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INDEX

Aba, Sámuel (king of Hungary), 26 264, 276, 280, 281, 342, 343, 345, Abbas I (Shah), 106, 151 354, see also race laws under Jews Abdi Abdurrahman, 131 Apáczai, Csere, János, 112 Achim, András, 235 Apaﬁ Mihály (prince of Transylvania), Aczél, György, 329–30 129 Adenauer, Konrad, 347 Apponyi, Albert, 268 Ady, Endre 237, 255–6, 256 Apponyi, György, 234 Áder, János, 353 Aragon, House of, 41 administration, 23, 33, 35, 49, 57, 75, 103, Arany, János, 203, 231–2 141, 157–8, 202, 215, 226, 279, 289, architecture, 23, 227 296 Arcidiacono, Bruno, 295 agriculture, 82, 102, 155, 176, 218–19, 272 Arendt, Hannah, 333 agrarian socialist movement, 216 aristocracy, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 75, 81, Albe (Duke), 109 84, 123, 150, 264, 274 Ajtony, 20, 22 Arnolphe of Regensburg, 18 Albert of Habsburg (king of Hungary), Aron (voïvode of Moldavia), 105 60 Aron, Raymond, 313, 333 Alexander the Great, 50 Árpád, 13, 14, 16–17 Allies, 248, 259, 287, 290 Árpád, House of, 17, 30, 39 Álmos, 9, 11, 13 art, 50, 79, 169, 232, 279 Amadé family, 43 Arrow Cross party, see political parties András Angevin, 49 associations, circles, clubs, 159, 185, 230, András–Andrew I (king of Hungary), 26, 275 see also Galileo circle and Petöﬁ 27 circle András–Andrew II (king of Hungary), 33, Attila (King), 11 33 Attlee, Clement, 298 András–Andrew III the Venetian, 40 Augsburg, Battle of, 17 Andrássy, Gyula, 201, 212, 213 Augustus (Roman emperor), 1 Andrássy, Gyula (son), 234, 239 Aurelius, Marcus (Roman emperor), 2 Andropov, Yuri, 318, 321 Aurillac Gerbert d’, 121 Angevins, 40, 42, 46, 47 Austria, 188, 191, 195–6, 262, 279, 348 Anne de Candale, 81 Austrian Empire, 143, 158, 201, 206, see Anschluss, 280 also Habsburgs Antall, József, 339, 340, 341–2, 343, Austrian Succession, War of the, 139, 142 346–7, 348, 349, 350 Austria, House of, 73 anti-Semitism, 182–3, 224–5, 229, 261, Austro-Hungarian Compromise, 166

358 Index

Austro-Hungarian monarchy, 241–2, 244, Berzeviczy, Gergely, 162 246 Berzsenyi, Daniel, 162 Avars, 2, 3, 12, 14 Bessenyei, György, 153, 164 Ajtony, 20, 21, 22 Bethlen, Gábor (prince of Transylvania), AVO–AVH (political police), 300, 302, 118–19, 120, 121, 145 309, 310, 313, 316, 342 Bethlen, István, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 277, 279, 281, 283, 290, 292 Babits, Mihály, 276 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 240 Bach, Alexander von, 200–6 Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand, 207 Bácskai, Vera, 177 Bèze, Théodore, 107, 115 Baïan, 2 Bibó, István, 321, 324, 355 Bairoch, Paul, 16, 95, 96 Bibliotheca Corviniana, 79 Bajcsy-Zsilinsky, Endre, 289, 292 Bierut, Boleslaw, 302 Bakócz, Tamás (Cardinal), 75, 81, 82 Biró, Mátyás Dévai, 107 Balassi, Bálint, 111 Bismarck, Otto von, 181, 201, 207 Balázs, Béla, 255 Blandrata, Georges, 109 Baˇcescu, Nicolae, 195 Blenheim, Battle of, 135 Balfour, A. J., 244 Bocskai, István (prince of Transylvania) Balkan Wars, 51, 53, 237 112, 115, 117, 118 Balzac, Honoré de, 226 Bod, Péter, 154 Bánffy, Miklós, 216, 223 Bohemia, kingdom of, 41, 59, 70, 72, 210, Bárdossy, László, 282, 283 249 Bártfai, László, 173 Bohlen, Charles, 319 Bartók, Béla, 233, 255, 257, 277 Böhm, Vilmos, 254 Barcza, György, 282 Boirebistas, 1 Baroque, 124, 143, 145, 150 Bokros, Lajos, 353 Basta, Giorgio (General), 112 Boleslaw the Brave (king of Poland), Bastide, Jules, 197 26 Báthory Erzsébet, 119–21 Bonaparte, see Napoleon I Báthory family, 81, 87, 119–20 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see Báthory Gábor, 118–21, 145 Napoleon III Báthory, Stephen (prince of Transylvania Bonﬁni, Antonio, 68, 79 and king of Poland), 110, 112, 119 Bolyai Farkas, 153 Báthory Zsigmond (prince of Bolyai János, 153 Transylvania), 100, 112, 115, 119 Borbála–Barbara Cillei, 56, 58 Batsányi, János, 159 Bornemissza, Péter, 111 Battyányi, Lajos, 186, 189, 191, 193, 199 Boross, Péter, 341, 349 Batu, 34 Bosnia, 30, 37, 53–4, 59, 60, 237 Baudoin (king of Jersusalem), 30 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 212, 236 Bayezid (Sultan), 59 Bosnian Serbs, 236 Bazin, Count de, 182 Botyán János (General), 137 Beatrice of Aragon, 73, 74, 182 Bourbon-Parma, Sixte and Xavier Bél Mátyás, 147 (princes of), 242 Béla II (the Blind, king of Hungary), 27 bourgeoisie, 99, 149, 151, 229, 239, 266, Béla III (king of Hungary), 31, 46 271, 273–4 Béla IV (king of Hungary), 35, 37, 38 Brankovic, George (‘despot’, prince of Bem, Józef (General), 191, 198–9 Serbia), 63 Benda, Kálmán, 159 Braudel, Fernand, 84, 100 Benesˇ, Edvard, 243, 298 Brezhnev, Leonid, 325, 326 Bence, György, 334 Briand, Aristide, 263 Berchtold, Leopold, 240 Bródy, Sándor, 232 Bercsényi, Miklós (General), 134, 137 Brunswick family, 150 Berend, Iván T., 221, 226, 245 Bucharest, Treaty of, 252 Berthelot, Philippe, 243 Bucovina, 249

