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Kasi Online.Pdf Aus dem Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut eingereicht über das Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks and livestock in Balochistan, Pakistan Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Khushal Khan Kasi Tierarzt aus Quetta, Pakistan Berlin 2020 Journal-Nr.: 4191 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zentek Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Franz Josef Conraths Zweiter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ard Nijhof Dritter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Marcus Doherr Deskriptoren (nach CAB-Thesaurus): Sheep, Goats, Cattle, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Blood serum, Risk factors, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Polymerase chain reaction, Epidemiology, Balochistan, Pakistan Tag der Promotion: 16.03.2020 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbi- bliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <https://dnb.de> abrufbar. ISBN: 978-3-96729-043-1 Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2020 Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin D188 Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Alle Rechte, auch die der Übersetzung, des Nachdruckes und der Vervielfältigung des Buches, oder Teilen daraus, vorbehalten. Kein Teil des Werkes darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen, usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürfen. This document is protected by copyright law. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of the publisher. alle Rechte vorbehalten | all rights reserved © Mensch und Buch Verlag 2020 Choriner Str. 85 - 10119 Berlin [email protected] – www.menschundbuch.de To my parents Dr. Muhammad Azam Kasi & Jamila Bano Kasi Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... I List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... IV List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ IV 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature review ............................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Discovery and naming of CCHFV ............................................................................................ 3 2.2 Classification of CCHFV ............................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Structure and genome of CCHFV ............................................................................................ 4 2.3.1 Small (S) segment .............................................................................................................. 5 2.3.2 Medium (M) segment ......................................................................................................... 6 2.3.3 Large (L) segment .............................................................................................................. 6 2.4 Replication ................................................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Strains of CCHFV ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Maintenance and transmission of CCHFV ........................................................................... 10 2.6.1 Tick reservoir and vector ................................................................................................. 10 2.6.2 Vertical transmission of CCHFV .................................................................................... 11 2.6.3 Horizontal transmission of CCHFV ................................................................................ 11 2.7 Epidemiology of CCHFV ......................................................................................................... 13 2.7.1 CCHFV in Europe ............................................................................................................. 14 2.7.2 CCHFV in Africa ............................................................................................................... 15 2.7.3 CCHFV in Asia .................................................................................................................. 16 2.8 Infection with CCHFV in humans and its zoonotic importance ......................................... 17 2.8.1 Clinical manifestation and pathogenesis ...................................................................... 17 2.9 Prevention of CCHF ................................................................................................................. 19 2.10 Treatment of CCHF .................................................................................................................. 20 2.11 Diagnosis of CCHF .................................................................................................................. 20 3. Materials and methods ................................................................................................................. 22 3.1 Study area ................................................................................................................................. 22 3.2 Epidemiological investigations of CCHFV infection in sheep and goats in Balochistan 22 3.2.1 Study design ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 Sample collection ............................................................................................................. 23 3.2.3 Questionnaire .................................................................................................................... 23 I 3.2.4 Detection of antibodies directed against CCHFV ........................................................ 24 3.2.5 Detection of CCHFV RNA by real-time RT-qPCR ....................................................... 24 3.2.6 Statistical Analysis............................................................................................................ 24 3.3 CCHFV in ticks collected from livestock in Balochistan ..................................................... 26 3.3.1 Study design ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.2 Tick collection ................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.3 Tick identification .............................................................................................................. 27 3.3.4 Molecular analysis of ticks for CCHFV genome .......................................................... 27 3.3.5 Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................ 29 4. Results .............................................................................................................................................. 30 4.1 Epidemiological investigations of CCHFV infection in sheep and goats in Balochistan 30 4.1.1 Serology and detection of CCHFV genome in sheep sera ........................................ 30 4.1.2 Geographic distribution of CCHFV antibody positive farms ...................................... 30 4.1.3 Demographic characteristics of the farm structure ..................................................... 32 4.1.4 Farmers’ education level, knowledge on CCHFV, farm hygiene and treatment against tick infestation ..................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.5 Farm management-related risk factors associated with CCHFV positivity ............. 34 4.1.6 Animal-related risk factors associated with CCHFV positivity ................................... 36 4.2 CCHFV in ticks collected from livestock in Balochistan ..................................................... 37 4.2.1 Tick species identification and geographical distribution ........................................... 37 4.2.2 Prevalence of CCHFV in ticks ........................................................................................ 39 5. Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1 Epidemiological investigations of CCHFV infection in sheep and goats in Balochistan 42 5.2 CCHFV in ticks collected from livestock in Balochistan
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