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Home , Arikaree River, Basketmaker culture, Firebag River, Spectrum Range

Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references]

Abbott Farm site, New Jersey, 573, Whitewater Draw, 315 sites, 153 , 255, 289, 329, 330 576 Alnus, 93 village, 444 Abbott phase, 576 Alsands lease, 132 wells, 256 Abies, 93 Alsea River, 459 Arctic Archipelago, beaches, 70 lasiocarpa, 93, 100, 348 Alsen Formation, 570 Arctic coastal plain, 412 tridentata, 348, 354 Altithermal, 93, 177, 271, 281, 318, Argialbolls, 340 Abri Pataud, 10 335, 341, 344, 347, 348, 356 Argic Cryoborolls, 344 Absaroka Mountains, 347, 348 soil, 344,347, 356,534 argillic horizons, 544, 551 Acadia Forest Experiment Stattion, aluminum, 406 argillite, 67, 573 545 Amarillo, 55 argilliturbation, 553 accessions, pedogenic, 541 Amarillo points, 56 Argiustolls, 344 acquisition system, 571, 574 Amazon, 553 argonite, Wyandotte Cave, 219,226, Adak Island, 411 Amerindian sites, 148 229 adzes, 439, 445 ammonium, 10 argonite-calcite transition, 224 Africa, 554, 593 Amsden Formation, 348 Argopyron spicatum, 363 Agassiz basin, 23 amygdaloids, 481 Aridisol, 339, 363 Anadara, 474 agate, 561 Arikaree River, 286, 343 Anahim Peak, 68 Agate Basin, 70, 100 Arikaree River drainage, 270 , 124 Anangula Blade site, aAlaska, 384 , 315, 316, 318, 335, 480, Agate Basin Group, 337 Anangula Island, 384 483 Agate Basin horizon, 55 Anasazi culture, 323, 329 Armijo phase, 329 Agate Basin site, Wyoming, 337, Anasazi sites, 327, 328, 329, 33 0 Arrowhead Arch, Indiana, 223 344,355,356 Anastasia Formation, 443 Artemisia agglomerate, 481 Anathermal, 318 tridentata wyomingensis, 363 Agropyron Anchorage, Alaska, 385 sp„ 93, 310, 339 sm.ith.ii, 354 Anderson site, , 272 Artica islandica, 469 spp., 348 andesine tuff, 481 articlast, 403 Aivansh flow, 73 andesite flows, 481 Artifact Bank, Medicine Hat, 63, 76 Alabama, 483 Anodonta, 303, 309 artifacts, 22, 25, 42, 46, 68, 100, alabaster, 220, 222 anomalies 112, 115, 124, 129, 165, 174, Alaska, 69, 383, 384, 385, 399, anthropogenic, 614 178,189,222,229, 255, 256, 4 07,4 08, 409, 410, 411, 413, chemical, 207 259, 261, 263, 272, 284, 289, 416, 480, 481 geophysical, 614 315, 316,403,404, 414, 442, Alaska Panhandle, 413 Anthony Island, 116 443, 445, 446, 448, 449, 450, Alaska Peninsula, 385, 412, 460 Antiparos, 588 499,503,516, 519, 536, 554, Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, antler tines, 219 561,574 457 ants, 552 chert, 561, 573, 574, 587 , Canada, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, anvil stone, 450 copper, 479,499,500,502,509 68, 72, 74, 77, 87, 90, 93, 94, Apalachee Bay Region, Florida, 446, flaked-stone, 317 97, 98,100, 101, 102, 110, 458 glass, 589 123, 124, 132, 133 Apan Basin, 431 horizons, 554 artifacts, 337 apatite, 563 lead, 588 northeastern, 123 Apollo Beach site, Florida, 445 lithic, 99, 126, 258, 442, 561, albite, 481 Appalachian Mountains, 2, 12, 13, 571 Alces, 70 482 microstructures, 503,509 Aleutian Islands, 383 Aquenta, 355 petrographic analysis, 571 Alexander Archipelago, 415, 460 Aquilla Creek, 263 stone, 62 Alfisols, 207, 209, 535 Aquolls, 337, 344, 347, 354, 355 taconite, 28 Algonkians, 132 aragonite, 219, 220, 224 Arvada Formation, 344 Allen site, Kansas, 270 speleothem, 219, 221,229 Ash County, North Carolina, 482 Allentown chert, 574 trace-element composition, 227 ash Allentown Formation, 569 Arbuckle Mountains, 253 volcanic, 384, 412, 598 allophane, 406 archaeologic time, 519 falls, 73, 385 allostratigraphic units, 400, 402 archaeology layers, 61, 514 Ashislepah Shelter, 327 alluvial fan, 98, 116, 291, 301, 304, archaeomagnetic dating, 597 Athabasca deposit, 123, 344, 361, 409 archaeomagnetism, 604, 607 127 alluvial muck, 410 archaeometallurgy, 499 Athabasca/Peace/Mackenzie system, alluvial soils, 543 archaeotemperatures, 599 74 Archaic Culture, 255, 323, 329 alluvial stratigraphy, 315 , 68, 123, 125, 126, Archaic Period, 271 alluviation, 409 131 artifacts, 255, 257 alluvium, 33, 183, 326, 337, 348, Athabasca Sandstone, 125, 127, 129, cemetery, 444 350, 408, 552 130 populations, 255,. 289, 330 Crawfish River, 207 Athabasca valley, 127, 132, 133

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Athabaskans, 73, 132 Beacon Hill Gravel, 570 kill site, 62, 64,100, 101, 256, Athens, 586 bear, short-face, 284 286, 337, 361, 366 Atlantic Climate Episode, 58 Bear Cave, 414 range, 73 Atlantic continental shelf, 461 Bear Cove site, Vancouver Island, remains, 54, 255, 256, 270, 271, deposit preservation, 457 115 284, 286, 287, 321, 366, 442, river valleys, 457 Beatton River drainage, 116 444, 445 sea level, 454 Beaufort sea coast, 413 Bison, 54, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, sites, 439 beaver, giant, 284 112, 315 See also continental shelf Beaver Dam Member, 569 antiquus, 53, 277, 286 Atriplex spp., 328, 347 borrow pit, 128 bison, 278 Atruscan sites, Italy, 607 Beaver River Quarry, 67, 124, 126, occidentalis, 287 attrition, 240 128, 129, 130 bivalves, 427 Aucilla River, 446 Beaver River Quartzite, 128 marine, 467, 469 Australia, 552 Beaver River Sandstone, 64, 123, season of death, 468 australopithecines, 516 128 shell cycles, 467 autobrecciation, 480 artifacts, 133 Black Mesa, Arizona, 335 avalanche, rock, 237 source, 130 Blackwater Locality No. 1, 256 Avenue of the Dead, 431 Beaverhead Mountains, 363 Blakeland soil, 343 Avon quarry, 67 Bedford Mound, Illinois, 229 blanks, 442, 449, 509,511 Avonlea pottery, 67 bedrock, 68, 111, 125,128, 388, Blarina brevicauda, 12, 16 Aztalan site, Wisconsin, 199 409, 446 Bliss Pit site, , 95 alluvial sediments, 203 Beekmantown artifacts, 574 Blue Cypress Lake, 443 cultural activities, 203 Beekmantown Group, 569 Blue Ridge belt, 482 drainage basin, 203 Bell Basin, 91, 93 Blue Ridge province, 483 mesoenvironment, 200 bentonite, 302 Blue River, 277 midden deposits, 199, 206, 207, Berberis sp., 94 Bluefish Basin, 91, 93 208, 211, 214, 216 Berelekh Mammoth site, Siberia, 409 Bluefish Cave I, Yukon Territory, 63, presettlement vegetation, 202 Bering Sea, 453 77, 111, 117, 414, 415 sand frequency curves, 211 beach ridges, 384 Boca Ciega Bay, 445 soil-geomorphic analysis, 199 coast, 384 Bolen points, 445, 446 soil loss equation, 205, 215 shelf, 460 Bolyston Street Fishweir site, soil/sediment packages, 208 Bering Strait region, beach ridges, Massachusetts, 439 soils, 204 384 Boman site, Tennessee, 222 vegetation, 209 Beringia sites, 93, 399, 401 bones, 447, 450 artifacts, 408 Bonner Springs, Kansas, 276, 284 Badin phase, 175 beach ridges, 413 Bonner Springs exposure, 277 Bajada phase, 329 dating, 406 Bonnet Plume Basin, Yukon Balanus hameri, 7, 15 eolian environment, 410 Territory, 63, 91, 93, 403 Bald Eagle Formation, 576 fluvial environment, 408 borax, 302 Ballast Point, 449, 450 sea levels. 457 boreal forests, 105, 123, 127 Baltimore Canyon, 150 sediments, 408 bosing, 605 Baltimore Canyon Trough, 149 shoreline environments, 412 Boss Hill site, Alberta, 62 Banff area, 99, 100 slope processes, 410 Boston, Massachusetts, 439 Banff National Park, 65 soils, 402 Boston Basin, 137, 139 Banks Island, Canadian Arctic, 64 stratigraphie units, 401, 402 Boston Bay Group, 139 banner stone, 442 tephra, 412 Boston Blue Clay, 140 Bare Island/Poplar Island Complex, Beringian horizons, 405 Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, 137, 574 Beringian refugium, 108 144 Barhead, Alberta, 124 Bethanie, Quebec, 8 bottomlands, 273 Barstow Formation, 301, 302 betonites, 102 boundary units, 402 basalts, 68, 318, 363, 481 Betula, 93 , 77, 101 amygdaloidal, 480, 481, 482 bifaces, 190, 439 Bow River valley, 77 flows, 480, 481 Big Blue River, 271, 278, 289, 290 Bowers Beach, 153 basement rock, 554 prehistoric settlement patterns, bowls, 442, 449, 450 Basketmaker culture, 331 292 brachiopods, 565, 569, 570 Basketmaker phases, 329 Big Blue River drainage, 290 Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 483 Bates Holes site, Wyoming, 351, 356 Big Blue River valley, 278 Brady soil, 274 , Alberta, 65 Bighorn Basin, 355 Brazil, 553 Battleford Formation, 95 Bighorn Mountains, 347 Brazos River, 258, 263, 458 Bay of Chaleurs, 10 Bignell loess unit, 273, 274 breccias, pillow, 481 Bay of Culebra, 423, 428 biomantles, 544 Bridge River eruption, 116 Bay of Salinas, 423 biostratigraphic units, 400 Bridge River tephra, 71, 73, 93 Bayard, 55 biotite, 111, 387 Bristol Bay, 460 Bayard people, 56 bioturbation, 236, 263 , Canada, 62, 63, Bayard points, 55 Birch Hills, Alberta, 74 66, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 87, 91, Bayard sites, 56 Birch Mountains, 124, 125, 133 beaches, 69 92,97, 99, 113, 114, 115, Birmingham Shale, 231 116, 117, 125, 481 Pacific Coast, 70 Bisbee, Arizona, 480, 483 coastal, 114 ridges, 144,384, 411, 413 bison, 343 inner shelf, 459