Index 359

Budapest, 48, 76, 131–3, 178, 226, 228, Charles-Robert of Anjou (or Carobert, 230, 265, 274, 294, 354 king of Hungary), 41–3, 44, 45–7, 49 liberation of, 131–3 China, 324 Bulcsu, 18, 19 Christianity, conversion to, 18, 19, 21 Bulgaria, 53, 237 Christina (queen of Sweden), 126 Bulgars, 2, 3 Churchill, Winston, 83, 295, 301 Bullinger, Heinrich, 107 Ciano, Galeazzo, 282 Byzantine Empire, 2, 16, 17, 18, 20, 26, 41 Cillei (family), 56, 57 Cillei, Ulrik, 67 Cadogan, Alexander, 288 Clark, Adam, 171, 177 Calixtus III, Borgia (Pope), 65 Clemenceau, Georges, 243, 261, 263 Calvin, John, 94, 109, 115 Clement VI (Pope), 49 Calvinism, 107, 245 Clement VIII (Pope), 105 Camus, Albert, 323, 324 Clerk, Sir George Russel, 261 Capestrano, John, 65 Closca, Juon, 161 capitalism, 154, 227, 266, 300, 326–7, Cluny, Odilon de (Abbot), 22 349–50 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 156 Caracalla, 2 Comenius, Jan Ámos, 125 Castaldo, Giovanni (General), 92 commerce, see trade Castillon, Battle of, 65 Communism, collapse of, 332–3 Cassou, John, 324 Communist Party, see political parties Castren, M.A, 8 compromise, Austro-Hungarian, 166, Castriota, George, see Skanderbeg 206–8, 233, 236, 245 Catherine II the Great, 139, 156 Conrad the Redhead (duke of Catherine Pode˘brady, 68–70 Lotharingia), 18 Catholic Church, 24, 25, 26, 38, 45, 72, Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz, 240 107, 108–9, 110, 124, 216, 218, 271, Conservative Party, see political parties 280, 299, 317 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Cavaignac, Louis-Eugène, 197 (Byzantian emperor), 11, 12, 14, 18 Cavour, Camillo Benso, 205 consumerism, 331–2 Celts, 1 Counter-Reformation, 106, 109, 123 Cesarini Julian (Cardinal), 63 Crankshaw, Edward, 174 Charlemagne, 2 Croatia/Croats, 30, 31, 37, 53, 59, 100, Charles the Younger (prince of Durazzo), 102, 168, 179, 187, 189, 202, 210, 51, 55, 79 220, 236, 246, 248, see also national Charles I of Habsburg (Austrian minorities emperor), 242, 244, 246, 250, 263 Cromwell, Oliver, 125 Charles I (king of England), 125 crusades, 30, 31, 65, 82 Charles II of Anjou, 41 Csák family, 45, 123 Charles III of Habsburg (king of Csák, see Maté Csák Hungary and German emperor Csáky, István, 282 under the name of Charles VI) Csemicei, János, see Janus Pannonius 138–40, 166 Csók, István, 232 Charles IV of France, 46 Csontvári Kosztka, Tivadar, 232 Charles IV of Lorraine, 131–3 Csoóri, Sándor, 335, 339, 345 Charles IV of Luxemburg (king of Csurka, István, 335, 342, 345, 354 Bohemia and German emperor), 55 culture, 29, 78–9, 110, 124, 150, 169, 171, Charles V (German emperor), 85, 88, 93 221, 255, 274, 275, 305, see also art, Charles VI of Hungary, see Charles I of intellectuals, literature, writers and Habsburg politics Charles VII (king of France), 65 Cumans, 31, 26, 29, 32, 38–9 Charles-Albert (king of Sardinia and Cyril (saint), 10 Piedmont), 188 Czech and Moravian lands, 58, 60, 72, Charles-Albert of Bavaria, 142 123

360 Index

Czechoslvakia, 242, 243, 246, 262, 281, elections, see suffrage see also Czech and Moravian lands Elias, Norbert, 150, 229 Elisabeth Kotromanic´ of Bosnia, 54 Dacian Empire, 1, 115 Erzsébet (Elisabeth) Lokietek-Piast, 45, 49 Dalmatia, 30, 37, 51, 54–5, 59, 73, 102, Elisabeth (or Sissi, Austrian empress), 149 204, 207 Dalmy, Battle of, 162 emigration/exile, 204, 243, 246, 298–9 Damjanich, János (General), 194 Engels, Friedrich, 223 Danton, Georges Jacques, 161 England, 139, 196, 205, 243 Darányi, Kálmán, 280 Enlightenment, 147, 150, 159, 162, 164, Dávid, Ferenc, 109–10 166, 183 Déak, Ferenc, 183–4, 186, 206–7, 210–11, Entente, 241, 242–3, 251, 261, 268 221, 245 Eörsi, István, 335 Déak, István, 184 Eötvös, József, 167, 175, 183, 186, 206, De Gaulle, Charles (General), 290 210–12, 221–22, 232 De Lobit (General), 253 Erdei, Ferenc, 275 Dembinˇski Henryk (General), 194, 198–9 Erhard, Ludwig, 347 Democratic Charter, 344–5 Erasmus, 106 demography, 41, 47, 48, 95, 148, 168, 179, Esperey, Franchet d’ (General), 241, 252 216 Esze, Tamás (General), 137 Demszky Gábor, 334 Eszterházy family, 124, 146, 218 Denis, Ernest, 243 Eszterházy, Imre, 145 Déry, Róza, 170 Eszterházy, Miklós (palatine), 125, 145, Déry, Tibor, 305, 324 248 Dévai Biró, Mátyás, 107 Etelköz, 4, 10 Diets, see representative assemblies Eugene of Savoy, 133, 136–7 Diderot, Denis, 150 Evans, R. J. W., 110 Dimitrov, Georgi, 302 exports, 37, 154–5, 352, see also trade diplomacy, 73, 75, 196–7, 243–4, 282, 283, 287, 348 Fascism, 264, 274, 280, 300, 342 Dobó, István, 105 Faidit, Gaucelm, 29 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 279 Fajsz, 17 Donáth, Ferenc, 303, 335 Farkas, Mihály, 303 Donner, Georg Raphäel, 145 Fazekas, György, 308 Dózsa, György, 82 Féja, Géza, 275 Dracula, Vlad, 65 Fejéráry, Géza (General), 234 dual monarchy, see compromise Fejtö, Francis, 276, 323 Dubcˇek, Alexander, 326 Ferdinand of Aragon (king of Naples), 73 Duby, Georges, 32 Ferdinand I of Habsburg (king of Duclos, Jacques, 303 Bohemia and Hungary, German emperor), 88–96, 104, 108 economy, 32, 37, 47, 95, 100, 154, 169, Ferdinand II of Habsburg (king of 215, 218, 221, 226, 268–71, 296, 300, Bohemia and Hungary, German 325–8, 349–51, 352–4 emperor), 104, 118, 182 Edelpöck, Barbara, 80 Ferdinand III of Habsburg (king of Edelsheim-Gyulai, Ilona, 293 Bohemia and Hungary, German Eden, Anthony, 287 emperor), 104, 125 Edict of Tolerance, 149, 153, 157 Ferdinand V of Habsburg (Austrian education, 118, 124, 147, 152–3, 110–11, emperor, king of Bohemia and 211–12, 215, 221–3, 269, 331 Hungary), 167, 183, 191 Ehrenbourg, Ilia, 306 Ferenc Rákóczi I, 122, 124 Eichmann, Adolf, 289 Ferenc Rákóczi II, 122, 130, 134, 137 Eisenhower, Dwight David, 318 Ferenczy, Károly, 232 Eisenmann, Louis, 166, 208, 223 Festerics, György, 171

