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Thesis Water Conservation Methods to Conserve the High Plains Aquifer and Arikaree River Basin

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Thesis Water Conservation Methods to Conserve the High Plains Aquifer and Arikaree River Basin THESIS WATER CONSERVATION METHODS TO CONSERVE THE HIGH PLAINS AQUIFER AND ARIKAREE RIVER BASIN: A CASE STUDY ON THE ARIKAREE RIVER Submitted by Adam K. Prior Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2010 Master’s Committee: Department Head: Luis Garcia Advisor: Ramchand Oad James Prichett Terry Podmore Copyright by Adam Kent Prior 2010 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT WATER CONSERVATION METHODS TO CONSERVE THE HIGH PLAINS AQUIFER AND ARIKAREE RIVER BASIN: A CASE STUDY ON THE ARIKAREE RIVER Throughout the United States, and especially in Colorado, farmers confront the challenges of meeting water needs for crop production while trying to maintain natural habitats and conserve dwindling water supplies. The challenge of dividing limited resources creates a constant need for evaluation, research, and conservation of our valued water resources. The Arikaree River is a tributary of the Republican River on the Great Plains of Eastern Colorado. The river is groundwater dependent and receives flow from the underlying High Plains aquifer. The river alluvium has mature riparian communities of plains cottonwoods, habitat for threatened fish species such as the Hybognathus hankinsoni (Brassy Minnow), and habitat for many terrestrial invertebrates, sustained by water from the High Plains aquifer. In addition to the demands for maintenance of habitats, the surrounding, almost exclusively irrigated agricultural lands need water as well. The irrigation water supply is the groundwater pumped from the High Plains aquifer by high-capacity pumps. In recent years, the river became a series of disconnected pools or has dried up entirely during the late summer. To sustain both a precarious regional ii agricultural economy and an aquatic/riparian ecosystem, both dependent on groundwater for existence, there must be tradeoffs to preserve this important resource. The results of this research project provided practical guidelines for water conservation and water management practices. This research project identified feasible and realistic conservation measures that water users could voluntarily implement in Yuma County and other river basins around the country. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Ramchand Oad and the committee members, Dr. Terry Podmore and Dr. James Pritchett, for their assistance, guidance, and support throughout this research project. This graduate research experience has been a learning experience, challenging and rewarding, while working with committee members. I want to thank the Agricultural Experiment Station for supporting this research project and projects throughout Colorado. I would also like to thank the former graduate students, Jeff Falke, Linda Riley, Angela Squires, and Robin Mulkey for collecting data, meeting and working with me to integrate all the information collected over the years. Thank you to my family and friends who have been a support to me throughout this process. Each of you have always believed in me and given me the strength and support I needed. I would like to give special thanks to Kent Prior, P.E. for his consultation of engineering concepts, ideas, and methods. His assistance was invaluable for discussions of a multitude of different topics and ideas required to complete the research analysis and thesis writing. I would also like to thank Marsha Prior for her extensive reviews and analysis of my thesis drafts throughout this process. I would like to thank my colleagues and employer at Clear Water Solutions for supporting my efforts and my time commitments complete my thesis work. The final thanks to Shelley Prior for her continued support and reassurance during the graduate process. Shelley tolerated and supported the extensive time commitment and effort required to complete this research project and thesis. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1 1.1 General Background ..................................................................................1 1.1.1 Arikaree River ......................................................................................2 1.1.2 High Plains Aquifer..............................................................................3 1.2 Study Site Location ....................................................................................6 1.3 Problem Statement .....................................................................................7 1.4 Objectives ................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 13 2.1 Previous Research .................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Arikaree River .................................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Hybognathus Hankinsoni (Brassy Minnow) ....................................... 15 2.1.3 Wildlife and Species of Concern ........................................................ 17 2.1.4 Irrigation ............................................................................................ 19 2.1.5 Riparian ET ........................................................................................ 21 2.1.6 Groundwater ...................................................................................... 23 2.1.7 Crop Data ........................................................................................... 28 2.2 Field Practices for Water Conservation .................................................... 29 2.2.1 No Tillage .......................................................................................... 30 2.2.2 Minimum Tillage ............................................................................... 36 2.2.3 Strip Tillage ....................................................................................... 37 2.2.4 Other Field Practices .......................................................................... 39 2.3 Irrigation System Water Conservation ...................................................... 40 2.3.1 Multi-Functional Irrigation Systems ................................................... 40 2.3.2 Retrofit Well with Smaller or More Efficient Pump ............................ 41 2.3.3 Low Pressure Sprinkler Packages (MESA, LPIC, LESA, LEPA) ....... 43 2.3.4 Use Drip Irrigation ............................................................................. 46 2.3.5 Other Irrigation Systems Components for Water Conservation ........... 48 2.4 Management Practices for Water Conservation ........................................ 49 2.4.1 Plant Crops That Use Less Water or Drought Tolerant Crops ............. 49 2.4.2 Plant Crops with Shorter Growing Season .......................................... 57 2.4.3 Reduced Irrigation Early in the Season, but Irrigated Fully Later in the Season ................................................................................................ 59 2.4.4 Other Management Practices .............................................................. 65 2.5 Programs for Water Conservation ............................................................ 66 2.5.1 Rotational Fallow Incentive ................................................................ 68 2.5.2 Water Use Limits over Certain Period Incentive ................................. 70 2.5.3 Incentive for Conversion to Less Water Intensive Crops ..................... 71 2.5.4 Other Possible Programs .................................................................... 73 2.6 Crop Selection for Water Conservation .................................................... 74 2.6.1 Corn (Maize) ...................................................................................... 74 2.6.2 Bean, Dry ........................................................................................... 76 v 2.6.3 Soybeans ............................................................................................ 78 2.6.4 Winter Wheat ..................................................................................... 80 2.6.5 Other Low Water Use Crops .............................................................. 82 2.7 Economic Impacts of Water Conservation ................................................ 82 2.7.1 Economy of Field Practice Conservation ............................................ 85 2.7.2 Economics of Irrigation System Conservation .................................... 88 2.7.3 Economics of Management Practice Conservation ............................. 90 2.7.4 Economics of Conservation Programs ................................................ 91 2.7.5 Economics of Conservation Crop Selection ........................................ 93 CHAPTER 3 SURVEY OF POTENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION IN EASTERN COLORADO ........................................................................................... 96 3.1 Survey of Eastern Colorado Producers ..................................................... 96 3.1.1 Survey Contents ................................................................................. 97 3.1.2 Survey Results ................................................................................. 100 3.1.3 General Farm Information ................................................................ 100 3.1.4 Farm Demographics
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