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interior, 116 Cap d'Or, Nova Scotia, 480 Chatahoochee River sites, lamellae, northeastern, 116 Cape Fear River, 161 167 sea level, 457 Cape Kruzenstern, 413 chemical analysis, 367 sites, 113 beach ridges, 384 Cheop's pyramid, 612, 614 Brohm site, Ontario, 22 Cape Henlopen, 153, 156 Chephren's Pyramid, 612, 614 Bromus tectorum, 348 Cape Nome, 413 Cherokee site, Missouri, 536 bronzes, ancient, 586, 587 carbon, 586,590,593 cherts, 13, 67, 95, 190, 229, 268, Brooks Island site, California, 452 isotopes, 590 301, 303, 318, 445, 446,561 Brooks Range, 384, 408, 409, 531 carbon-nitrogen ratio, 366 artifacts, 561 Brooks River, 412 carbonate, 111, 125 , 244, 303 , 325, bedded, 562 bryozoans, 569, 570 347, 561, 562, 569, 570, 586 defined, 561 Buck Creek Terrace, 275 Carex spp., 354 exotic, 577 Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 483 caribou nodular, 67, 562 Buffalo Wallows, 339 remains, 395, 406, 415, 442 petrographic analysis, 563,571, burial sites, 285, 454 tibia flesher, Old Crow, 76 577 Bushfield West site, Saskatchewan, Caribou Lake Complex, 58, 70, 105 petrology, 561 95,105 Carlo Creek site, Alaska, 384,407, residual, 562 Butte, Montana, 480 408, 410 sources, 563,571,577 Buzzard's Roost, 273 Carlsbad Caverns, New , 220 Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, 457 Carnegie Canyon, 260 Chesley site, , 281 Cactus Flower site, Alberta, 62 Carolina Slate Belt, 164 Chester County, Pennsylvania, 483 Caddo paleosol, 281 Carrara District, Italy, 586 people, 273 Caddo soil, 259 Carrara marble, 587 Chiapas Central Depression, 431 Cadwalader Annex sites, New Jersey, Carter/Kerr-McGee site, Wyoming, Chichimeca groups, 431 571 337, 344, 355, 356 Chione Cadwalader Complex, 574 Cassiar district, British Columbia, stutchburyi, 468 Caesarea, Israel, 586 69 subinbricata, 424, 425, 426 site, Illinois, 201 cation exchange capacity (CEC), 365 subrugosa, 424, 426, 428 Caladesi Causeway site, Florida, 446 Catoctin, 480 sp., 424 Calciaquoll, 339 Cavell Advance, 94 Chira Island site, Costa Rica, 423, calcite, 10, 222, 224, 421 caves, 1, 414,431, 479 428 calcium carbonate, 10, 101, 220, astronomical, 431 Chlethrionomis gapperi, 12, 16 244, 308, 318, 421 limestone, 234 chlorite, 10, 365 Calcium Carbonate Solonchaks, 339 Teotihuacan Valley, 431 choppers, bifacial, 446 Calciutolls, 345 See also specific caves chromite, 565 Calgary, Alberta, 63, 64, 72 Cecil Black Flint, 565 chronometric units, 400 Calico fault, 304 Cedar Creek site, New York, 443 chronosequences, 531 Calico hills, 301 celts, 442, 510 chronostratigraphic units, 518,520 Calico Mountains, 301, 302 Central America, 552 chronostratigraphy, 41 Calico site, California, 301,311 Central Plains Tradition, 272 Chukchi Sea shelf, 460 artifacts, 304 ceramics, 67, 165, 271, 423, 443 Chuska Mountains, 327 dating, 306 Cerastoderma edule, 468, 472 Citadel, 431 faults, 304 Cerro Gordo, 433 Citrus County, Florida, 446 high-level fans, 304 Cerro Malinalco, 433 Cladonia sp., 12, 16 paleoenvironment, 310 Cervalces, 70 cladostratigraphy, 515 stratigraphy, 304 Cervus, 97 clay minerals, 10, 33, 42 California, 301,311,449,450,451, Chaco Canyon, 325,326,327, 328 Clayhurst Stage, 97 452, 480 Chaco Dune Field, 323 Claypool site, , 340 calving bay, 6, 8 Chaco River, 323, 324, 329, 331 Lower Sand, 341 Camas sp., 94 Chaco unit, 326, 328 soils, 340 Cambridge, Massachusetts, 556 chalcedony, 301, 303, 318, 561, clays, 29, 32 camel remains, 286, 321, 339, 443, 563, 565, 569, 570 chlorite, 34 444 chalk, 268 deposits, 316 Camelops, 54, 95, 315 Champlain Sea, 1, 3, 8, 15, 16 pottery, 67 C. herternus, 310 age, 1 red, 11 Campbell stage, 104 Champlain Sea Basin, 7 Clear Fork, Brazos, 258 Canada, 481 Champlain Valley, 7 Clear Fork gouges, 445, 446 eastern, 1 proglacial lake, 1 Clearwater Formation, 125, 127 northern prairies, 88, 92,93 Channel Islands, 449 Clearwater River region, 124 northwestern, 87,108 Chantanika River, 409 Cleburne County, Alabama, 483 western, 61,87,105 charcoal, 12, 41, 48, 99, 100, 140, cliff lines, evolution, 244 See also specific sites in Canada 214, 219, 223, 235, 271, 315, clinopyroxene, 481 Canadian Arctic, 74 317, 323, 327, 343, 354, 407, Clinton Lake area, 279, 292, 293 Canadian Plains, 67, 74 415, 444, 450, 453 Clovis artifacts, 256 Canadian Rocky Mountains, 99 Charloe Lake Cave site, British , 51, 255, 315, 337, Canadian Shield, 89, 92, 104, 202 Columbia, 62, 63, 74, 97, 116, 340, 356 Candona sp., 7, 16 117, 125 Clovis mammoth kill, 258 Cantwell Ash, 385 Chassahowitzka River site, Florida, Clovis points, 51,258, 448 Canyon Creek site, 410 446 Clovis sites, 51,256, 258, 261,

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270, 534, 535 nuggets, placer, 480 Cummins site, Canada, 21,22,25, coal, 125 recrystallization, 502, 503 40,47 deposits, 388 structure, 500 c-transforms, 42 laminae, 131 trade, 69 Cummins Pond core, 33 seams, 68 U.S. sources, 488 geoarchaeology, 21 Coalspur, Alberta, 68 See also native copper lithic debitage, 44 Coast Range, 68 Copper Mountain site, Wyoming, n-transforms, 42 Coastal Plain 343, 344, 356 Oliver Pond, 34 fluvial deposition, 193 soils, 343,351 pollen, 35 sites, artifact distribution, 183 Copper River, Alaska, 69, 480 quartz sand grains, 40 upper, 183,194 copper sulfide deposits, 483 sediments, 28 coastal archaeology, 467 Coppermine River area, Canada, 481 vegetation, 42 Cochise Culture, 315, 316, 320, 322 Coppermine River Group, 481 Cumulic Haplustoll soil, 276, 353 Cochrane, Alberta, 62, 63 coquina, 443 cuspate foreland system, 139, 142 Cochrane glacial advance, 177 corals, 569, 570 Cyclades, 588, 589 Codex Xolotl, 431 heads, 446 Cypress Hills, Alberta, 62, 92, 93 Cody artifacts, 337, 340 reefs, 423, 428, 443 Cypress Hills Plateau, 102 Cody Cultural Complex, 103,337 Cordilleran glaciation, 92 Cody phase, 329 Cordilleran ice, 88 Dakota Sandstone, 350 Cordilleran Inlandsis, 92 Cody terrane, 337 Dalton phase, 186, 189 cores, 442, 445 Coeymans Formation, 570 Dameron Rockshelter, Kentucky, 231 Coffey site, Nebraska, 271, 288, flake, 439 Dargoh, Maryland, 576 289,292 Coriolis force, 193 data acquisition, 612 Cohansey Quartzite, 573 Cornwall County, Pennsylvania, 483 dating methods, 520 Colchester Jasper, 565 Cornwallis Island, 70 De Finis site, New Jersey, 574 , Alberta, 74, 124 corridor, ice-free, 61, 69, 74, 87, 97, Dead Indian site, Wyoming, 347, 356 Coleen site, Alaska, 408 99, 114, 116, 117 Dead Man Lake, 327 collagen, bone, 590,592 Costa Rica, 124, 128, 421,423,428 Deadman's Shelter site, Texas, 258 colloids, 407 coast, 423 Debert site. Nova Scotia, 10, 13 colluvium, 208, 214, 231, 244, 337, Costa Rican Typic Dystrandepts, 552 debitage, 25, 28, 133, 348, 443, 348, 350, 354, 356 Coyote Cave, 361, 366 444, 445, 446 Colonia Ulpia Trajana, 612 chemical analysis, 365 lithic, 44 Colorado, 96, 270, 285,335,339, depression, 367, 368 debris flows, 65, 98, 310 340, 552 minerals, 365 Dedham Granodiorite, 139 Colorado Creek site, Alaska, 409 moisture retention, 364 Deep River, 161 Colorado Front Range, 335 particle size, 364 Deep River Basin, 178 Colorado High Plains, 339, 340 ramp pit, 363, 366, 367 Deep River drainage, 164 Colorado Plateau, 323 sediments, 368 Deep River terraces, 164 Colorado River, 458 soil analysis, 363 Deer Creek, 281 conductivity, electrical, 365 soils, 368 Deer Creek phase, 271, 272 Condylura cristata, 12, 16 Crater Lake, 93 Deer Isle, 439 cone, volcanic, 361 Crawfish River, 201, 202, 203, 214 deforestation, 426 congelifraction, 404 alluvium, 207 deformation, 236, 500, 502 conglomerates, 480, 481 crayfish, 553 déglaciation, 1, 23, 66, 89, 93,117, Connecticut, 442, 480, 483 Cree Burn Lake site. Alberta, 132, 126, 202, 214, 455, 456 Connecticut River, 442 133 northern prairies, 92 contact units, 402 Crete, 588, 598 Delaware, 153, 156, 457, 536 continental shelf, 147,156, 399, crinoids, 569 coastal, 149, 153 439,454 crispening, 612 sea level, 153 inundated sites, 454 Cross Creek, 231 submerged sites, 151 site preservation, 149 Crowfoot event, 93 Delaware Bay, Delaware, 457 submerged sites, 147, 399 Crown site, Saskatchewan, 105 Delaware Canyon site, Oklahoma, Cook Inlet, 384, 387, 457 Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, 67, 77, 93, 535 Coopermine River, 480 94 Copan paleosol, 281 Delaware Cape, 159 Cryoboroll, 353 Copan soil, 261 Delaware estuary, 157 cryoclastism, 234 copper Delaware River, 148, 157, 211, 290, cryoturbation, 64, 404,553 292 annealing, 500 cryptocrystalline rocks, 458, 561 Delaware River valley, 279, 561, artifacts, 479, 499, 502, 503, crystals, 128, 130, 220, 404 563, 574,577 508,509 copper, 505 chert sources, 562 blanks, 502,509 crystalturbation, 553 lamellae, 167 Canadian sources, 491 cuestas, 268 Delaware shelf, 157 crystals, 505 culture period-landform association Delaware watershed, 574 deformation, 500 model, 293 Delmarva Peninsula, 147 float, 480 cultures, prehistoric, 329 Delphi, 586 hardness testing, 507 See also specific cultures Delta Valley, 411, 416 industrial, 69 Cummins Pond, 25,33, 47 Denali Complex sites, Alaska, 385, mining, 499 pollen, 33, 47 411 native, 69,479,505 quartz sand grains, 40 denticulates, 445

