- ing all the obstacles as well as internal and external challenges in the pro- cess of joining the ranks of advanced nations in just half of a century through industrialization and democratization. People make history. People, the main agents of history, showed the nation the way to go and surmounted tribulations with courage, wisdom, and persistent endeavor. In that sense, the modern history of the ROK is the records of collective efforts made by its people. The ROK was founded in 1948 as a democratic republic, 38 years after the Korean Empire had lost its sovereignty to imperial Japan by forceful

v vi PREFACE: THE ROK’S INTERNATIONAL STANDING SOLIDIFIED… annexation in 1910—the 38-year period includes 35 years of Japanese colonial rule and subsequent 3 years of military administration by the United States and USSR. The establishment of the ROK in 1948 was a landmark accomplish- ment in the history of Korea. It was the nation’s wise and brave decision to choose liberal democracy as the form of new republic for the first time in the history of Korea, unshackling after two millennia of monarchy. It was a courageous decision to join the global trend by establishing a democratic republic which embodied free and democratic ideology as its national policy reflecting the twentieth-centuryZeitgeist . Moreover, it was a tri- umph achieved by the people of Korea who overcame enormous domestic resistance and hindrance from the international community on its journey to establishing the ROK. And the nation-building was achieved by standing against the scheme of USSR, which led the communist Eastern Bloc, to communize the Korean Peninsula. Excluding the Soviet-controlled North, the ROK was established in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula in 1948 and was invaded by the Soviet- and Chinese-backed communist North in 1950, suffering the devastating Korean War for three years. The war took the lives of nearly 10 percent of the total population and laid the entire nation to waste. Koreans rose from the ashes of war and rebuilt the nation. Amid harsh realities of the Cold War, the people of Korea surprised the world by emerging from poverty enduring so many hardships and sufferings, and building the proud nation which achieved both industrialization and democratization in just a half century. The contemporary Koreans who witnessed the nation’s transformation take a great deal of pride in the fact that such achievement was made possible thanks to the people’s united will, perseverance, and superhuman efforts. Once one of the poorest countries in the world, the ROK is now standing tall as an advanced sov- ereign state recognized by the global community. With that pride, the Korean people are renewing their will to build a nation that would enjoy more matured democracy, a nation where all the people can flourish and thrive, and a nation that eventually will accommodate their 24-million North Korean brethren within the same national community. Koreans have gone through the past 70 years since the liberation from Japan, the period that can be divided into four main phases: the first phase during which a democratic republic was established, the second phase during which the ROK emerged from poverty and laid the foundation for PREFACE: THE ROK’S INTERNATIONAL STANDING SOLIDIFIED… vii industrialization and economic growth, the third phase during which the democratic system took root, and finally the fourth phase where the nation succeeded in industrialization and democratization, subsequently joined the ranks of advanced nations, and pushed ahead with efforts to establish national independence with the vision for a greater Korea. This book delves into the Korean people’s achievement in foreign policy, national defense, and unification endeavors made along the journey of implementing the tasks of “nation-building”, “securing national defense”, and “economic growth” for the past 70 years. It will also look into the ROK’s foreign policy efforts to elevate its international status amid rapid globalization, military efforts to defend against North Korean provoca- tions, and unification policy which has been adjusted to the changes in inter-Korean relations. This book is not a collection of independent academic research papers but a compilation by each expert on the subject reflecting various views and assertions delivered by scholars at home and abroad, government publications, relevant references, and bibliographies. In this book, instead of insisting on authors’ personal views, the authors intended to help readers grasp the course of ROK’s history from the nation-building till today by giving a comprehensive overview of the nation’s history over the past seven decades based on objectively proven documents. This book is co-authored by seven contributors. And in token of taking responsibility for his/her writing, the author of each chapter is revealed. The co-authors of this book hope this book will help readers better under- stand the history of ROK’s development and heighten our common sense of national pride. Since its independence from Japanese colonial rule, the Republic of Korea has strived to build a democratic republic over the past seven decades and finally became a full-fledged industrialized and democratized country in just a half a century. The path toward its democratization and industrialization was a winding road. In this book, we spotlighted Korea’s foreign policy efforts in the past decades(in its modern history) to establish its firm position in the international community surrounded by neigh- boring superpowers, development of its military which has been defending its people and sovereignty, and its endeavor to realize free, democratic, and peaceful reunification of the two Koreas. Taking stock of the foreign, national defense, and unification policies the ROK has implemented for viii PREFACE: THE ROK’S INTERNATIONAL STANDING SOLIDIFIED… the past decades, we would like to take a deeper look into the mistakes that have been made in the past, and to suggest what challenges may lay ahead.