Index 361

feudalism, 98–9 Gérard (saint), 22 Ficius, Marsilius, 79 Gerbert d’Aurillac, see Sylvester II Fifteen Years’ War, 100, 105 Germany, 18, 237, 241, 279–80, 282, 289, Finno-Ugric peoples, 5, see also language 291 Foch Ferdinand (Marshal), 261 Gerö, Ernö, 306, 310, 312, 313 foreign investment, loans and debts, 226, Géza I (king of Hungary), 1, 8, 19 263, 270, 328, 349–51 Géza II (king of Hungary), 20, 27, 31 Forgách family, 123 Géza III (king of Hungary), 114 France, 16, 41, 94, 129, 142, 163, 242, 243, Ghengis Khan, 9, 34, 35 253, 319, 323 Gimes, Miklós, 308, 311, 323 Francis of Lorraine (German emperor as Gizella of Bavaria, 20 Francis I) 141–2, 156, 159 Godefroi de Bouillon, 30 Francis I of Habsburg (Austrian emperor Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 156, 164 and king of Hungary) 159, 162, Gog (king of Scythes), 10 166–7 Gombár, Csaba, 342 Francis I (king of France), 85, 94 Gömbös, Gyula, 268, 278, 279 Francis II (German emperor), see Francis I Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 311, 312, 329 of Habsburg Göncz, Árpád, 323, 339, 341, 342–3, 353 Francis Ferdinand (Austrian archduke), Gorbachev, Mikhaïl, 330, 337 235, 240 Görgey, Artur (General), 193–4, 198–200 Francis Joseph I of Habsburg (Austrian Gosztonyi, Péter, 291 emperor and king of Hungary) 191, Goths, 2 199, 201, 203, 203, 206–7, 212, Gotthardi, Franz, 161 233–4, 235–6, 240, 243, 244 ‘Goulasch’ Communism, 330–2 Franco, Francisco (General), 279 Granasztoi, György, 47 Franco-Soviet Pact, 279 Grassalkovich, Antal, 145 Franks, 2–5, 11, 13, 21 Grassalkovich family, 150 Fráter Utiniesic, György, 91, 123 Gratz, Gusztáv, 239 Frederick Barbarossa (German emperor), Great Britain, 289, 319 31 Great War, 240–1 Frederick of Hohenzollern (margrave of Grey, 171 Brandenburg), 55 Gritti, Lodovico, 89 Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (German Grösz, József (archbishop), 302, 310 emperor), 41, 139, 142, 156 Grösz, Károly, 334 Frederick II the Great (king of Prussia), Guerdan, René, 53 139, 142 Guizot, François, 183 Frederick III (German emperor), 64, 67, Gyöngyösi, István, 112 78 György Rákóczi, see Rákóczi I Frederick William I (king of Prussia), 139 György Rákóczi, see Rákóczi II freemasonry, 153, 159, 230, 266, 344 Gyula, 14, 19, 20, 21 French Communist Party, 323 gyula, 17 French Revolution, inﬂuence of 158, 159–61, 162, 166, 183 Habsburgs and Habsburg Empire, 41, 61, 74, 85, 88, 92, 93, 96, 103, 104–5, Gaj, Ljudevit, 179 115, 119, 123, 139, 148, 166, 182, Galeotto, Marzio, 68, 79 188, 201, 235–6, 245, 246, 249, 263 Galileo circle, 239, 255 anti-Habsburg activities, 128, 133, Garai (family), 54, 56, 57, 67, 68 244–5 Garai, Miklós (palatine), 57 Habsburg-Lorraine, House of, 141 Garai, Miklós (son), 57, 67, 68 Hadik, András (General), 143, 248 Garasˇanin, Ilija, 180 Hajdu, Tibor, 253 George Pode˘brady (king of Bohemia), Hajnal, István, 29 67–72 Hanák, Péter, 226, 245 Gesta Hungarorum, 10 Hankiss, Elemér, 333, 341