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deposits Dutton site, Colorado, 270, 285,339 Farmington, Connecticut, 483 alluvial, 33, 183 Farrell Creek site, British Columbia, archaeological, 200, 206, 258 Eagle-Finalyson-Brule Creek 117 coal, 388 Moraine, 23 faults, 304 copper-sulfide, 480, 483 Early Archaic Period, 445 fauna. 93, 112, 258, 274, 284, 310, eolian, 323, 324, 410 early man, 1, 9,13, 97 319, 443, 444, 445, 447 flood-plain, 161 Early Woodland, 574 snail, 278 glacial, 41 peoples, 175 faunalturbation, 544,551, 553, 554 igneous, 301 earthworms, 552,556 Federal Republic of Germany, 612 lacustrine, 270, 301 East Cache Creek, 260 feldspar, 29, 111, 391, 569 loess, 273 Eastern Piano, 13 Femdale Bog, pollen, 255 midden, 442, 451 Econfina Channel site, Florida, 446 Ferris dune field, 341 organic, 447 Eden projectile point, 124 Ferry Roadsite, Connecticut, 442 peat, 454 Edwardsville phase, 271, 272 filtering, 612 primary, 519 Eisenhower Junction, 99 finger-printing, 601 salt marsh, 443 El Niño event, 471, 614 Finlay River area, British Columbia, sand-dune, 25 El Paraiso site, Peru, 471 91 sand-sheet, 324 electrical methods, 607 Finley site, Wyoming, 335 secondary, 519 elemental sediment units (ESU), 514 fire hearths, 442, 450 shell, 423, 445, 447 Elk Mountain, 354 Firebag River, 131 swale, 200, 206, 207 Elkwater-Battle Channel, 102 firepits, 444 tephra, 385 Elliptio complanatus, 7 First Hillwite, Delaware, 156 volcanic ash, 385, 412 Ellis Landing site, California, 452 Firstview Culture, 255 deuterium, 593 Elm Fork Trinity River, 261 Firstview Soil, 534, 535 Devil tephra, 387,393 Elymus Firth River, 109 Devils Den site, Florida, 446 cinereus, 354 fish remains, 444 Devils Lake area, 202 cristata, 348 Fisherman Lake, Northwest Dezadeash Valley, 109 embayment, calving, 1 Territories, 62 diagnostic horizons, 528 Emeryville site, California, 452 fishhooks, 450 diamicton, anthropogenic, 217 Engigstiak site, Yukon Territory, 108 Flemington, New Jersey, 483 Dicrostonyx, 10, 11, 12 England, 556 Fletcher site, Alberta, 62, (A, 110 hudsonius, 11, 12, 16 Englewood Mound site, Florida, 446 Flint Hills region, 268 diorite, 68 English artifacts, 587 Flint Ridge, Ohio, 576 discontinuities English Camp site, San Juan Island, flintknapping, 67 archaeological, 515 453 flooding, 235, 243 sedimentary units, 402 Entisols, 344 outburst, 66 District of Keewatin, 88 eolian deposits, 323, 324,410 flood plains, 161 Divers Lake, New York, 576 Ephedra, 325 Maw River, 161,165,174 Doerschuk site. North Carolina, 167 Epidaurus, 586 flora, 93, 310 Dog Lake Moraine, 23 Epler chert, 574 Floral Formation, 95 Doggett quarry, 67 Epler Formation, 569 Florida, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, dolomite, 202, 563, 565 equifact, 403 458 Domebo Formation, 260 Equus, 54, 95, 310, 315 points, 445 Donax variabilis, 469 lambei, 112 floroturbation, 42,544,553 Donnelly Ridge site, Alaska, 416 Erethizan dorsatum, 12, 16 flows Dorchester Bay, 138 Erodium circutarium, 551 amygdaloidal, 481 Double Adobe site, Arizona, 315, erosion, 63, 70, 103, 138, 173, 201, andesite, 481 316, 318 211, 234, 275, 326, 412, 413, basalt, 480, 481 Douglas Beach site, Florida, 443 449 debris, 64, 98, 310 dredge spoil, 442 prehistoric, 204 lava, 74 drills, 442, 445, 446 shoreface, 457 Fluvaquentic Haplaquolls, 348 dripline, 244 Erratics Train Till, 89 Fluvent, 350 drumlins, 137, 202 Esox lucius, 112 Folsom Culture, 53, 255, 337, 356 Dry Cat Cave, 361 Estevan, Saskatchewan, 104 , 256, 270, 329 Dry Creek site, Alaska, 403, 405, Etherington chert, 67 artifacts, 257 406, 410, 411 ethnostratigraphic units, 516, 520, bison kills, 256 Dry Island Buffalo Jump, Alberta, 124 521 points, 53, 329, 361 Duchesne County, , 552 Eustis Ash Pit, 273 Fontana mine, North Carolina, 482 Ducktown, Tennessee, 482 Eutric Brunisols, 100 food remains, 444 Ducktown County, Tennessee, 482 evolution Foothills sites, 95, 97 Ducktown mines, Tennessee, 483 cliff lines, 244 forests, boreal, 105, 123, 127 dunes, 25, 273, 323, 341, 410, 531 sandstone rockshelters, 231,249 Fort Ann chert, 576 barchanoid, 324 excavation, submerged site, 151 Fort Ann Formation, 569 formation, 274 Fort Hays Limestone, 268 growth, 328 Fairbanks, Alaska, 409 Fort MacKay, 123, 131, 132 linear, 324 Fairfax County, Virginia, 482 Fort Macleod, 124 lunette, 253 Fajada gravels, 325 Fort McMurray, 123 parabolic, 324, 341 fanglomerate, 304 Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan, 95 Durham Basin, 164 Fannin County, Georgia, 482 Fort St. John, British Columbia, 91

