Notes Introduction 1. Chicago Times, May 5, 1886, p. 1; Chicago Herald, May 5, 1886, p. 1. 2. Good accounts of the aftermath of the riot can be found in Chicago Tribune, May 5–6, 1886, p. 1; Chicago Herald, May 5, 1886, p. 1. 3. Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1888, p. 2. 4. Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1887, p. 3; Chicago Times, May 8, 1886, p. 2; May 12, 1886, p. 8. On Daly see Chicago Inter-Ocean, May 7, 1892, p. 1; Sept. 30, 1896, p. 4. 5. Even after 125 years of discussion and research about this event, there are still wildly con- flicting statements as to the number of people killed or wounded around the Haymarket Square that night. Estimates of casualties among the protesters vary even further, from one civilian killed to a death toll of as many as “fifty or more workers” (James Green, Ta k - ing History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Movements (Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 2000), p. 121). Both Paul Avrich and Henry David agree that the proper total of deaths on the police side should be seven, though they differ as to the total among civilians. David counts one dead and more than 50 wounded, while Avrich esti- mates “seven or eight dead and thirty to forty wounded” on the belief that some victims were secretly buried (Henry David, The History of the Haymarket Affair: A Study in the American Social-Revolutionary and Labor Movements (New York: Russell & Russell, 1936, 2nd ed., 1958), pp. 206, 234, n. 20; Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1984), p. 208). These numbers have since then been recycled endlessly through undergraduate textbooks and general treatments of the era. Neither David nor Avrich consulted the authoritative source of information about deaths in Chicago, the Coroner’s Records of Inquest, all of which exist for the year 1886. According to these records, a total of three men were killed in the melee following the bombing near the Haymarket Square on May 4: Carl Kiester, who died that night; Mathias Lewis, who lingered until May 9; and Charles Schumacher, who succumbed the day after Lewis (Coroner’s Inquest Records, Nos. 1557, 1569, 1583 (all 1886), Illinois Regional Archives Depository, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago). In order to arrive at his total of “seven or eight,” Avrich counts “four civil- ians ...definitely known to have been killed”; they include Lewis, Kiester, and Schumacher. Emil Lutz, whom he includes as his fourth, was apparently injured, but his shoulder wound did not lead to his death according to the Coroner’s records for 1886, or state death certificates. To claim Lutz in his body count, Avrich cites William Adelman’s Haymarket Revisited, who does state that Lutz was killed but provides no source for this claim other than to mention that Lutz’s death was “verified by death certificates,” which is not true (Adelman, Haymarket Revisited, p. 38). None of the death records of the state of Illinois list an “Emil Lutz” or any variant spelling of that name (see Pre–1916 Illinois Statewide Death Index, Illinois Regional Archives Depository). Adelman may have mis- taken Emil Lutz for Nelson Lutz, a different man, who did die in July 1886 of causes not related to the riot. (Chicago Tribune, July 15, 1886, p. 2.) To this already shaky total, 188 N OTES Avrich adds Reinhold Krueger, who was shot to death in a police shootout in a saloon the day after the Haymarket Riot. He then adds an “unidentified Bohemian ...who was killed in the affray” but fails to mention that this man was only unidentified by the initial press reports and was later revealed to be Kiester. Of Avrich’s total count of the dead, one is a man who was injured but did not die, another is a man who was killed the following day in a different place, and a third is a man counted twice. (Avrich, p. 210.) Even with this degree of padding, Avrich is still left a few bodies short of his total of “seven or eight.” To fill the gap, Avrich then claims that the exact number of civilian dead cannot be known because many of the victims were secretly buried out of fear of arrest. To sustain this claim Avrich relies not on a primary source, but on an unattributed rumor mentioned in Harry Barnard’s Eagle Forgotten: The Life of John Peter Altgeld published in 1938. Indeed, in this highly readable account of the Haymarket drama, Barnard does refer to rumors of secret burials, but writes, “The story was that many of the civilians were killed but ‘the anarchists stole their dead away and buried the bodies secretly.’ This probably was not true.” (Avrich, p. 210. Harry Barnard, “Eagle Forgotten”: The Life of John Peter Altgeld (New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1938), p. 106.) While it was certainly possible for individuals to be secretly buried in 1886, even in established cemeteries (as some cemeteries would inter bodies on the strength of a physi- cian’s certificate and not a permit from the health department), it is highly unlikely that this was done in the wake of the Haymarket episode for two reasons. First, considering the intense media focus on the case, with all manner of rumors printed first and retracted later, and the number of people who would have had to be part of such a midnight burial, the fact that no such burials were reported, even as a “newspaper yarn,” or evidence for them turned up in the 125 years since, strongly suggests that none occurred. (See Chicago Tribune article on “newspaper yarns” about the Haymarket case, May 12, 1886.) Second, and more importantly, those individuals who were most seriously wounded were also least able to flee from the police. In order for anyone to escape that night, they had to outrun the police for a distance of at least three blocks within a few minutes after the blast; police reinforcements secured an area three blocks in radius from the point of the blast. Most of the citizens who were most gravely injured lay in the street until picked up by police after the riot. For example, Charles Schumaker, the young tailor who lingered a week until succumbing to an infection of the heart, lay in the street near the speaker’s wagon for half an hour before being picked up by Officer John O’Dowd and carried back to the Desplaines street station, which, by that time, was filled with injured rioters unable to flee the area. (Chicago Tribune, May 13, 1886, p. 2.) If we wish to apply normal standards of scholarship to this incident, then we must conclude that in addition to the seven police officers slain that night (as well as the one who died a year later of complications arising from his injuries), there were three citizens, Carl Kiester, Mathias Lewis, and Charles Schumacher, who were shot and killed. Several dozen other citizens were wounded. 6. Robert W. Glenn, The Haymarket Affair: An Annotated Bibliography (Westport, CO: Greenwood Press, 1993). 7. Joseph R. Conlin, The American Past: A Survey of American History, vol. 2 (Boston: Wadsworth Publishers, 9th ed., 2009), p. 453. 8. G.L. Doebler, “The Contest for Memory: Haymarket through a Revisionist Looking Glass,” Fifth Estate, #352 (Winter 1999), pp. 3–8. 9. The New York Times, Sept. 15, 2004, p. 16. 10. David, 541. 11. Avrich, 456. 12. James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Pantheon Books, 2006), pp. 10, 12. N OTES 189 13. Foster Rhea Dulles and Melvyn Dubofsky, Labor in America: A History (Harlan Davidson, 4th ed., 1984), p. 118. 14. In the Supreme Court of Illinois, Northern Grand Division, March Term, A.D. 1887. August Spies et al., vs. The People of the State of Illinois. Abstract of Record, 2 vols., Chicago, 1887. 15. Avrich notes in his bibliography, “The Chicago Historical Society houses a rich collection ...[including] a complete transcript of the trial, of which the Abstract of Record is a two-volume abridgement” (p. 517). However, none of his footnotes reference the full transcript, only the Abstract of Record. William P. Black, Moses Salomon, and Sigmund Zeisler, eds. Abstract of Record (Chicago: Barnard & Gunthorp, 1887). Volume 1 deals with procedural motions, jury selection, and evidence. Volume 2 contains excerpts and abridgements of trial testimony. Chapter 1 1. Keith Inman and Norah Rudin, Principles and Practice of Forensic Science: The Profession of Forensic Science (Boca Ratan, NJ: CRC Press, 2001), Appendix A. 2. Chicago Journal, May 5, 1886, p. 1. 3. Chicago Mail, May 5, 1886 (11 a.m. edition), p. 1; Chicago News, May 5, 1886, p. 1. 4. Chicago Tribune, May 5, 1886, p. 1; Chicago Mail, May 5, 1886 (10 a.m. edition), p. 1. 5. Chicago Tribune, May 6, 1886, p. 1. 6. Philip S. Foner, ed., The Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs (New York: Humanities Press, 1969), pp. 131–160; Chicago Tribune, Aug. 11, 1886, p. 1. 7. Testimony of James Bonfield, Haymarket Affair Digital Collection (HADC), Chicago Historical Society, Vol. I, pp. 361–362, 458–459. 8. Chicago Tribune, May 7, 1886, p. 2. 9. Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1984), p. 123; Foner, p. 67. 10. Details of Spies family can be found at U.S. Census for 1880, Series T9, Roll 196, p. 382, subpage B. 11. For insight into the schisms within the SLP see Thomas Morgan to NEC, July 19, 1880, Morgan to Van Patten, July 20, 1880, M.