362 Index

Hantsch, Hugo, 192 Hussites, 59, 70 Haraszti, Miklós, 335 Huszár, Károly, 261 Haraszti, Sándor, 303 Harruckern family, 150 Ignotus, Pál, 276 Hatvani, István, 153 Illyés, Gyula, 275 Haugwitz, Friedrich Wilhelm, 143 Ilosvai Selymes, Péter, 111 Háy, Gyula, 324 Illyrians, 1 Haydn, Joseph, 145, 156 immigration, 31, 37, 47, 96, 148, 181–3 Haynau, Julius von (General), 194, 198–9 Imre (Emery, prince and saint), 22 Hedwige or Jadwige (king of Poland), 54 Imrédy, Béla, 278, 280, 281 Hegedüs, András, 312, 335 Independence Party, see political parties Heller, Ágnes, 335 industry, 100, 154, 169, 176, 219–21, 226, Heltai, Gáspár, 77, 111 269–70, 301, 326, 327 Helvetius, Claude Adrien, 164 Innocent XI (Pope), 131 Hemingway, Ernest, 241 inquisition, 153 Henry of Bavaria, 20 insurrections, see revolts and revolution Henry III (king of France), 109 intellectuals, 166, 243, 254, 275–6, 279, Henry IV, 26, 27 301, 302, 305, 309, 323, 324, 334, Henry V (king of England), 58 343, 344, see also writers and politics Herder, Johann Gottfried, 156 Irinyi, József, 185, 187 Hermann (Abbot), 34 Isabelle of Anjou, 40 Hess, András, 79 Isabelle Jagiellon, 89–93 Hitler, Adolph, 279, 280, 281, 282, 286, István, see Stephen V 288, 293 Isvolski, Alexander, 237 Hohenzollern, Frederick, 55 Italy, 2, 16, 18, 53, 237, 241, 248–9, 279 Hóman, Bálint, 62, 275, 278 Ivan IV (Tsar), 94 Honterus, Johannes, 114 Horea/Ursu Vasile Nicolas, 161 Jacobin movement, 159–61 Horn, Gyula, 335, 349, 351, 352 Jagiellons, 54 Horthy, Miklós, 244, 260, 261, 262, 278, János–John Corvin, 77, 79, 80 279, 281, 282, 287, 288, 290, 292, János–John I Szápolyai (king of 348 Hungary), 80, 85–9, 96, 109 Horthy regime, 239, 262, 264–6, 291 János–John II (or John Sigismund, king Horváth, János, 106 of Hungary) 89–96, 105, 109, 112 Horváth, Szhárosi, András, 107 Janus Pannonius, 75, 79 Hötzendorf, Conrad von, 240 Jászi, Oszkár, 231, 237, 239, 250, 253, 255 Hubay, Kálmán, 280 Jeanne (queen of Naples), 49 humanism, 106 Jefferson, 156 Hundred Years’ War, 42 Jellacˇic´, Josip, 188–9, 191, 194 Hungarian minorities, 243, 262, 268, 281, Jesuits, 124, 134, 147 344, 345, 348–9 Jeszenszky, Géza, 349 Hungarian Red Army, 261 Jews, 33, 37, 110, 124, 133, 181–3, 211, Hungarian Uprising 1956, 311–21, 320 218, 224–5, 229, 239, 274, 344, 345, Hungarian War of Independence, 192–4 see also anti-Semitism Hunor, 10 ‘ﬁnal solution’/deportation of, 283, Huns, 2 286, 289–90, 292–3 Hunszár, Károly, 261 race laws (numerus clausus), 264, 266, Hunyadi family, 86, 114 280 Hunyadi, János, 61–6 Jewish writers, 232 Hunyadi, Lászlo´, 67 Jiskra, Jan, 61, 65, 70 Hunyadi, Mátyás, see Matthias I Corvin John II Sobieski (king of Poland), 131 Hunyadi, Vajk, 61 John XXIII (anti-pope), 55 Husák, Gustáv, 329 Jókai, Mór, 185, 202, 232 Huss, Jan, 55, 72 Joseph I of Habsburg (king of Bohemia

Index 363

and Hungary, German emperor), Khan Ogoday, 34 135, 137–8 Khazars, 9, 10, 13 Joseph II of Habsburg (king of Bohemia Kinizsi, Pál, 81 and Hungary, German emperor), Kiss, János (General), 292, 334 147, 153, 155–7, 158, 166, 183 Kiss, József, 232 Joseph of Lorraine, 155 Kis Szegei, István, 107 József, Attila, 276 Klapka, György (General), 194 Juhász, Gyula, 286, 288 Klauzál, Gábor, 186 Juhász, Péter Melius, 107 Klebelsberg, Kuno, 275 Julianus, 9 Klimt, Gustav, 233 Justh, Gyula, 234 Knox, John, 115 Kodály, Zoltán, 233, 277, 323 Kabars, 12, 13, 17 Kölcsey, Ferenc, 167, 169 Kádár, János, 297, 303, 309, 313, 314, Kollár, Jan, 180 322, 324, 328–30, 329, 334, 337 Kollonich, Léopold (Archbishop), 134 Kádár regime, 321, 324, 325, 327, 333, Kolowrat, Franz Anton, 167–8 342, 352 Kolozsvári brothers, 50 Kahlenberg, Battle of, 131 Konrád, György, 335, 344 Kállay, Miklós, 278, 286, 287, 289 Kónya, Imre, 341 Kálmán (Bishop), 45 Koppány (Prince), 20, 21 Kálmán I (Colman the Bibliophile, king Kornai, János, 304 of Hungary) 27, 28, 30 Kosáry, Domokos, 149, 200, 245, 324 Kaluzál, 186 Kosovo, Battle of, 53, 65 Kán, László, 43, 45 Kossáth, Ferenc, 234 Kaniszai (family), 57 Kossuth, Lajos, 167–8, 171–3, 174, 176, Kanizsai, János, 56 183–4, 186, 189, 192–6, 199–200, Kant, Immanuel, 156 202, 205–6, 244–5 Kánya, Kálmán, 280 Kosztolányi, Dezsö, 276 Kápolna, Battle of, 190 Köszegi family, 43 Karadzˇic´, 180 Kovács, Béla, 300, 313 Karageorgevitch (dynasty), 236 Kovács, Imre, 275 Karinthy, Frigyes, 276 Kristó, Gyula, 35 Karlóca, Treaty of, 133 Kristóffy, József, 283 Károlyi, Gáspár, 111 Kroum Khan, 2 Károlyi government, 251 Krudy, Gyula, 276 Károlyi, Gyula, 268, 278 Krushchev, Nikita, 306, 308, 309, 320, Károlyi, Mihály–Michael, 239, 244, 322, 325 250–3, 307 Kun, Béla, 254, 255, 258, 259 Károlyi, Sándor (General), 137 Kuncz, Ignác, 231 Kasimir III the Great, 54, 72 Küprülü, Ahmed, 128 Kassák, Lajos, 276 Kursan, 13, 14 Katona, József, 170 kuruc movement, 129, 137, 140 Katus László, 226 Kurusu, 282 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, 157–8 Kazinczy, Ferenc, 162, 164 labanc movement, 137, 140 Kecskeméti, Károly, 163 Lackﬁ family, 53 Kemény, János, 123 Lackﬁ, István, 56 Kemény, Zsigmond, 206, 211, 232 Lacouée, Gérard, 163 Kempelen, Farkas, 153 Ladislas, I see László I Kende, Pierre, 324 Ladislas V of Habsburg, 67 Kenedi, János, 335 Lajos, see Louis I the Great Keresztes-Fischer, Ferenc, 278 Lajos, see Louis II king of Hungary Kéthly, Anna, 317 Lakatos, Géza (General), 290 Kézai, Simon, 11 Lamartine, Alphonse de, 197