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Forty Mile Coulee, Alberta, 62, 65 glasses, 68, 391, 481 Halifax phase, 174 fossils, 516, 569 gleization, 405 Halifax projectile point, 175 plant, 388 Glenrose Cannery site, British hammerstones, 219, 442, 445, 446 Fox Creek points, 573 Columbia, 115 Hammonassett Beach site, Fox Permafrost Tunnel, 409 Globe, Arizona, 483 Connecticut, 442 fractionation, isotopic, 585, 593 Glyptodon sp., 445 Hammonassett State Park, 442 Franchthi Caves site, Greece, 471 Golconda Shale, 232 handstones, 315, 318 Fraser glaciation, 92 Goldstream Formation, 409 Hanson site, Wyoming, 355 Fraser lowland, 92, 114 Goldthwait Sea, 1, 13, 16 Haplaquents, 354 Fraser River Canyon, 116 Good Friday earthquake, 384 Haplaquoll, 337, 355 Fraser River valley, 115, 116 Gore Creek burial site, British Haploborolls, 348 Frazer Delta, British Columbia, 62, Columbia, 62, 66, 72, 116 haploidization, 553 115 Gore Pit site, Oklahoma, 260 Haplustoll, 344 Freda sandstone, 480 gorget, 223, 224 Harbor Island, 138 Frenchman Valley, 90 gouges, shell, 445 beaches, 138 Front Range, Colorado, 97, 335 Gould Pond, Maine, 177 drumlins, 137 frost creep, 410 pollen, 177 Hardaway scraper, 165 frost disturbance, 404 Graham Island, 115, 460 Harding Lake, 413 frost heave, 44, 403 micro blade site, 115 Hardyston chert, 573, 574, 576 Gramineae, 142 Hardyston jasper quarries, 576 gabbros, 561 Grand Pabos River, 10 Hardyston Quartzite, 563, 576 galena, 589 Grape Island site, 137, 142, 143,145 Harik's Sandy Ground, 571, 574 Gallagher Flint station, 415 pollen, 141 Harkesbury River, New South Wales, Gallo unit, 325, 328 graphite, 565 552 Gap site, Alberta, 100 Grasshopper Falls phase, 271, 272 harpoon heads, 450 Garrett Allen site, Wyoming, 354, gravel, lag, 47 Harry S trunk Lake, 277 357 gravity methods, 611 Hartman Moraine, 23 Gaspe Peninsula, 12 graywackes, 562 Hartselle Formation, 232 deglaciation, 1 Great Lakes area, 21, 544, 548 Hartselle Sandstone, 232, 234, 242 eastern, 6 copper, 503, 583 Harvard Forest, 552 southern, 1,10 Great Lakes basin, 24 Harvey Mountain quarries, 67 Gaston site, North Carolina, 167 Great Peconic Bay, New York, 457 Havana Mound, Illinois, 223 gastropods, 423, 427, 469 , 126 Haw River, North Carolina, 161,178 Gaussian filtering, 612 central, 267 alluvium, 164 gelifluction, 403, 410 Great South Bay, New York, 457 artifacts, 165 geoarchaeology, 21, 110, 123,174, Green Bay ice lobe, 202 bed-load, 168 183,231,253,261,267,301, Green Bay lowland, 202 depositional sequence, 174 421 Green Lake County, Wisconsin, 499 drainage, 164, 177 geochemistry, stable isotope, 585 Greenbriar points, 445 flood plain, 161,165,174, 175, geofacts, 403 Greenland, 592 178 geologic time, 519 greenstone, 480, 483 lamellae, 167,168, 170,172 geomorphology, 156,202,330 Ground Hog Bay site, Alaska, 384, sedimentology, 168,175 geophysical exploration methods, 412, 413, 416 site group, 161,164,165,168, 603,604,614 ground stone, 442, 449, 450 170,174 George Lake complex, 21 Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 423, 427, terraces, 164 Georgia, 482 428 Haw River channel, 164 geothite, 599 guides, archaeological stratigraphic, Haw River valley, 178 Gilman Canyon Formation, 273 513 Hawthorn Formation, 445, 446 Ginns Branch, 232 Gulf Coastal Plain, 253,261 Hayes vent, 387 Ginsey Hole, Indiana, 220 Gulf of Alaska, 411, 459 Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Giza, Egypt, 612 continental shelf, 457 Alberta, 62, 65, 67, 102 Giza, Israel, 606 sea level, 457 Healy Lake Village site, Alaska, 384, glacial debris, 505 Gulf of Maine, 455 406, 412 glacial deposits, 41 Gulf of Mexico, 461, 606 hearths, fire, 442, 450 Glacial Lake Peace, 97 continental shelf sites, 443,458 Hebron loam, 204 glacial lakes, 1, 8, 51, 53, 69, 92, river valleys, 458 Helderberg chert, 573, 574, 576 126 sea level, 455 Helderberg Group, 569, 570 glacial sediments, 388 Gulf of Nicoya, 423 Hell Gap, Wyoming, 55, 70, 335 Glaciated Region, 268 Gull Lake buffalo jump, bison, 343 glaciation, 88, 91, 92, 415 Saskatchewan, 62 bison kill, 286 montane, 88 Gulo gulo, 11, 16 points, 344 Glacier Peak tephra, 71 Gunflint Formation, 22 Hell Gap Culture, 270 glaciers, 89 Guss Island, 453 Hell Gap Group, 337 alpine, 100, 394 Gymer soil, 275 hematite, 10, 481, 563, 565, 599 ice, 7 gypsum, 222, 587, 588 Hemiaucheoia, sp., 310 montane, 90,92 gyttja, 101 Hermann site, Missouri, 274 trunk, 91 Hernando points, 446 Gladstone Bay, Kluane Lake, 109 Haceta Island, 414 Hickory Creek Terrace, 261 Gladstone site, Yukon Territory, 109 Halcyon Lake Formation, 569 Hidden Falls site, Alaska, 415

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High Plains region, 56, 268 imaging, 604 alluvial fills, 275 Hingham Bay, Massacshuetts, 138 Indian Creek fault zone, 178 flood plains, 277 Hingham-Hull Bays, closure, 143, Indian Head site. New Jersey, 573 terraces, 275 145 Indiana, 219, 220, 226 kaolinite, 10, 365 Hinton, Alberta, 66 induced polarization method, 609 Karmutsen Group, 481 Historic Euroamerican, 291 International Stratigraphic Guide, 513 Kasnyka Bay, 415 Historic Native American, 291 Iowa, 229, 273 Kasta site, Queen Charlotte Islands, Historic Period, 273 iron 115 Holliday Terrace Complex, 275, 276, meteoritic, 69 Kauwerak midden, 385 290 oxides, 570 Kaycee terrace, 351 Holocene, 1,93,97,100,103,104, terrestrial, 69 Keele Range, 111 112,315,323, 331, 335,391 Isabella Basin, 409 Keele River, Northwest Territories, 68 marine transgression, 149 Island Field site, Delaware, 153 Keith variant, 271, 272 Homo Isle Royale, Michigan, 479, 480, Kenny site, Alberta, 62 erect us, 516 499 Kentucky, 220, 231 sapiens, 96, 284 isolates, regional marriage, 132 rockshelters, 231, 244 See also humans isotopes Kettle Butte, 361 homogenization, 415, 554 analysis, 586 Keweenaw fault, 480 , 68, 110 carbon, 590 Keweenaw Peninsula, 499 hook, shell, 444 lead, 588 Keyser chert, 576 Hopewell site, Ohio, 229 nitrogen, 590 Keyser Formation, 569 Buttes, Arizona, 335 stable, 585 Killpecker dune field, 341 Horicon Formation, 207 strontium, 587 Kittatinny carbonates, 565 horizons Itkillik River, 409 Kittatinny chert, 574 argillic, 544, 551 Ivory Coast, 554 , 329 artifact, 554 Iyateat site, Alaska, 410 Klo-kut site, Yukon Territory, 112 cultural, 401 Kluane National Park, 110 diagnostic, 528 Jack's Reef points, 573 Kneehills tuff, 68 homogenization, 554 jade, 68 Knife River flint, 67, 68 soil, 61,71,178,343,527, 614 jadeite, 68 knives, 442, 446, 510 stone, 554 James Allen points, 344 Kobuk River, 383, 460 hornblende, 111, 387, 391, 565 James River lobe, 90 Kodiak Island sites, 384, 412 Horner site, Wyoming, 335, 337 jarosite, 481 Koyukuk flood plain, 409 Hornsby Springs site, Florida, 446 Jarvas Creek Ash, 385 Kuma soil, 275 hornstone, 561 jasper, 22, 271, 561, 571, 574 Kuparuk Pingo site, Alaska, 410 horse remains, 286, 321, 327, 339, Jasper, Alberta, 92, 129 Kuskokwim River, 460 443, 444 Jasper National Park, 89 Kuzitrin River, 385 Hosterman's Pit, Pennsylvania, 12 Jeddito Alluvium, 327 Kvichak River, 460 Houghton, Michigan, 499 Jeddito Formation, 326 Hudson Bay lobe, 23 Johnstown Moraine, 202 La Martre River, 15 Hudson Canyon, 150 Jones-Miller site, Colorado, 270, La Vieille Formation, 10 humans 2 86, 340, 343 Labrador, 480 migration routes, 13 Jughole Springs site, Florida, 446 area, Alberta, 67, 124 remains, 284, 442, 443 , 444, J uncus Lac St. Jean area, Quebec, 13 445, 449 balticus, 354 Lac St. Jean Lowlands, 6, 15 Humic Gleys, 339 confusus, 354 Lac Seul Moraine, 23 humus, 407 Juniperus, 310, 328 lacustrine deposits, 301 Hypsithermal, 65, 72, 77, 93, 100, spp., 348 Laddie Creek site, Wyoming, 347, 102, 105 356 woodland, 39 Kalkberg/Port Ewen Formation, 569 Lagopus mutus, 112 Kaministikwia River Valley, 22 Lake Agassiz ice Kampshroeder site, Kansas, 272 Emerson Phase, 51,54 caps, 92, 93 Kanopolis Lake, 278, 290, 291 glacial, 23, 24 , 42, 51, 56, 70, glacier, 7 Kanopolis Reservoir, 272 92, 104, 118 gouging, 460 Kansa people, 273 Lockhart Phase, 51, 53 montane, 88 Kansas, 270, 271, 272, 276, 277, Moorhead Phase, 51, 53 needles, 44, 404 284, 287, 288 Lake Agassiz basin, 21, 51,104 pack, 412, 413 Kansas City Hopewell culture, 271 spruce forests, 54 sheets, continental, 149 , 272, 274 Lake Algonquin strandlines, 21 ice-shove ridges, 413 tributaries, 277,279 Lake Alsek, neoglacial, 109 Ichetucknes River, 446 Kansas River basin, 267 Lake Beaver Bay, glacial, 23 Icy Cape, 460 geoarchaeological model, 293 Lake Bouve, glacial, 144 Idaho, 361 physiographic regions, 268 Lake Calgary, 92 igneous deposits, 301 precipitation, 268 Lake Duluth, glacial, 23 igneous rocks, 480 prehistoric settlement patterns, Lake Duluth high, 21 Illinois, 201, 229, 549, 556 292 Lake Edmonton, 92 illite, 10, 11, 365 soil ages, 279 Lake Hind, 53 ilmenite, 367, 565 vegetation, 269 Lake Hubbleton, glacial, 202 image enhancement methods, 612 Kansas River valley Lake Iroquois, 3, 8, 15, 16