Seoul, Republic of Korea The Academy of Korean Studies Press October 2015 Rhee Sang-Woo on behalf of the authors Contents

1 Introduction: South Korea’s 70-Year Endeavor in the Areas of Foreign Policy, National Defense, and National Unification—Retrospect and Vision for the Future 1

2 Two Koreas in International History 37

3 Diplomatic Achievement of the Republic of Korea and Challenges in the Twenty-First Century 87

4 Seventy Years of Independence and Inter-Korean Relations 121

5 ROK’s Unification Policy to Overcome National Division 151

6 Robust Defense Policy of ROK 219

7 Challenges and Vision for Advanced and Unified Korea 249

ix About the Authors

Sung-Wook Nam holds BA/MA in Economics from Korea University, and a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Missouri- Columbia, USA. He is a professor in the Department of Unification and Diplomacy, Korea University. He served as the Secretary to the National Unification Advisory Council, President of Institute for National Security Strategy, Director of Center for North Korean Studies, Korea University, and President of the Research Institute for South-North Economy, the President of the Korea Association of Northern Studies, member of Advisory Committee at Ministry of National Defense, KBS guest com- mentator on the North Korean issues. He is the author of books and papers including Dilemma Between Opening and Closure: Dual Economic Structure of North Korea, The Korean Peninsula Coexistence Project, and The Sudden Change in North Korea and Our Response. Sang-Woo Rhee graduated from Seoul National University and received his PhD in Political Science from the University of Hawaii. He was Professor of Political Science at Kyunghee University and Sogang University, and served as President of Hallym University. Rhee also served as President of the Korean Association of International Studies, Chairman of the Presidential Commission of the 21st Century, President of National Defense Advancement Committee, and Chairman of Council on Foreign Policy Competitiveness. His publication includes Our Republic of Korea: Proposals for a Brighter Future, Theories of International Politics, Security Environment of Korea IㆍII, Evolution of North Korean Theocracy.

xi xii ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Myongsob Kim graduated from the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy, Yonsei University, and received his PhD in Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne University. He is a professor in the Department of Political Science and Diplomacy, Yonsei University. He is serving as the President of the Korean Association for Political and Diplomatic History. He is also an editorial board member for Geopolitics. He is the author of The Cognition of the History Before and After the Liberation from Japan (co-author), Northeast Asia and the Two Koreas (co-author), War and Peace: The 6.25 War in Korea and the Birth of the Korean Armistice Regime. Young-Ho Kim graduated from the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Seoul National University, and received his PhD from the Department of Government and Foreign Affairs University of Virginia. He is a professor in the Department of Political Science and Foreign Affairs, Sung Shin Women’ University, Seoul. He served as a member of the Committee for Inter-Korean Relations of the Ministry of Unification and the Secretary to the President for Unification, Office of the President of the Republic of Korea. He is an author of Korea and International Politics, The Korean Revolution I. II, Political Dialogue. Young-Soon Chung graduated from the Department of History, Sungkyunkwan University, and received her PhD in Philosophy, Berlin Humboldt University, Germany. She is a professor at Graduate School of Korean Studies, the Academy of Korean Studies. She was a standing member of National Unification Advisory Council, a member of the Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Unification, a member of Curriculum Review Committee, and Chairman of the Korean Social Science Research Academy. She is the author of Chuch’e-Idee und(Neo-)Konfuzianismus in Nordkorea, History of Korea, and Korea’s Nationalism and National Movements in the Modern History. Seong-Ok Yoo holds a BA degree in English Language and Literature and a PhD in International Politics from Korea University. He is serving as a member of Unification Preparatory Committee and President of Institute for National Security Strategy. He was a member of National Security Council, guest researcher at Sigur Center, George Washington University, USA, adviser for Inter-Korean Ministerial Meeting, and Delegation of the Six-Party Talks. He also served as President of the Institute for National Security Strategy, a member of Advisory Committee ABOUT THE AUTHORS xiii for Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Vice President of the Korean Political Science Association. He is the author of Research on Conflict over Unification of Two Koreas, Theoretical Study on the Dynamics of North Korea’s Nuclear Policy, and Comparison of Unification Policy of Two Koreas. Yong-Sub Han graduated from the Department of Political Science, Seoul National University, and received his PhD in Public Policy from the RAND Graduate School. He served as the Director of the Research Institute for National Security Affairs at Korea National Defense University (KNDU) and Vice President of the KNDU. He is a professor at Graduate School of Security, KNDU. He also served as President of Korea Nuclear Policy Society, President of the Korean Association of Peace Studies, and Vice President of the Korean Association of International Studies. He was an exchange professor at China Foreign Affairs University and Fudan University. His publications include Peace and Arms Control on the Korean Peninsula, Theories of Defense Policy, and Self-Reliance or Alliance. List of Tables

Table 6.1 South Korean contributions to defense burden sharing 1991–2000 (in US$100 million) 229 Table 6.2 South Korea’s defense exports, 2005–2014 (in US$100 million) 237 Table 7.1 Estimates of unification cost 256 Table 7.2 Estimated benefits of unification of Korea 267 Table 7.3 Comparison of costs and benefits of each unification model 278 Table 7.4 Unification costs vs. unification benefits 280