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Vaccinium Macrocarpon Ait.) STORAGE ROT in LATVIA Lîga Vilka* and Biruta Bankina**

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Vaccinium Macrocarpon Ait.) STORAGE ROT in LATVIA Lîga Vilka* and Biruta Bankina** PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 67 (2013), No. 2 (683), pp. 179–183. DOI: 10.2478/prolas-2013-0028 INCIDENCE OF CRANBERRY (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) STORAGE ROT IN LATVIA Lîga Vilka* and Biruta Bankina** * Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre, Latvia University of Agriculture, Struktoru iela 14 a, Rîga, LATVIA, LV-1006; [email protected] ** Institute of Soil and Plant Science, Latvia University of Agriculture, Lielâ iela 2, Jelgava, LATVIA, LV-3001 Communicated by Edîte Kaufmane The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is a promising perspective and marketable crop both in Latvia and foreign markets, but an important problem is fruit rot in storage. The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of cranberry fruit rot in storage from fruit collected in different locations in Latvia. In 2007–2011, two hundred sound berries (total 1200) were randomly collected by hand along a diagonal from six different cranberry plantations from locations all over Latvia in every year. Berries were kept in plastic polyethylene (PE-LD 04) bags for four months, refrigerated at +7 °C, 83% relative humidity. At the end of each month, berries were evaluated and rotten berries were separated from the sound ones. Over the period of 2007–2011, the opti- mal time for cranberry storage was two months, when losses due to fruit rot reached up to 18–21%. The incidence of storage rot at the end of storage period after four months (February) reached 50–88%. The hot and rainy summer of 2010 significantly reduced the quality of fruit in storage, and spoilage reached on the average 88% (74–100%) of berries in the plantations. The incidence of fruit rot varied among the surveyed cranberry growing sites. Storage rot is a problem in cranberry samples from all inspected plantations in Latvia and in the future, the incidence of fruit rot is expected to increase, because the greatest part of growers believe that American cran- berries can grow in the same way as wild cranberries, without fertilisation and pesticide use. Key words: cranberry, infection rate, shelf-life. INTRODUCTION vaccinii, Coleophoma empetri, Phyllosticta elongata, Phy- salospora vaccinii, Pestalotia vaccinii, Gloeosporium In Latvia, the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon minus and Discosia artocreas (Vilka et al., 2009). Ait.) is a promising perspective and marketable crop. American cranberry has been cultivated for fifteen years in Fruit rot is the most important problem after cranberry har- Latvia. The cranberry fruit is used in three ways: frozen, vest in North America, as it reduces the quality of yield in processed into juice or other products and stored as fresh storage. fruit. Over time, the quality of fresh fruit declines and the cost of storage increases, but this offers an opportunity to Incidence of berry rot during storage has been investigated use fresh fruit for some months after harvest. Fresh fruit by researchers in different places and different conditions was observed to account for about 10% of total North (Stretch and Ceponis, 1983; Blodgett et al., 2002; Olatinwo American sales and only some growers stored berries until et al., 2004; Forney, 2008). Optimal conditions for the stor- November or December (Forney, 2003; Olatinwo et al., age of fresh cranberry fruit have been investigated for many 2004). years in North America (Forney 2008), and it is known that but the amount of decayed berries varies between growing Along with the trend of plantations increasing in size every sites and seasons (Olatinwo et al., 2004). In recent years, year in Latvia, the spread of diseases, including fruit rot, is Olatinwo et al. obtained wide range of incidence of fruit rot turning into one of the most important risk factors in cran- in storage from many plantations in Michigan after one berry cultivation. In Latvia, the first investigations of fruit month in storage (5 °C); incidence of fruit rot for ‘Stevens’ rot were started in 2006 (Vilka et al., 2009b). Cranberry varied widely from 5–85% (2000) and 3–40% (2001) in dif- fruit rot is a disease complex that can be caused by several ferent growing sites (Olatinwo et al., 2004). When berries pathogens in Latvia, such as: Botrytis cinerea, Allantopho- were water harvested and stored at 5 °C, after 7.5 weeks, in- mopsis cytisporea, Fusiccocum putrefaciens, Phomopsis cidence of fruit rot was 16–52% (2000). However, in Wis- Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci., Section B, Vol. 67 (2013), No. 2. 