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Lake Kaministikwia, glacial, 23 Le Croy phase, 174 Machpelah, Israel, 606 Lake Lampsilis, 7 lead, 588 Mackenzie Moraine, 23 Lake Manix, 302 isotopes, 588 Mackenzie Mountains, 88, 89, 91, beds, 308 lead-ore minerals, 588 110, 414 paleoenvironment, 310 Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, 483 MacKenzie Reservoir, 258 Lake McConnell, 92 Lee Sandstone, 231 Mackenzie Valley, 89, 92, 93 Lake Mills moraine system, 202 legumes, prehistoric, 590 Mackeys Creek, 232 Lake Minong, proglacial, 21,24, 42 Lehner site, Arizona, 317, 322 Macoma baltica, 6 Lake Natvakruak, 385 Lemhi Mountains, 363 macrofossils, 327 Lake O'Hara region, British Lepus, 98 Madison County, Virginia, 482 Columbia, 90, 92, 99 arcticus, 12, 16 Madison point, 573 Lake Old Crow, glacial, 111 Lethbridge Moraine, 74, 91 magnesite, 302 Lake Ontario, 21 leucoxene, 481 magnetic field, 597 Lake Peace, 92, 97 Levanna points, 573 magnetic methods, 607 Lake St. Francis, 13 Lewes, Delaware, 153 magnetic minerals, 599, 601 Lake Souris, 53 Lewisia rediviva, 94 magnetic properties, 597, 601 Lake Superior, 23, 69 Lewisville site, Texas, 261 magnetite, 565 Lake Superior basin, 21 Lightning terrace, 351 magnetization, 597 Lake Superior district, Michigan, lignite, 67, 93, 388 Maine, 13, 439 479, 480, 499 Lillooet area, British Columbia, 77 maize, 591 Lake Theo, 258 Lime Creek, 289 MALA/Benton phase, 190 Lake Vermont, 7, 16 Lime Creek site, Kansas, 270 malachite, 586 Lakehead Paleoindian complex, 21, Lime Creek site, Nebraska, 288 Mamainse Point Formation, 481 22 limestone, 130, 202, 219, 268, 446, mammals, 44 lakes 561, 569 remains, 444 caves, 234 glacial, 1, 8, 51, 53, 69, 92, 126, small, 553 limonite, 11 411 See also specific mammals interlobate, 91 Lind Coulee site, Washington, 363 Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, 220 proglacial, 6,21,23 Lindenmeir site, Colorado, 335 mammoth remains, 255, 256, 270, thaw, 413 Lisburne site, Alaska, 416 284, 286, 318, 339, 361, 443, See also specific lakes lithodemic units, 400 445 lamellae, 167,168,172 lithologic units, 514, 520 Manumithus lanceolate points, 22, 361 lithostratigraphic units, 400, 402, columbi, 287 landforms, 457, 593 514 sp., 54, 95, 115, 310 Landmark Gap Trail site, Alaska, 403, Little Arm phase, 109 Manatee County, Florida, 445 416 Little Caney Basin, 261 Manitoba, Canada, 51,104 landscapes, 323, 535 Little Cattail Chert, 563, 570 Manitoba Escarpment, 53 change, 77,215 Little Cattail Creek, Virginia, 576 Manix fault, 304 stability, 215 Little Falls chert, 576 Manix Formation, 302, 303 Laramie Basin, 531 Little Falls Dolomite, 565 Manix Lake Basin, 302 Larix lyallii, 93 Little Ice Age, 428 Mann site, Indiana, 229 Las Cruces, , 531 Little Point Dume, 450 Manston site, 442 Late Archaic Period, 281, 439, 441, Little Salt Springs site, Florida, 444 marble, 586,587 442, 443, 445, 499, 574, Little Timber tephra, 110 Maritimes, deglaciation, 1 576 Littorina Marks End Moraine, 23 artifacts, 255, 259 irrorata, All marl, 34, 39, 318, 446 sites, 292, 327 littorea, 469 Marquette glacial advance, 21, 23, Late Glacial Period, 1 Lituya Bay, Alaska, 413, 545 177 Late Prehistoric Period, 255 Livingstone quarry site, 67 Marquette lobe, 23 artifacts, 257 Livingstone Range, 100 Martes sites, 255 Llano Estacado, 253, 255 pennanti, 12, 16 Late Woodland Period, 576 See also Southern High Plains Maryland, 576 artifacts, 574 Llano Estacado escarpment, 258 Massachusetts, 137, 144, 439, 556 points, 573 Llano sites, 270 mastodon, 284 Laurentide loess, 273, 401, 402, 410 teeth, 445 glaciation, 88, 126 Logan quarry, 67 Matanuska River flood plain, 411 glaciers, 90 Long Creek site, Saskatchewan, 62, Mattapan/Lynn Volcanics, 139 ice, 39, 88 104 Mayakka River, 446 ice sheet, 2 Lookingbill site, Wyoming, 347, Mazama ash fall, 72,100 Laurentide Inlandsis, 88 348, 356 Mazama tephra, 65, 71, 93, 102, Laurion, Greece, 589 soils, 353 116, 118 Lava Creek B ash, 275 Louisa Creek, 277 McColloch mine, North Carolina, Loveland, Iowa, 273 483 basaltic, 480 Loveland loess uit, 273 McConnell advance, 92 flows, 74, 434, 435 Lower Watana tephra, 387 McDougall Pass, 91, 93 pillow, 481 Lubbock Lake site, Texas, 256, 2J7, McFaddin Beach site, Texas, 447 Lawn Point site, Queen Charlotte 530, 535, 536 McGrath, Alaska, 409 Islands, 115 chronosequence, 531 McKean site, Wyoming, 350 Lawrence, Kansas, 277 Lumbricus terrestris, 552 artifacts, 350

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points, 102 shell, 62,421, 423, 424 , 442, Moncure, North Carolina, 161 soils, 350 444, 446, 450, 451, 454, 459, Monkton Quartzite, 563 McLean site, Texas, 258 462, 468, 474 Montana, 480 McMurray Formations, 67, 123,125, underwater, 444 cherts, 67 130, 131 woodrat, 327 montane glaciation, 88 petrology, 125 Middle Archaic, 350, 439, 445 montane ice, 88 , Middle Mississippian society, 201 Monteregian Hills, 2 Pennsylvania, 237,239, 242, Middle Susitna River area, 385,387, montmorillonite, 365 243, 244, 245, 246, 454 391, 394, 395 Montreal area, 6 colluvial sediments, 244, 250 Middle Susitna River Project, 383, Monument Mountain, 219 sedimentation, 241, 244 385 Moon Pyramid, 431, 434, 436, 437 Medicine Creek, 277, 290 Middle Susitna River Valley, 388, moonmilk, 10 Medicine Creek drainage, 270 394 Moorcroft terrace, 351 Medicine Creek Reservoir, 272 Middle Woodland, 576 Moose Creek, 405 Medicine Hat, Alberta, 76 Midland Culture, 100, 255 Moose Mountains, 92 Medicine Hat Artifact Band, 63, 76 Midland points, 256 moose remains, 395 Mediterranean marble, 587 migrations Moosehide site, Yukon, 110 Mediterranean obsidian, 587 channel, 281 Moresby Islands, microblade site, Medithermal, 318 forest, 177 115 Medwin North site, New Jersey, 573, Milford Lake area, 277, 290 Morgantown-Connelsville Sandstone, 576 Milliken site, British Columbia, 116 231, 242, 244 megafauna, 256, 278 milling stones, 315, 317 Morrow Mountain phase, 174, 190 Megalonyx jeffersonii, 444 Milncsand site, Texas, 256, 270 Morrow Mountain Point, 445 melanization, 391, 406 minerals mortar, 444, 449 meltwaters, 69, 99 analysis, 367 Mortlach site, Saskatchewan, 104 glacial, 275, 593 lead-ore, 588 Morton, Scotland, 472 Menoken Terrace, 275 magnetic, 599, 601 mottles, 405 Menominee County, Wisconsin, 545 opaque, 191, 387, 391 mounds, 545 Menumketesuck River, 442 Mines chert, 562, 576 , 68, 73, 116 Meramac Cave, Missouri, 220 Mines Formation, 565 Mount Gerdine, 387 Mercenaria mercenaria, 422, 424, Minnesota, 499 Mt. Lassen, California, 545 467, 468, 472, 473 Minoan Crete, 588 Mount Mazama, 93 Meretrix lusoria, 468 Minong Beach, 42 Mount Meagher, British Columbia, Mesa site, Alaska, 416 Minong Beach ridge, 22, 25, 29, 41, 93 Mesodesma, 471 42, 47 Mount St. Helens, eruptions, 116, donacium, 471 Minong terrace, 44 545 metabolism, aerobic, 421 Minsing Moraine, 23 Mt. Sinai Harbor site. New York, 443 metallographic analyses, 502, 563, Mircotus pennsylvanicus, 12, 16 mountain sites, 347 571 Mississippi rockshelters, 232,243 muck, alluvial, 410 metals, native, 67 Missouri, 536 Muddy Creek, 271 metates, 449 caves, 11 mudflow, 96, 304, 310 Mexican Central Plateau, 431 models muds, estuarine, 454 Mexico, 431, 591 culture period-landform mudstone, 303, 318 Miami site, Texas, 256 associations, 293 Cave Complex, 102 Michigan, 479, 480,481, 499, 548 earthwork action, 556 Munsungun Lake, Maine, 576 Upper Peninsula, 548 Kansas River basin, 293 Murderkill, Delaware, 153 Michipicoten Island, Ontario, 480, Maw River flood plain, 174 Murderkill River, 153 481 Old Copper industry, 511 muscovite, 565 Michipicoten Island Formation, 481 rodent burrowing, 556 muskox, 284 microcline, 569 sandstone rockshelters, 233,249 Mustangs Spring locality, Texas, 257 microdebitage, 63, 104 shoreline trends, 454 My a arenaria, 140, 469 microfossils, 565 soil-evolution, 541 Mycenaean Greece, 588 microgrowth, molluscan, 421 Mojave Desert, California, 301, 501 Mytilus edulis, 140 microhabitats, 65 molds, root, 125, 131 microstratigraphic analysis, 361 Mollisols, 207, 209, 340, 344, 345, Nacascola region site, Costa Rica, microstructures, artifacts, 503,509 353, 535 423 Microtus mollusks, 421,423,429,467 Naha Alluvium, 327 chrototthinus, 12, 16 activity, 470 Naha Formation, 326 xanthagnatus, 11, 12, 16 assemblages, 137, 472 Naknek region, 412 mid-Atlantic Bight, North America, dating of, 474 Namu, British Columbia, 113, 115 147, 149 environment, 470 Nantasket tombolos, 143,145 middens, 140,199, 203, 206, 207, exotic, 475 Napoleon Hollow site, Illinois, 536 208, 211, 214,216, 421, 442, growth-increment analysis, 467 Narragansett Bay site, Rhode Island, 451, 468, All, 593 meat weight estimation of, 472 441 beach, 444 microgrowth, 421 Narrow Point Tradition, 442 defined, 216 overexploitation of, 428 Nashoba Formation, 139 formation processes, 216 shells, 467, 470 Nass River, 69 paleoseasonality determinations, Mona Lisa site. Alberta, 62, 64, 72, native copper, 69,479, 505 470 101 Canadian, 491