364 Index

Lamberg, Franz Philippe (General), 189 Louis II (king of Hungary), 84–5 language Louis VII (king of France), 31 Hungarian, origins of, 5–8, 12, 13 Louis IX (saint, king of France), 34 Hungarian, use of, 107, 111, 164–5 Louis XI, 68 national minorities, 212, 223 Louis XIV (king of France), 129, 133–7, nationalism, 164–5, 168 139 self-determination, 180, 195 Louis-Philippe (king of the French), 183 social distribution, 79, 141, 150, 154, Lovászy, Márton, 255 157, 165, 234 Lueger, Karl, 229 Lansing, Robert, 244 Lukács, György, 255, 305, 313 Lajos Angevin, see Louis the Great Luther, Martin, 110 land ownership and distribution, 23–5, 32, 35, 46, 47, 77, 98–9, 158, 271–2, Macek, Josef, 72 296, 301, 304, 340, see also Madách, Imre, 202 agriculture Magog (king of the Scythians), 10 László I–Ladislas I (saint and king of Magor, 10 Hungary), 27, 28, 50 Magna Hungaria, site of, 9 László–Ladislas IV the ‘Cuman king’, 29, Mahler, Gustav, 233 39 Makino, 244 László–Ladislas V of Habsburg (king of Maksay, 98 Hungary), 60, 64 Malenkov, Gheorgi, 306, 308 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent de, 156 Maléter, Pál (General), 314, 318 legislation/judicial system, 28, 29, 57, 77, Malinovski, R. J. (General), 111, 293 83, 141, 151, 153, 157, 167, 168, 186, Mannheim, Karl, 255 195, 208–10, 212, 221, 223, 231 Manuel I Comnene (Byzantine emperor), Lenin, 255, 259 31 Leo the Philosopher (Byzantine emperor), Mao Tse-tung, 319 4 Marcus Aurelius, see Aurelius Leo X (Pope), 82 Mária (queen of Hungary), 54–6 Leopold I of Habsburg (king of Bohemia Maria Theresa (queen of Bohemia and of and Hungary, German emperor), Hungary), 139–42, 144, 147, 149, 104, 122–5, 129, 131, 133, 136, 183 151, 156, 166, 183 Leopold II of Habsburg (duke of Tuscany, Maria Vetsera, 235 king of Bohemia and Hungary, Marie-Antoinette, 155 German emperor), 156, 158, 166 Marie of Habsburg, 87 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 164 Marlborough, John Churchill (General), Levedia, 10 136–7 Lezay-Marnésia, Adrien, 163 Marosán, György, 302 Liberal Party, see political parties Maróti family, 57 Lindolph, 18 Martin V (Pope), 55 literature, 110–12, 126, 147, 154, 163, 166, Martinovics, Ignác, 160, 161 169, 202, 231–2, 275–6, 329, 334, see Mary of Habsburg, 88, 106 also writers and politics Marx, Karl/Marxism, 175, 223, 239, 240, Little Entente, 262, 263, 268 255 Lloyd George, David, 259 Masaryk, Tomásˇ Garrigue, 243 Lokietek, Elisabeth, 49 Máté Csák, 36, 39, 43 Lokietek-Piast, 54 Matthias I Corvin (king of Hungary), Lorenzo the Magniﬁcent, 74 66–72, 69, 75, 86 Losonczy, Géza, 383 Matthias II of Habsburg (king of Louis the Infant, 13 Hungary), 104 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, see Napoleon Maupassant, Guy de, 232 III Maximilian I of Habsburg (king of Louis I the Great of Anjou (king of Bohemia and Hungary and German Hungary, 43–54 emperor), 73, 80, 84, 104–5, 121