179 consin, berries, that were harvested by hand and stored at Table 1 6 °C, after six weeks incidence of decayed berries was only ASSESSMENT OF CRANBERRY ROT IN STORAGE BY SURVEY 4–6% (Blodgett et al., 2002). YEARS When berries were harvested by wet method, incidence of Year of Berry Number of days after harvesting fruit rot in storage after ten weeks reached 8.5%, compared assessment harvest date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th to 5–6.5% when harvested by hand in Wisconsin (Stretch in October assessment assessment assessment assessment and Ceponis, 1983). Hand-picking of berries is an expen- (end of (end of (end of (end of November) December) January) February) sive method, but it decreases risk of berry infection by 2007 13 ± 4 days 48 79 110 138 fungi. 2009 23 ± 4 days 39 70 101 129 Forney (2008) studied the relationships of temperature and 2010 7 ± 3 days 54 85 116 144 humidity on the storage life of fresh cranberry. The effects 2011 4 ± 2 days 57 88 119 147 of storage temperatures from 0 to 7 oC on marketable fruit after two to five months of storage were not significant and after two months the proportion of decayed berries reached tion (growing site) and placed in plastic bags (polyethylene, up to 20%. The storage life of cranberry fruit was affected PE-LD 04). Each plastic bag (size 15 × 22 cm) contained more by storage relative humidity (RH) than by tempera- 100 berries. The plantations were inspected within a period ture. Optimal humidity conditions for storage was 75–82% of a few days (maximum week). Berries were placed in a RH (Forey, 2008). refrigerator at the same time for fruit rot detection in stor- age. In each season 1200 berries were evaluated. The same The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of method was used in each year of study. The berries were in- cranberry fruit rot in storage from different cranberry grow- vestigated for a four–month period of refrigeration at +7 °C, ing sites in Latvia. 83% ±2 relative humidity. At the end of each month (time depended on harvesting), berries were sorted and rotten ber- ries were separated from the sound ones (Table 1). Decayed MATERIALS AND METHODS fruit were identified by discoloration and softening. They Six cranberry plantations in different locations (Talsi, were removed for identification of the causal agent(s) of the Babîte, Alsunga, Rucava, Ape and Pârgauja municipality) storage rot, and the remaining marketable berries were of Latvia (see map, Fig. 1) were surveyed at harvest. Most placed back into the refrigerator. of the plantations were established after peat extraction with The surface of rotted berries was disinfested in 95% ethanol cultivation started between from 1995 (the oldest) and 2002 solution for 1–2 minutes. With a sterile scalpel, pieces of (the youngest). Only two of the six plantations used fungi- the berries were placed on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) for cides. Fungicide applications were developed based on rec- causal agent detection. Plates were incubated at 20–25 °C ommendations in North America and cranberry grower ex- for three to four weeks (Waller et al., 1998; McManus et perience from Belarus. More details of the plantations al., 2003; Olatinwo et al., 2004). Fungi were identified di- surveyed were described earlier (Vilka and Bankina, 2012). rectly on the isolation plates by comparing morphological The samples were taken from cultivar ‘Stevens’. The obser- characteristics of the spores and spore bearing structures vations were carried out in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011. with descriptions in the literature (Caruso and Ramsdell, Berries were harvested depending on the ripening time (Ta- 1995, at pp. 27–47). ble 1) at the six cranberry plantations and the harvest time In 2010, excess precipitation persisted for several months differed between years. (May to September) in comparison with other years. One hundred sound randomised, medium-sized berries in Weather conditions of the growing seasons in 2007, 2009 two replicates (total 200) were sampled from each planta- and 2011 were typical of long-term weather conditions. A considerably higher amount of precipitation was observed in August 2010, when it the long-term average by 190% and reached 147 mm. The precipitation was particularly high in the Rucava municipality. The results of the trials were statistically processed with Mi- crosoft Excel for windows and the computer program SPSS 17.0 statistics package. The obtained data were analysed us- ing descriptive statistics, and significance (P < 0.05) of the differences between the samples was assessed using single factor ANOVA. The infection rate of fruit rot was calculated by formula (1), recommended by J. E. Van der Plank (cited by Krantz, Fig. 1. Surveyed cranberry plantations in Latvia. 2003). Infection rate describes the speed of changes of dis- 180 Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci., Section B, Vol. 67 (2013), No. 2. ease development over time depending on different factors, in this case — period of storage. Infection rate was ex- pressed by condition units of disease units per period of time or for the entire period of disease progress (cited by Krantz, 2003). ln(xx21 )− ln( ) r1 = , (1) tt21− r1 – rate of infection; x2 – number of rotted fruit in next time of assessment; Fig 3.
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