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United States, 488 286 Oryzopsis hymenoides, 348 Vickers hardness number, 508 North Cove site, Conecticut, 442 Osage Cuestas region, 268 Natrargids, 347 Northern Territory, Australia, 554 Osage people, 273 Natric Vermaqualts, 553 Northwest Territories, 89, 91, 110, Oshetna tephra, 387, 391 Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming, 10 480 Ottawa area, 2 people, 323, 330 Nothrotheriops, 54 Ottawa Valley, 1, 8 Navajo sites, 327 Nova Scotia, Canada, 10, 13, 480 Ouachita Mountains, 255 Naxos, 586, 589 novaculite, 561 Ovis Nebo Hill phase. 271, 292 Nucella lapillus, 469 canadensis, 98 Nebraska, 271, 281, 288, 289, 292 numerical dating methods, 520 dalli, 112 Nebraska Sand Hills, 274, 341 Nushagak River, 460 Owasco pottery, 573 Neebing River, 26 Owl Cave, 361, 366 Negro Island site, Delaware, 136 Oak Hill site, Delaware, 156 Owl Ridge site, Alaska, 405, 411 Nenana River, 384 Oaxaca valley, 431 oxides Nenana River valley, 385, 405, 411 obsidians, 68,110, 116, 318, 366, clay, 172 neotectonism, 304 586 iron, 172, 570 nephrite, 68 Ocean Bay sites, 413 iron-titanium, 481 neutron scattering, 611 Odocoileus, 95, 98 Oxtoyohualco, 432 New Brunswick, Canada, 11, 545, Ogallala Formation, 268 pyroclastic flow stripe, 433, 436 552 Ogilvie Mountains, 92 oxygen, 586,593 New Brunswick, New Jersey, 483 Ohio, 223, 224, 227, 229, 576 Ozark uplift, 255 New England, 137, 548 Ohio River, 232 See also specific New England oil, 123 Pacific Coast states Oklahoma, 260, 535 beaches, 70 New Haven, Connecticut, 483 north-central, 260 sea levels, 456 New Hope River, 161, 164 southwest, 258 Pacific continental shelf, 449 New Jersey, 480, 483, 573,574,576 Oklawaha River, 446 river channels, 459 New Jersey cape, 158 Okotoks erratic, 89 Pacific Costa Rica, 427 New Jersey cherts, 570 Old Copper artifacts, 479, 499, 500, Pacific Northwest, deglaciation, 456 New Mexico, 220, 323, 335, 531, 502,509 pack ice, 412, 413 612 Old Copper Culture, 479, 502 Page-Ladson site, Florida, 446 New Paris Mine, Pennsylvania, 11 Old Copper Indians, 499 Paint Creek, 231 New Scotland Chert, 570 Old Copper industry, 499, 511 Palau Islands, 556 New Scotland Formation, 570 Old Crow Basin, Yukon Territory, 62, paleo-Aquolls, 337 New York, 442,443, 548 63, 87, 92, 93, 110, 406, 454 paleo-Calciaquoll, 339 New York cherts, 570 caribou tibia flesher, 76 paleodiets, 589,594 New Zealand, 546 tephra, 110, 412 paleodripline, 244, 247 Newark Chert, 562 , 96 paleoenvironments, 142, 254, 319, Newark Jasper, 565 Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, 587 327,593 Newfoundland, 12 Oliver Pond, 26, 34 paleogeography, 457 Newman Terrace, 275, 290 pollen, 35, 47 Paleoindians, 13, 289, 355, 454 Nicoya Peninsula, 423 olivine, 367 artifacts, 100, 116, 255, 256, 446 Nigeria, 554 Olmee basalt, 612 faunas, 256 Niobrara, 55 Omineca Range, 91 point, 442 Niobrara people, 56 One Fathom site, Florida, 446 sites, 13, 21, 22, 25, 62, 116, Niobrara points, 56 Onion Portage site, Alaska, 383, 292, 329, 446 Nipigon ice dams, 42 403, 404, 408, 410 tools, 13 Niska site, Saskatchewan, 103 Onondaga chert, 574 Paleoindian Culture, 255,329, 448 Nissequogue, New York, 442 Onondaga Formation, 569 Paleoindian Period, 56,270, 280, nitrite, 10 Ontario, Canada, 21, 22, 481, 499, 445 nitrogen, 590 548, 592 paleoshorelines, 454 isotopes, 590 Ontelaunce Chert, 569 paleosols, 71, 102, 103, 108, 165, Noatak River, 460 Ontelaunce Formation, 569 209, 214, 273, 277, 278, 281, nonlegumes, prehistoric, 590 Ontonogan copper boulder, 480 289, 291, 304, 307, 335, 339, Normanskill Chert, 562, 571, 573, onyx, cave, 222 340, 343, 344, 354, 368, 387, 576 ooids, 565 388, 400, 405, 528 Normanskill Shale, 565 opal, 561, 563 paleotopography, 244 North Alaska Range Project, 385 opaque grains, 111 Palmer-Kirk phase, 175 North America opaques, 128, 132, 565, 569 Palmer site, Florida, 411, 446 central, cluster points, 55 Ore Knob mine, North Carolina, 482 Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, 457 eastern, 231 organic deposit, 447 Panguingue Creek, 405 northern prairies, 88 organic matter (OM) content, 365 Pantellevia, 588 North American continental shelf, Oribos, 13, 54 panther remains, 444 147,439 moschatus, 13, 16 Panthera leo atrix, 54 inundated sites, 454 Oriskany Sandstone, 565 paraglacial processes, 65, 77 submerged sites, 147,156 Oronsay, Inner Hebrides, 472 Paros, 587 North Carolina, 161,167, 457, 482 Orthic Regosols, 100 Pass Creek Valley, 77 vegetation, 177 orthopyroxene, 391 Pass Lake, 35, 39 North Cove site, Nebraska, 270, orthoquartzite, 129 Passaic River Basin, 574