Index 365

Mazarin (Cardinal), 125 Nándorfehérvár, siege of, 66 Merseburg, Battle of, 18 Naples, 50 Mészöly, Miklós, 345 Napoleon I (emperor of France), 139, Metternich, Klemens von, 162, 166, 140, 162–3 167–8, 171, 183, 186 Napoleon III (emperor of France), 202, Mezö, Imre, 316 205 Mezölaki, 108 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 319 Michelangelo, 94 nationalism, 159–61, 166–8, 173–4, 177, Micunovic, Veljko, 322 210–11, 218, 223, 231, 248, 262 see middle classes, 99, 229, 239, 266, 271, also language and literature 273–4, see also bourgeosie national/ethnic minorities, 113, 149, 157, Miklós, Béla (General), 296 162, 179, 181, 186–8, 195, 209–11, Mikoyan, Anastas, 309, 315 215, 221–3, 218, 230, 233, 235, 237, Mikszáth, Kálmán, 215, 232 244, 246, 248, 250, 263, 346 Mindszenty, József (Cardinal), 299, 302, Croats, 179, 246, 248, see also 310, 317 Croatia/Croats military organisation, 17, 19, 66, 70, 105, Czechs, 180, 246 141–2, 189, 193–4, 198, 209, 234, Dalmatians, 246, see also Dalmatia 241–2, 260–1, 279, 283 Germans, 148, 181–2, 218, 224, 229, Móga, János (General), 191 248, 346, see also Saxons Mohammed II (Sultan), 66 Gypsies, 344, 346 Moïmer II, 4 Romanians, 96, 114–15, 148, 180, 218, Mohács, Battle of, 85, 94 223, 346 Molière, 226 Ruthenians, 248 Molnár, Ferenc, 232 Saxons, 48, 106, 113–14, 181, 248 Molnár, Szenczi Albert, 107 Serbs, 96, 148, 180, 187, 218, 248 Molotov, Viatcheslav, 283, 287, 315 Slavs, 96, 246 Mongol Tatars, 8, 34, 37–8, see also Slavonians, 56 Tatars Slovakians, 180, 187, 218, 229, 246, Montecuccoli, Raimondo (General), 128 248, 346 Moravia/Moravians 3, 4, 13, 16, 38, 58 National Assembly, 185, 186, 187, 189–91, Móricz, Zsigmond, 276 193, 207, 296, 338 Morisini, Tomasina, 40 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 323 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 156 Németh László, 164, 275 Münich Agreement, 281 Németh, Miklós, 334, 335, 337 Münnich, Ferenc, 314 Nicholas I (Tsar), 194, 197 Münzer, Thomas, 82 Nicholas III (Pope), 39 Murad I (Sultan), 63 Nicholas V (Pope), 65 Murad II (Sultan), 65 Nicolson, Harold, 243 Murad III (Sultan) 87, 105 Nikápoly (Nicapolis) Battle of, 56, 60 Musil, Robert, 209 Nikisch, Arthur, 233 Muslims, 31, 38, 103, 110, 136, see also Nikolsburg, Treaty of, 119 religious distribution nobility, 33, 35, 38, 42–3, 58, 61, 62, 67, Mussolini, Benito, 264, 279, 287 80, 81, 82, 83, 97–9, 108, 114, 123, 124, 129, 138, 149, 150, 159, 168–9, Nádas, Lajos, 291 173, 264, 266, 304 Nádasdy family, 123 Nyári, Pál, 225 Nádasdy, Ferenc, 119, 128, 143 Nyugat (journal), 237, 238, 276 Nagy, Ferenc, 300 Nagy, Imre, 306–7, 307, 309, 310–11, 312, Obrenovitch, Alexander (king of Serbia), 314, 315, 317, 318, 322, 323, 324, 236 325, 335, 336 Ocskay, László, 137 Nagy, Jenö, 292 Ogoday (Khan), 34 Nagyatádi Szabó, István, 231 Oiseleur, Henri I’, 18

366 Index

Olah, Miklós, 114 Polányi, Károlyi and Mihályi, 255 Olomouc, Treaty of, 73 Polish Uprising, 311 Onogurs, 9 Popular Catholic Party, see political parties Oppenheimer family, 124 political parties Orbán, Viktor, 353, 354 Arrow Cross, 292 Ordass, Lajos, 310 Christian Democrat, 338, 351 Orseolo, Peter, 26 Christian Socialist, 279 Otto I (German emperor), 17–8, 21 Communist (MSzMP), 297, 298–9, 300, Otto II (German emperor), 19, 21 301, 302, 303, 314, 325, 328, 335, 351 Otto III (German emperor), 18, 21 Democratic Forum, 338, 339, 34o, 341, Otto de Freysing (Bishop), 31 352 Otto Wittelsbach (king of Hungary), Hungarian Race, 280 41 Independence, 234, 250 Ottokar (king of Bohemia), 39 League of Free Democrats (SzDP), 339, Ottoman Empire, 59, 60, 63, 66, 85, 86, 352, 353 92, 94, 102–3, 106, 115, 119, 133, Liberal, 210, 213, 215, 226, 279 237, see also Turks MIEP, 354 Ozorai, Pipo, 58 National Christian, 268 National Independence Front, 296, 297 Palacky´ Frantisˇek, 180 National Peasant, 297 Pálffy family, 123 National Unity, 268, 279 Pálffy, Pál (Count), 125–6 Peace, 192–3, 200 Pálffy, János (Count), 137 Race Conservation, 278 Palmerston, Lord, 171, 196 Radical, 250 Pareto, Vilfredo, 240 Smallholders’, 235, 279, 280, 297, 299, Pasˇic´, Nicola, 236 300, 338, 340, 352 Paskievich, Ivan Fyodorovich (General), Social Democratic, 216, 235, 241, 250, 195, 200 253–4, 259, 263, 266, 278, 279, 280, Pázmándy, Dénes, 196 297, 302, 304, 310, 317, 338, 351, 354 Pázmány, Péter (Cardinal), 109, 112, Socialist (MSzP), 338, 351 122–4 Socialist Workers’, 325 Peace Party, see political parties Workers’, 230 Peasants’ revolt, 82, 86 Young Democrats (FIDESZ), 338, 351, Pechenegs, 13, 17, 20, 26, 31, 32, 38 354 Péchi, Simon, 182 political police, see AVO Peel, 171 Pozsgay, Imre, 334, 335 Péter, Gábor, 303 Prague Panslavic Congress, 180 Peter I (Tsar) 136–7, 139 press (printing, publishing, newspapers), Petöﬁ, Sándor, 169, 177, 184, 185–7, 199, 111, 154, 169, 175, 180–1, 225, 229, 202, 231–2, 311 232, 237, 239, 266, 269, 276, 309, Petöﬁ circle, 309, 311 323, 331, 341, 343, 345 Pfalz, Henriette de, 125 censorship, 157, 280 Philip II (king of Spain), 88 Princip, Gavrilo, 240 Philippe-Auguste (king of France), 46 Protestants, 104–6, 107, 109, 147 Philip the Fair (king of France), 42 Proto-Hungarians, 5–8 Philip de Fermo (Bishop), 39 Pulsky, 231 Philip the Good, 65, 70 Proletarian Republic 1919, 256–9 piarists, 147 Piast, 45 Quadi, 2 Pichon, Stephen, 243, 252, 261, 263 Quisling, Vidkum, 287, 288 Pikler, 231 Pius II Piccolomini (Pope), 63, 70 railways, 177, 220, 269 Poincarré, 242 Race Conservation Party, see political Poland, 242, 248, 311, 319 parties

