Deliverable 2.1: Technical and Socio-Economic Conditions
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Ref. Ares(2018)5593330 - 31/10/2018 Deliverable 2.1: Technical and socio-economic conditions A literature review of social acceptance of wind energy development, and an overview of the technical, socio- economic and regulatory starting conditions in the wind energy scarce target regions Date: 29.10.18 Version V2 Summary WP 2 Name of the WP: Social acceptance analyses in target regions/communities Dissemination Public Due delivery date: 28 February 2018 level: Nature: Report Actual delivery date: 08 June 2018 Lead beneficiary: CICERO Contributing beneficiaries: All partners Lead authors: Kristin Linnerud, Stine Aakre and Merethe Dotterud Leiren Contributing authors: Freie Universität Berlin (FFU), Authors: seecon Ingenieure, ENEA, Ecoazioni, Institute of Physical Energetics (IPE), Latvian Environmental Investment Fund (LEIF), Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE). Polish National Energy Conservation Agency (KAPE), ECORYS ES, ACER Document history Reviewed/Approved Version Date Submitted by Partner Date by/Partner V0 13.05.18 Stine Aakre CICERO Reviewed by FFU 24.05.18 Reviewed by IPE and V0 13.05.18 Stine Aakre CICERO 17.05.18 and 07.06.18 KAPE VI 08.06.18 Stine Aakre CICERO Reviewed by FFU 08.06.18 Reviewed & approved V2 29.10.18 Merethe D. Leiren CICERO 31.10.18 by FFU, R. Di Nucci WinWind has received funding from European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement Nº 764717. The sole responsibility for any errors or omissions made lies with the consortium. The content does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Commission. The European Commission is also not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. WinWind – 764717 Public D2.1 Technical, socio-economic and regulatory starting conditions in the wind energy scarce target regions Abstract The overall objective of the EU project WinWind is to enhance the (socially inclusive) deployment of wind energy by increasing social acceptance of, and support for, onshore wind energy in ‘wind energy scarce regions’ (WESR). The target regions are: Saxony and Thuringia in Germany, Lazio and Abruzzo in Italy, Latvia as a whole, Mid- Norway, the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland and the Balearic Islands in Spain. This report reviews existing literature on the social acceptance of wind energy development and provides an overview of the technical, socio-economic and regulatory starting conditions for conducting case studies of social acceptance of wind energy in the WESR regions. In part 1, we outline the objective of the WinWind project and of deliverable 2.1 (i.e., this report). Moreover, we present concepts and definitions relevant for the study of social acceptance, and a conceptual framework for analysing the factors that promote or inhibit social acceptance of wind energy. The WinWind project is primarily concerned with analysing community acceptance, but we also illustrate how acceptance at the local scale is related to socio-political and market acceptance. In part 2, we review the literature on social acceptance of wind energy, focusing in particular on the process of acceptability at the local level. On the one hand, wind energy projects can help achieve energy and climate policy goals and create economic value and employment. On the other, wind energy could potentially entail negative impacts on wildlife, property values and health and well-being. How such impacts are perceived will depend on different factors, including socio-psychological and socio- cultural factors, energy policy and planning frameworks, policy goals and how these are communicated; how the wind energy development and decision-making process is organised; how different stakeholders are involved; how economic benefits and costs are distributed and what ownership models are chosen. To capture the complexity of all these factors, the literature review draws on different strands in the literature including medicine and health sciences, environmental sciences, social sciences and engineering sciences. In part 3, we provide a brief description of the physical, technical and political context for wind energy development in each WES target region. We describe the technical conditions for wind energy and challenges related to market development and grid connectivity. We also describe relevant policies, support schemes and institutions that govern the development of wind energy. This part complements part 2 by focusing on factors that may influence social acceptance at the socio-political and market scale in the target regions of the WinWind project. We conclude the report by discussing what may potentially be the most important factors affecting social acceptance of wind energy in the WESRs. WinWind 2 WinWind – 764717 Public D2.1 Technical, socio-economic and regulatory starting conditions in the wind energy scarce target regions Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5 Concepts, categories and definitions ........................................................... 6 1.1.1 Community acceptance versus other dimensions of social acceptance ................6 1.1.2 The process of social acceptability and the outcome of social acceptance ...........7 A conceptual framework for analysing social acceptance .......................... 10 1.2.1 Impacts of wind energy development on the environment, economy and society 10 1.2.2 Factors shaping how wind energy projects are perceived and valued ................ 11 Structure of the remainder of this report .................................................... 14 2 Literature on the social acceptance of wind energy development ............. 15 Impacts of wind energy development ........................................................ 16 2.1.1 Technical factors and project design ................................................................... 16 2.1.2 Environmental impacts of wind energy development .......................................... 18 2.1.3 Economic impacts of wind energy development ................................................. 25 2.1.4 Societal impacts of wind energy development .................................................... 31 Factors shaping how wind energy projects are perceived and valued ....... 37 2.2.1 Context ................................................................................................................. 37 2.2.2 Individual characteristics ...................................................................................... 52 2.2.3 Policy and corporate measures to address acceptance related factors .............. 57 3 Technical, socio-economic and regulatory conditions for wind energy ........ 63 3.1 Germany ........................................................................................................ 64 ....................................................................................................................... 64 3.1.1 Technical conditions ............................................................................................ 64 3.1.2 Regulatory framework .......................................................................................... 69 3.1.3 Socio-economic conditions .................................................................................. 81 3.2 Italy ................................................................................................................ 88 3.2.1 Technical conditions ............................................................................................ 88 3.2.2 Regulatory framework .......................................................................................... 96 3.2.3 Socio-economic conditions ................................................................................ 100 3.3 Latvia ............................................................................................................103 3.3.1 Technical conditions .......................................................................................... 103 WinWind 3 WinWind – 764717 Public D2.1 Technical, socio-economic and regulatory starting conditions in the wind energy scarce target regions 3.3.2 Regulatory framework ........................................................................................ 109 3.3.3 Socio-economic conditions ................................................................................ 119 3.4 Norway .........................................................................................................121 3.4.1 Technical conditions ............................................................................................. 121 3.4.2 Regulatory conditions ........................................................................................... 125 3.4.3. Socio-economic conditions ............................................................................ 130 3.5 Poland ..........................................................................................................134 3.5.1 Technical conditions ............................................................................................. 134 3.5.2. Regulatory framework .................................................................................... 138 3.5.3 Socio-economic conditions ................................................................................... 142 3.6 Spain ............................................................................................................144