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Patchogue River, 442 Piedmont Plateau, 161, 164 Porcupine Hills, 103 Patella Piedmont sites, North Carolina, 167 Porcupine Hills sandstone, 102 vulgata, 469 Pillar of the Constitution Formation, Porcupine River, 93, 110, 112 , 409, sp., 472 219 411, 414 patination, 408 artifacts, 219, 222, 229 Portage Mountain, 91 , 273 chemical composition, 222 Portlandia arctica, 6 Pawnee River, 281 spoil pile, 219, 226 post-Altithermal, 356 Pay phase, 329 Pilot's Point Yacht Basin site, soils, 350, 356 Peace Point site, Alberta, 106 Connecticut, 442 post-Bonito channel, 326, 328 , 69, 106 Piney-Island site, Florida, 446 post-Minong soils, 401 Peace River district, 116 Pinus, 141, 142 potassium, 10 Peace River Pulp Mill site, Alberta, albicoulis, 93, 100 potsherds, 444, 592 107 contorta, 93, 102, 348 pottery, 67, 431, 445, 573 Peace River valley, 92, 108 flexilis, 348 Powder River Basin, 337, 344 Pearlette O ash, 95 ponderosa, 348 Prairie Dog Creek, 290 peat, 34, 442, 446, 454 sp., 310 Prairie Formation, 448 peccary remains, 284, 296, 327 pipes, platform, 222, 229 Prairie Provinces, 74 pedogenesis, 172, 206, 259, 350, Pisidium sp., 90 prairies, 95 366, 530, 533,541 pit houses, 272, 329 northern, 88, 92, 93 progressive, 541,542 pits, 479, 545 pre-Champlain Sea proglacial lake, regressive, 542 plagioclase, 481 6 pedology, 525,530 Plains people, 273 pre-Clovis, 270 pedostratigraphic units, 400, 402 Plains Archaic Period, 271 pre-Columbian North America, 479 pedoturbation, 541,542, 557 Plains Archaic sites, 291, 292, 293 preforms, biface, 439 proanisotropic, 541, 553, 557 Plains Village Period, 272, 280 Prehispanic Mexico, 431 proisotropic, 542, 544,553, 557 Plains Village sites, 291, 292 Prehispanic people, 431 pedzols, 552 Plains Woodland artifacts, 259, 289 preservation, continental shelf site, Pekin Formation, 164 Plains Woodland Culture, 255 149 Pelican Lake points, 103 Plains Woodland Period, 271, 280, Pribilof Canyon, 460 292 Pen Branch, 187, 193 Primrose-Cold Lake region, 124 Pen Branch alluvial fan, 189, 191 Plains Woodland sites, 255, 260, Prince Edward Island, 15 Pen Point site, South Carolina, 185 291, 292 Prince of Wales Island, 69 artifact density modes, 187,194 Plainview Culture, 255 Prince Rupert area, 92 artifacts, 189 Plainview projectile point, 270 sea levels, 457 hydrologic variability, 187 Piano Culture, 54 Prince William Sound region, 384 location, 187 Piano people, 58 processes, periglacial, 404, 411 sedimentation, 190 Piano points, 55, 56, 70, 105 projectile points, 13, 51,74, 97, soil profile, 190 Piano sites, 270 100, 102, 103, 124,175, 270, terraces, 186 Pleistocene, late, 335, 355 284, 287, 317, 348, 414, 441, Pend d'Oreille River, British podzolization, 405 442, 443,445,446, 450, 499, Columbia, 62 Point Conception-Lompoc area, 556 510, 571,576, 577 Pennsylvania, 11, 483, 548 Point Dume, 450 properties, magnetic, 597, 601 Pennsylvania cherts, northeastern, Point Hope, 413 Protohistoric Period, 273 570 Point Mackay, Alberta, 64, 67 Provo Pluvial, 318 Pennsylvania Jasper, 563 Point of Rocks, Maryland, 576 Prunus spp., 348, 354 Penobscot Bay site, Maine, 439 Point Peninsula, 574 Pryor stemmed points, 344 Pensauken Formation, 570 Point Peninsula phase, 576 pseudomorphs, chert, 563 Pensauken Gravel, 570, 571 point-bar sediments, 193 pseudoterraces, 66 Pentelikon, 587 points Pseudotsuga memiesii, 93, 94, 348 Peoria loess unit, 273 lanceolate, 22, 361 , 326 permafrost, 113, 404 projectile, 13, 51,74, 97, 100, Pueblo phases, 329 Perry Lake area, 279, 292, 293 102, 103, 124,175,270,284, , 331 Person County, North Carolina, 482 287, 317, 348, 414, 441, 442, cultures, 331 Peru, 592 443,445,446, 450, 499, 510, sites, 327 Perumytilus, 471 571, 576, 577 Puget Sound area, 456 purpuratus, 471 Polk County, Tennessee, 482 pumice pestles, 449 pollen, 35, 47, 141, 177, 255 clasts, 74 Petalus blades, 573 analysis, 141 shards, 387 petrographic analysis, 563,571 pine, 327, 329, 445 pumpellyite, 481 petrography, chert, 561 Pomona variant, 272 Putu site, Alaska, 406 petrology, 125 Populus, 93 Putuligayak River Delta Overlook Phenacomys intermedius, 12, 16 augustifolia, 344 site, Alaska, 410, 412 phosphates, 10 deltoides, 93 Pyramid of the Moon, 431, 432, 434, phosphorus, 530 tremuloides, 54, 104, 337 436, 437 physical analysis, 367 trichocarpa, 94 Pyramid of the Sun, 431,432, phytostability, 65 spp., 348 437 Picea, 93, 141, 142 porcellanite, 68 pyramids, 431, 612, 614 engelmannii, 93, 100 Porcupine, Alberta, 92 pyrites, 563, 565 glauca, 93 Porcupine Caves, 415 pyroclastics, 431

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quarry sites, 462 basement, 554 sulfate, 101 classical marble, 586, 587 carbonate, 562 San Diego County sites, California, prehistoric, 446, 576 cryptocrystalline, 458 449 quartz, 11, 29, 111, 128, 132, 367, crystalline, 125, 130, 302 San Francisco Bay sites, California, 391, 442, 561, 565, 569, 570, fire-cracked, 442, 450, 453 451 571, 573 igneous, 480 San Jon site. New Mexico, 335 crystals, 130 metamorphic, 202, 367 San Jose phase, 329 grains, 40, 191 metavolcanic, 164 San Juan Basin, New Mexico, 323 overgrowths, 130 parent, 562, 563 San Juan Island site, 453 veins, 563 sedimentary, 164, 367, 459, 480, San Lucas Island site, Costa Rica, quartzite, 68, 89, 126, 128, 129, 482, 505 424,428 318, 561, 571, 573 siliceous, 458 San Miguel Island, 451 Quaternary deposits, 126 volcanic, 505 sand dune, 25, 273 Quebec, Canada, 8 rockshelters, 414 sand sea, 323 Quebec City, 4, 14, 15 colluvial sediments, 244,250 Sandhills dune field, 531 marine-calving embayment, 1 Kentucky, 231, 241 Sandia, 335 Quebec Main Member, 481 limestone, 234 Sandilands Provincial Forest, 104 Queen Charlotte Islands, 69, 70, 92, model, 233,248 sandstone, 97, 102, 123, 124, 125, 115, 460 sandstone, development, 231, 130, 202, 268, 323, 481, 571 sea levels, 456 232,249 rockshelters, 231,232,233,249 Queen Charlotte Sound, sea levels, sedimentation, 234 Sangamonian artifacts, 62 456 valley slope profile, 233 Santa Barbara Channel sites, Quercus, 93, 141, 142 Rocky Mountain Trench, 92 California, 450 sp., 310 northern, 91, 92 Santa Cruz Island, 451 Rocky Mountains, 88, 90, 93, 97, 99 Santa River, 472 racemization, amino-acid, 474 Canadian, 99 saprolites, 11 radar, ground-probing, 610 northern, 92 Sarasota County, Florida, 444 Radiolaria, 565 quartzite, 129 Sarcobatus, 328 Rainbow Mountains, 68 rodents, 556 Saskatchewan, 70, 92, 95,103, 104, Rajasthan desert, 553 burrows, 44 105 Randolf County, Alabama, 483 Rolling Plains, 253, 257 Saskatchewan prairie, 103 Rangia Roman sites, Britain, 607 Saskatchewan River system, 69, 74, cuneata, 469 Rosies Rockshelter, 414 105 sp. 447 Rosslyn Village, Ottawa, 24 Saskatoon site, Saskatchewan, 93 Rangifer, 12, 98, 110 routes, human migration, 13 satin spar, 220 tara.nd.us, 10, 12, 16 Running Water Draw, 256 saturation, base, 366 Rat Indian Creek site, Yukon, 112 rutile, 128, 132, 563 Sault St. Marie, 24 ratios, stable isotopie, 585, 587 Savannah projectile point, 175 reconstructions, 600 Sabine Pass Block 6 site, Florida, Savannah River, 185 recrystallization, copper, 502, 503 447 channel, 193, 194 red clay, 11 Sabine River Valley, Florida, 447, dynamics, 188 Red Smoke site, Kansas, 270 606 flood plain, 186, 188 Red Willow Creek, 271 Saddle Hills, Alberta, 93 swamp, 187 refugia, glacial, 115 Sagavanirktok River drainage, 384 Savannah River phase, 174, 189 Regosol horizon, 101 Saggitaria, 142 Savannah River valley, South Rehoboth-Dewey Beaches, 153 St. Albans phase, 174 Carolina, 183,194 Rehoboth-Indian River Bays, 153 St. Charles River estuary, 439 Upper Coastal Plain, 183 Renaissance Serraveza, 586 St. Edouard moraine, 15 Saxon-Holland site, Florida, 443 , 270, 277, 290 St. Elias Mountains, 109 Scharbauer site, Texas, 256 prehistoric settlement patterns, St. Elzear Cave, 10 schists, 561 291 faunal remains, 11 Schmitt quarry, 67 Republican River valley, 277, 281 stratigraphic sequences, 10 Schoharie Limestone, 570 rescue archaeology, 604 alus sediments, 10 Schoharie Shale, 570 resistivity methods, 609 St. Eugene site, 7 Scottsbluff, 100 Rex Rodgers site, Texas, 258 St. Helens P tephra, 73 Scottsbluff projectile point, 270 rhombs, dolomite, 569 St. Helens Y tephra, 71, 73, 93 scrapers, 442, 445, 446, 448, 450 rhythmites, 214 St. Joseph's Sound, 446 sea level, 454, 455, 457 Richardson Mountains, 89, 91 St. Lawrence, 12 Seaford, New York, 443 St. Lawrence channel, 1, 7 Richland site, Kansas, 272 Second Hill site, Delaware, 156 St. Lawrence Island site, 384, 453 Rickenbach Formation, 569 sedentism, 271 St. Mary's River outlet, 24 ridges, relict, 144 sedimentary units, 400, 402 St. Narcisse moraine, 7, 15 Rio Grande, 157, 458 sedimentation, 65, 215, 324, 241, Rivière Noire, 7 Salem Gabbro-Diorite, 139 Saline River, 277, 290 244 Roanoke River, 167 sedimento logy, 168 Rock River, 214 Saline River valley, 281 Salisbury site, New Jersey, 573 sediments, 10, 62, 149, 190, 203, rock-cored islands, 137 Salix, 104 208,361,388,408, 412, 598 rockfall, 236 accumulation, 401 rocks salt marsh deposit, 443 archaeological, 515 avalanche, 237 salts, 347 attrition, 235