Index 367

Radetzky, 188 181, 242, 243, 248, 250–2, 262, 281, Radicals, 250 see also national minorities Rainer, János M., 324 Romans, 1 Rajacˇic´, Josip, 180 romanticism, 169, 231–2 Rajk, László, 302–3, 310 Rommel, Erwin, 286 Rajk, László (son), 334 Romsics, Ignác, 261, 266 Rákóczy family, 119, 129–30, 121, 126, Ronsard, Pierre de, 111 163 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 295 Rákóczi, Ferenc I (prince of Röpke, Wilhelm, 248 Transylvania), 122, 129, 130 Roth, Joseph, 234 Rákóczi, Ferenc II (prince of Roth, Karl (General), 189 Transylvania), 122, 130, 134–9, 135, Rothermere, Harold Sidney, 268 245 Rothschild, Nathan, 171 Rákóczi, György–George I, 122 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 159, 164 Rákóczi, György–George II, 122, 125, 129 Rüdiger of Starhemberg, Ernst, 131, Rákóczi, Zsigmond, 121–2, 125 199 Rákosi, Mátyás, 297, 298, 302, 303, Rudolph of Habsburg, 235 306–7, 309, 322, 325 Rudolph I of Habsburg (king of Ránki, György, 221, 226, 245, 290 Hungary), 104, 105, 148 Red Army, 290, 292 Rudolph II (king of Bohemia and Red Terror, 259, 261 Hungary as Rudolph I, German reforms, 143, 151, 156, 158, 167–72, 185, emperor), see Rudolph I 202, 256, 279, 296, 304, 326–7, see Russia, 198–9, 237, 240, 286, 347, 354 also legislation Ruthenia, 281 Reformation, 103, 106–8 Reguly, Antal, 8 Sabbatist sect, 182 religious/denominational distribution, 18, Sadowa (Königgrätz), Battle of, 207 25–6, 72, 104, 106–7, 110, 124, 149, Sajnovics, János, 8 179, 218, 268 Sakmyster, Thomas L., 242, 292 religious wars, 72, 109, 112 Salamon (king of Hungary), 27 Renaissance, 78, 106 Sámuel, see Aba Renouvin, Pierre, 197, 263 Sánta, Kálmánscehi Márton, 107 representative assemblies, 42, 43, 57, 64, Sára, Sándor, 348 66, 67, 82–3, 97, 105, 110, 113, 118, Sarmatians, 2 123, 140–1, 142, 157, 158, 167–9, Sarolt, 19 184–5, see also suffrage/elections Savards, 5 Republic of Councils, 252–9 Saxons, 48, 113–14, 180, see also national Reszler, André, 347 minorities Révai, Jozsef, 305, 312 science, 156, 231 Révai, Miklós, 164 Schiele, Egon, 233 Revész, Sándor, 347 Schlik (General), 194 revolts and revolution, 133–7, 149, 158, Schmerlig, Anton von, 207 161, 163, 166, 173, 175, 183–8, see Schöbrunn, Treaty of, 162 also Hungarian Uprising 1956, Schwarzenberg, 191, 199, 201 Hungarian War of Independence Schönborn family, 151 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 282, 286, 288 Schönerer, Georg von, 229 Richelieu (Cardinal), 122 Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 279 Rippl-Ronai, 232 Schwarzenberg, Felix, 191 Robert of Naples, 49 secessionism, 233 Robespierre, Maximilien, 161 Segesvár, Battle of, 199 Roger, Master, 34 Selim II (Sultan), 87, 105 Roggendorf, Wilhelm von (General), 91 Selymes Ilosvai, Péter, 111 Rokycana, Jan (Bishop), 72 Serb Autonomy Party, 236 Romania/Romanians, 53, 114, 173, 180, Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom, 262

368 Index

Serbs/Serbia 30, 53, 54, 60, 180–1, 189, Stephen Tvartko I (king of Bosnia), 53 236–7, 240, 241, 349, see also Stibor family, 57 national minorities and Hungarian Sˇtúr L’udovit, 180 minorities Suez crisis, 319 Serbs in Croatia, 236 Stügkh, Karl von, 240 Servet, Michel, 109 Subic´ family, 43 Seton-Watson, Robert W., 243 suffrage/elections, 64, 80, 118, 187, 296–7, Seven Years’ War, 139, 143 299, 301, 337, 338–9, 351–2 Seybolt, Hans, 73 Suleiman I the Magniﬁcent (Sultan), 85, Shakespeare, William, 164, 232 87–93, 105 Sieniawski-Lubomirskis, 134 Surányi, György, 345, 352 Sigismund of Luxemburg (king of Suslov, Mikhaïl, 315 Bohemia and Hungary and German Svatopluk (king of Moravians), 4 emperor), 55–9 Sylvester, János, 107 Sigismund I Jagiellon (king of Poland), 94 Sylvester II (Pope), 21 Sigismund II Jagiellon (king of Poland), 94 Szabó, Dezsö, 275 Siméon (Bulgar tsar), 4 Szabó, Ervin, 240, 254 Sipos, Péter, 281 Szabó, István, 235 Sissi, see Elisabeth (Austrian empress) Szabó, Miklós, 239 Skanderbeg, 65 Szabó, Zoltán, 275 Skorzeny, Otto, 287 Szabolcs, 17 Slavs 19, 173, 236, see also national Szakály, Ferenc, 82, 105 minorities Szakasitts, Árpád, 302 Slovaks 180, 189, 248, see also national Szalási, Ferenc, 280, 291, 292 minorities Szalay, László, 196, 210 Slovakia, 37, 348 Széchenyi, Ferenc, 171 Smallholders’ Party, see political parties Széchenyi, István, 167, 170, 171–2, 172, Smith, Adam, 156 175, 183, 186, 199, 206, 229, 273 Smuts, Jan Christiaan, 261 Szekfü Gyula, 68, 83, 138, 143, 210, 245, Social Democratic Party, see political 272, 275 parties Szeklers, 12, 17, 20, 113, 141, 149, 243, social organisation and stratiﬁcation, 23, 281, see also Hungarian minorities 25, 32, 97, 150–1, 168, 218, 229–30, Szelényi, Iván, 335 269, 270–1, 332 Szemere, Bertalan, 186, 193 social reforms, 153, 157, 168, see also Szenczi Molnár, Albert, 107 reforms and legislation Szepsi Csombor, Martin, 95 socialist movement, 230–1 Szerb, Antal, 164 sociology and political reform, 239 Szerémi, György, 87 Solferino, Battle of, 205–6 Szigethy, Attile, 323 Sophocles, 111 Szilágyi, Mihály, 67, 70 Sonnino, Sidney (Baron), 244 Szinnyei Merse, Pál, 232 Soviet Army of occupation, 296 Szkharósi Horváth, András, 107 Soviet invasion, 320–1 Szkhátosi, Mihály, 107 Soviet Russia, 254, 282, 299, 324 Szolártsik, Sándor, 159 Sozzini, Leo and Fausto, 110 Szondi, György, 105 Spanish Civil War, 279 Sztárai, Mihály, 107 Spencer, Herbert, 240 Sztójaj, Döme, 289–90 Stalin, 295, 296, 298, 302, 303, 306, 333 Szücs, Jenö, 83, 97, 355 Steed, Wickham, 243 Svatopluk (King), 4, 13 Stefan of Moldavia, 105 Stendhal, 305 Taborites, 60 Stephen Douchan (king of Serbia), 53 Taksony, 17 Stephen I (saint and king of Hungary), Tamerlan, Timür Land, 59 18, 20, 22, 23, 23, 25, 26 Táncsics, Mihály, 185

