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Marine Faunal Assessment Block 1 PROPOSED 3D SEISMIC EXPLORATION IN BLOCK 1 OFF THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA Marine Faunal Specialist Assessment Prepared for: On behalf of Tosaco Energy (Pty) Ltd February 2021 With contributions by Natasha Karenyi (SANBI) Simon Elwen and Tess Gridley Namibian Dolphin Project Mammal Research Institute (University of Pretoria) OWNERSHIP OF REPORTS AND COPYRIGHTS © 2021 Pisces Environmental Services (Pty) Ltd. All Rights Reserved. This document is the property of the author. The information, ideas and structure are subject to the copyright laws or statutes of South Africa and may not be reproduced in part or in whole, or disclosed to a third party, without prior written permission of the author. Copyright in all documents, drawings and records, whether produced manually or electronically, that form part of this report shall vest in Pisces Environmental Services (Pty) Ltd. None of the documents, drawings or records may be used or applied in any manner, nor may they be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever for or to any other person, without the prior written consent of Pisces, except when they are reproduced for purposes of the report objectives as part of the ESIA undertaken by EIMS (Pty) Ltd. Contact Details: Andrea Pulfrich Pisces Environmental Services PO Box 302, McGregor 6708, South Africa, Tel: +27 21 782 9553 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.pisces.co.za IMPACTS ON MARINE FAUNA – 2D or 3D Seismic Survey in Block 1, South Africa TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................iii ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS ................................................................................................. xiii EXPERTISE AND DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ....................................................................... xvi 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope of Work .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Approach to the Study ................................................................................ 2 1.3 Assumptions, Limitations and Information Gaps .................................................. 2 1.4 Assessment Procedure ................................................................................. 2 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .................................................................... 8 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE MARINE ENVIRONMENT ................................................... 10 3.1 Geophysical Characteristics ........................................................................ 10 3.1.1 Bathymetry ............................................................................... 10 3.1.2 Coastal and Inner-shelf Geology and Seabed Geomorphology ................... 11 3.2 Biophysical Characteristics ......................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Wind Patterns ............................................................................ 13 3.2.2 Large-Scale Circulation and Coastal Currents ...................................... 15 3.2.3 Waves and Tides ......................................................................... 17 3.2.4 Water ...................................................................................... 18 3.2.5 Upwelling & Plankton Production ..................................................... 18 3.2.6 Organic Inputs ............................................................................ 18 3.2.7 Low Oxygen Events ...................................................................... 19 3.2.8 Turbidity .................................................................................. 20 3.3 The Biological Environment ........................................................................ 21 3.3.1 Demersal Communities ................................................................. 22 3.3.2 Seamount Communities ................................................................. 30 3.3.3 Pelagic Communities .................................................................... 33 3.4 Other Uses of the Area .............................................................................. 60 3.4.1 Beneficial Uses ........................................................................... 60 3.4.2 Conservation Areas and Marine Protected Areas ................................... 63 4. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS ....................................................................................... 71 4.1 Identification of Impacts ............................................................................ 71 4.2 Application of the Mitigation Hierarchy .......................................................... 72 4.3 Acoustic Impacts of Seismic Surveys on Marine Fauna ........................................ 72 4.3.1 Impacts of Seismic Noise on Plankton (including ichthyoplankton) ............. 75 Pisces Environmental Services (Pty) Ltd i IMPACTS ON MARINE FAUNA – 2D or 3D Seismic Survey in Block 1, South Africa 4.3.2 Impacts of Seismic Noise on Marine Invertebrates ................................. 80 4.3.3 Impacts of Seismic Noise on Fish...................................................... 85 4.3.4 Impacts of Seismic Noise on Seabirds ................................................ 96 4.3.5 Impacts of Seismic Noise on Turtles ................................................. 101 4.3.6 Impacts of Seismic Noise on Seals ................................................... 108 4.3.7 Impacts of Seismic Noise on Whales and Dolphins ................................ 114 4.4 Other Impacts of Seismic Surveys on Marine Fauna ........................................... 130 4.4.1 Impact of Non-seismic Noise on Marine Fauna .................................... 130 4.4.2 Impact of Survey Vessel Lighting on Pelagic Fauna ............................... 135 4.4.3 Impact of Hull Fouling and Ballast Water Discharge.............................. 138 4.4.4 Impacts of Waste Discharges to Sea ................................................. 142 4.5 Unplanned Events ................................................................................... 147 4.5.1 Faunal Strikes with Project Vessels and Equipment .............................. 147 4.5.2 Accidental Loss of Equipment ........................................................ 150 4.5.3 Release of diesel to sea during bunkering or due to vessel accident ......... 153 4.6 Confounding Effects and Cumulative Impacts.................................................. 158 5. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 160 5.1 Key Findings .......................................................................................... 160 5.2 Environmental Acceptability ...................................................................... 161 5.3 Recommendations ................................................................................... 162 6. LITERATURE CITED .............................................................................................. 169 Pisces Environmental Services (Pty) Ltd ii IMPACTS ON MARINE FAUNA – 2D or 3D Seismic Survey in Block 1, South Africa EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tosaco has applied for an Exploration Right for offshore oil and gas in Block 1, on the West Coast of South Africa. The Licence Block, which is 21,000 km2 in extent, is situated roughly between the South African – Namibian maritime border and Hondeklipbaai. Water depths range from 20 m to 750 m. The commencement of the 3D surveys will depend on an Exploration Right award date and availability of seismic contractors. It is anticipated that the 3D survey would take approximately four months to complete. The seabed sediments comprise sands, sandy muds and muddy sands. Influenced by the Benguela Current the licence block overlaps with the Namaqua upwelling cells. Winds come primarily from the south and southeast, whereas virtually all swells throughout the year come from the SW direction. The bulk of the seawater in the study area is South Atlantic Central Water characterised by low oxygen concentrations, especially at depth. Surface waters in the licence area will be seasonally nutrient rich being within the influence of coastal upwelling. The proposed 3D survey area falls into the Southern Benguela Ecoregion. Benthic invertebrate communities in the area have been relatively well studied and comprise primarily polychaetes, crustaceans and molluscs. The ecosystem types in the proposed survey area have been rated as ‘least threatened’, reflecting the great extent of these habitats in the South African Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Only sections along the shelf edge and around the Orange River mouth are rated as ‘Vulnerable’ and ‘Endangered’, respectively. A geological feature of note adjacent to the proposed survey area is the Namaqua Fossil Forest comprising trunks of fossilized yellowwood trees covered in delicate corals. These unique features stand out against surrounding mud, silt and gravel habitats. Due to its overlap with the Namaqua upwelling cell, plankton abundance is expected to be seasonally high. Major fish spawning and migration routes occurring inshore on the shelf are situated primarily south of the proposed survey area. The dominant fish in the area would include the migratory large pelagic species such as tunas, billfish and pelagic sharks. Seabirds will
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