Index 369

Tapié, Victor L., 143 Turkish inﬂuence on language see Tartsay, Vilmos, 292 language, Hungarian, origins of 7, 8 Tatars, 9, 32, 131 inﬂuence on culture, 104 taxation and tax reforms, 37, 49, 57, 78, occupation, 87, 88 81, 103, 104, 138, 158, 167–8, 175, Wars, 126–8, 139, 145, 149 183, 186 Turks, 2, 12, 19, 56, 63, 70, 73, 81, 91, Teke, Zsuzsa, 64 102–3 Teleki, Jószef (Count), 150, 197 Teleki, László, 197 Ujhelyi, Szilárd, 303 Teleki, Pál, 263, 266, 268, 281, 282, 284 Ukraine, 347, 348, 349 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 232 Unitarian Church, 110 theatre, 169–70, 229, 232, 277, 289, 309, United States, 242 310 Unity Party, National, see political parties Thirty Years’ War, 118, 122 Uralian, see language, Hungarian, origins Thökóly, Imre, 129–30, 163 of Thonuzoba, 19 Urban VI (Pope), 51 Thorn, Ludwig, 197 urbanisation, 37, 47–8, 100, 102, 118, Thurzó family, 121 151–2, 169, 176–7, 215, 270 Tiberius (Roman emperor), 1 Tierney Clark, William, 177 Valliani, Léo, 248 Tildy, Zoltán, 302 Vásárhelyi, Miklós, 308, 335, 344, 349 Tinódi, Sebestyén, 111 Vásvár, Treaty of, 128 Tisza, István, 234–5, 240, 241, 244, 248 Vásvári, Pál, 185 Tisza, Kálmán, 212, 214 Vata, 27 Tito (Marshal), 302, 303, 308, 310, 311, Vazul, 26 319, 322 Veesenmayer, Edmund, 289 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 211 Venice, 30, 53, 59, 73, 81 Tökés, László, 314 Veress, László, 287 Tolbukhin, F.I. (Marshal), 293 Vidal, Peire, 29 Tomasevic, 70 Vienna, Treaty of, 115 Tomori, Pál, 85 Villars, Claude Louis, 137 Tormás, 19 Villon, François, 111 trade, 81, 100, 124, 177, 219, see also Viteazul Mihály (prince of Walachia), 105 economy and exports Vitéz, János (Archbishop), 64, 79 trade unions, 230, 275, 304 Vix, Ferdinand, 253 Trajan (Roman emperor), 2 Vladislas I Jagiellon (king of Poland and Transylvania, 47, 60, 85, 88, 89, 91, 93, of Hungary), 54, 60, 61, 64, 73 100, 102, 105, 106, 110, 112–13, 115, Vladislas II Jagiellon (king of Bohemia 118, 122, 141, 149, 176, 180, 182, and of Hungary), 80, 82 187, 202, 209, 252, 344, see also Voltaire, 159, 164 Szeklers and Hungarian minorities Vorochilov, Kliment, 295, 297, 315 Trefort, Ágoston, 211 Vörös, János, 291 trials and executions Vörösmarty, Mihály, 169, 232 political, 161, 199, 236, 292, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 309, 322, 324, see also Walachia, 53, 105 White terror, Red terror Wallenberg, Raoul, 293 Trianon, Treaty of, 250, 262–3, 268, 280, Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel (General), 281–2, 344, 348 119 Tripartitum, 83, 99 Warsaw Pact, 308, 314, 315, 318 Trollope, Anthony, 226, 232 Washington, 156 Truman, Harry, 298 Watt, 156 Turenne, Henri de (Marshal), 128 Weber, Caroline, 173 Turkey, 237 Wekerle, Sándor, 216, 234, 248 Turkish Bulgars, 9 Welden, Ludwig von, 194

370 Index

Wellington, 171 Workers’ Councils, 316, 317, 323 Wenceslas Prˇemysl (king of Hungary), 41 Workers’ Party see political parties Werböczi, István, 83, 91 writers and politics, 185, 237, 239, 275–6, Wesselényi, Miklós, 167–8, 172, 229 305, 311, 323, 324, 335 Westphalia, 115, 121, 125 Welden, Ludwig von (General), 194 Yalta Conference, 295 Werböczi, István, 83, 91 Yugoslavia, 282, 320 Werth, Henrik, 283 Wertheimer family, 124 Zah, 45 Westphalia, Treaty of, 115, 121, 125 Zdhanov, André, 301 Wesselényi family, 123 Zhou Enlai, 319 Wesselényi, Ferenc, 128–9, 180 Zhukov (Marshal), 315 White Mountain, Battle of, 118, 166 Zˇ izˇka, Jan, 59 White Terror, 261, see also Red Terror Zizendorf, Carl von, 150 William the Conqueror, 26 Zola Emile, 305 William IV (king of England), 171 Zolmán, 203 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 242, 261 Zrinyi, Ilona, 130, 134 Windecke, 58 Zrinyi, Miklós, 100, 105, 111, 124, 125–8, Windischgratz, Alfred (General), 188, 127, 129, 145 191–2, 194 Zwingli, Ulrich, 107 Wordsworth, William, 156