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drumlin, 137 continental shelf preservation, Sommerville, New Jersey, 483 flood-plain, 161 149 Sorex, 12, 16 glacial, 388 foothille, 95 Sorter soils, 553 point-bar, 193 inner-shelf, 150 Souris River, 104 sheet-wash, 235 inundated, 453,454,461 gravels, 68 swale, 178 mountain, 347 South Everson quarry, 67 seismic methods, 605 postglacial, 22 South Loup River valley, 281 Selby site, Colorado, 270, 285, 339, prairie, 95 South Platte River, terraces, 531 340 prehistoric quarry, 446 Southern High Plains, 253, 256, 530 self-po tenti al method, 609 quarry, 462 Southern Plains, 253,263 Semisytilus, 471 shallow, 415 paleoenvironments, 254 algosus, 471 shell-midden, 138 Sparks Rockshelter, Kentucky, 231 Seregeti Plain, Africa, 72 submerged, 147,151 Spectrum Range, 68 settlement patterns, prehistoric, 291 surface, 415 speleothem, 414, 593 Seward Peninsula, 385, 414 terrace/point-bar, 185 speleothem aragonite, 219,220,224 shale, 125, 231, 233, 249, 268, 481, Siuslaw River, 459 sphene, 129, 132 561, 562, 565 slab failure, 237 Spodosols, 535, 549 shale badlands, 323 Slaughter Creek sites, Delaware, 156 spoil pile, 219, 226, 445 shark teeth, 445 , 124 Spondylus, 471, 475, 587 Shawnee Minisink site, Delaware, slickensides, 340 Spring Creek site, Nebraska, 271, 536 Slims soil, 109 289 Sheaman site, Wyoming, 337, 344 sloth remains, 286, 444 stable isotopes, 469, 585 Sheep Camp Shelter, 327 slumping, 103 stagmoose, 284 sheet wash, 242 smectite, 29, 33, 42, 47, 105 stakes, 440, 443, 444 Sheguiandah complex, 21 Smilodon floridanus, 444 stalactites, 444 shelf, continental, 147, 156,399, Smoky Hill drainage, 278 Stalker site, Alberta, 62, 65, 77 439,454 Smoky Hill River, 270, 277, 287, Stampede site, Alberta, 102 shellfish utilization, prehistoric, 137, 290 Stan Valley area, Wyoming, 337 143,145 Smoky Hill River area, prehistoric Stanly phase, 174 shells, 6, 444, 586, 587, 589, 593, settlement patterns, 291 Staten Island, 574 594 Smoky Hill River valley, 290 Steed-Kisker phase, 272 carbonate, 587 Smoky Hill variant, 272 Steppel site. New Jersey, 574 deposits, 423, 445, 447 Smoky Hill region, 268 Stipa comata, 348 gouges, 445 Snake River Plain, eastern, 361 stone hook, 444 Snyders site, Illinois, 229 anvil, 450 middens, 62, 138, 140, 421, 423, soil-conduction methods, 609 doughnut, 450 424, 442, 444, 446, 450, 451, soils, 71, 202, 208, 335, 339, 361, horizons, 554 454, 459, 462, 468, 474 388, 405, 525, 530, 541, 607, lines, 554 molluscan, 470 611 Stony Brook Harbor site, New York, mounds, 443 alluvial, 543 442 paleoseasonality, 470 Altothermal, 344,347,356,534 Stony Plain quarry, Alberta, 68 seasonal periodicity, 467,474 analysis, 199,215 Storm Harbor Marina site, Florida, tortoise, 444, 445 argillic, 343 446 trace elements, 470 buried, 41, 535, 536 Strait of Belle-Isle, Labrador, 15 Shepherdia argentea, 93 classifications, 527 Strait of Georgia, 92 sherds, pot, 326, 445 climatic change, 533 Stranger Creek, 277, 279, 290 shipwrecks, 606 creep, 554 Stranger Creek basin, 292 Shoreham site, New York, 442 defined, 525 Stranger Creek valley, 279 shorelines, 23, 69 development, 328, 345, 405 stratigraphic units, 400 Shoshone River, 337 evolution, 541,556 stratigraphy Shriver Chert, 565 formation, 530, 534, 552 alluvial, 315 Sibbald Creek site, Alberta, 74, 99 genesis, 391 archaeological, 61,167, 215, Siberia, eastern, 399 horizons, 61,71, 178, 343, 527, 304, 404, 513 Sibley Peninsula, 22 614 signal-processing methods, 611, 612 defined, 400 hydromorphic, 208 silica, 63, 68, 406, 534 Stratiotes, 142 siliceous rocks, 458 mixing, 543 , 73 siltation, 426 morphology, 535 strontium, 587 silver, native, 481 nomenclature, 527 isotopes, 587 Silver Springs site, Florida, 446 parent material, 535 submerged sites, 147,151 sink hole, 443, 444, 446, 454, post-Altithermal, 350 subsidence, 384, 444 profiles, 61, 71, 190, 527, 530, tectonic, 149 457 533, 541 sulfur, 587 Siphnos, 589 progression, 541 Sulphur Spring stage, 315, 322 Sister's Hills site, Wyoming, 335, properties, 535 artifacts, 317 337, 344, 351, 356 regression, 541 dating, 318 soils, 351 stratigraphie markers, 536 extinct fauna, 321 sites surveys, 529 sites, 316 boreal forest, 105, 123, 127 soliflution, 410 Sulphur Springs Valley, Arizona, 315 burial, 454 Solomon River, 277 Sumas Stade, 92

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Sunlight Basin, 351 Thira , 598 Venerupis rhomboides, 472 Superior basin, 23 Thompson Island, 138 Venice Beach site, Florida, 444 Superior lobe, 23 Thule Eskimo pottery, 67 Ventana Caves, 335 Susitna River Valley sites, 412 Thule sites, Arctic, 69 Venus mercenaria, 445 Susquehanna River basin, 531 Thunder Bay region, Ontario, 21, 22 Vermic Ichraqualfs, 553 Sutter site, Kansas, 270, 271, 288 spruce forest, 39 vermiculite, 34, 365 Suwanee point, 446 Tim Adrian site, Kansas, 270 Vermillion Lakes site, Alberta, 98 swale, 178, 200, 206, 207, 208, Togiak River, 460 Vermont Jasper, 563 , 576 214, 216, 350 Tombigbee River, 232 vertebrate remains, 256 Swan River chert, 67 Tomstown Formation, 576 Vickers hardness numbers, 508 Sweden, 549 Toolesboro Mound, Iowa, 229 Victorio Peak, New Mexico, 612 Sweetgrass Hills, Alberta, 93 tools, 301, 304, 439, 442, 443, 444, Village site, Alaska, 384 Synaptomys 445, 446, 448, 450, 454, 479, Virginia, 457, 482 borealis, 12, 16 499, 510, 561 , 361 cooperi, 12, 16 Paleoindian, 13 volcanic rocks, 505 Syncrude lease, 132 Tordillero Mountains, 387 volcanics, 301, 302, 367 tornadoes, 549 volcanism, 68, 71, 116, 361, 480 Taber Child, specimen bones, 62, 64, tortoise shell, 444, 445 volcano, stratos, 433 65, 76, 96 tourmaline, 128, 132 Taber site, Alberta, 96 trace elements, 227 Wabasca Lake, 124 taconites, 22 Trail Creek, 415 Wabiskaw Member, 125, 127 Talkectna Mountains, 385 Trail Creek Caves, 414 Wading River, 442 talus, 10, 111 transgression Wakarusa phase, 271, 272 Tama soil, 552 Holocene marine, 149 Wakarusa River, 277, 290 Tamaulipas Valley, 431 sea level rise, 149 Wakarusa River basin, 272, 292 Tamiasciurus hydsonicus, 12, 16 Transverse Ranges, 531 Wakarusa River valley, 279, 290 Tampa Bay site, Florida, 445 tree throws, 42, 416 Wakulla Springs site, Florida, 446 shell deposits, 445 trees, ancient, 593 Walkpa site, Alaska, 411, 413 Tanana River, 409, 412 trilobites, 569 Walnut Creek, 270 Tanana Valley, upper, 409 Trinity Basin, 261 Warm Mineral Springs, Florida, 443 Tangle Lakes area, 385, 411, 412 Trinity River, 261 Wascana Creek, 95 taphonomy, 519 Trotihuacan, tunnels, 431, 432, 435, Wasden site, Idaho, 361 Tarpon Point site, Florida, 446 436 sediments, 367 Taye Lake phase, 109 Tsegi Alluvium, 327 Washita River, 258 Taylor/Kirk phase, 189 Tsegi Formation, 326 Washita River valley, 260 tectonic subsidence, 149 Tsimshian, 69 Watana Creek, 388 tectonic uplift, 384, 456 Tsuga, 142 Watana tephra, 387, 393 tectonics, 456 tsunamis, 413 Waterton Lakes National Park, 72, 93 Tehuacan, 592 Tudek Quarry, Pennsylvania, 576 Waterways Formation, 125, 126, 131 Tehuacan Valley, Mexico, 431, 591 tuff, 68, 110, 303 Watino, Alberta, 90, 97 Teklanika River valley, 405, 411 andesine, 481 Wauconda silt loam, 204,207 Temper Mound, Ohio, 223 aquagene, 481 weathering, 64 Tempisque River, 427 Tunguska meteor, 545 wells, prehistoric, 256, 257 Tennessee, 222, 482, 483 tunnels, 431,436 Wells Cave, Indiana, 220 Teotihuacan site, Mexico, 431, 432 Turner Mound, Ohio, 224, 227 Wentzel Lake, 124 anomalies, 435 Turtlecrawl Point site, Florida, 445 Wernecke Mountains, 92 caves, 431 Tuttle Creek Lake, 278, 292 West Berkeley site, California, 452 geophysical techniques, 432 12 Mile Creek site, Kansas, 270, 287 West Fork soil, 261 Oxtoyohualco, 432, 435 Typha, 142 West Gulf Coastal Plain, 253 people, 431 Western Ahtna Athapaskans, 395 Pyramid of the Moon, 431, 432, Ucross, 344 Western Red Cedar, 113 434, 436, 437 Udic Argiustolls, 344 Weymouth Back River, 138 pyroclastic flow, 433, 436 Udipsamment, 341 whetstone, 442 Teotihuacan Valley, 433 ulu, slate, 439 White County, Georgia, 482 tephra, 71, 95, 102, 383,412 Umnak Island, 413 White Pine deposits, 480 tephrochronology, 383, 393 uplift, tectonic, 384, 456 White River, 480 termites, 552,554 Upper Coastal Plain, 183,194 White River Ash, 385 Terra Ceia Bay site, Florida, 445 Upper Republican variant, 272 White River ashfall, 77 Teuerium, 142 Upper Watana tephra, 387 White River tephra, 71, 73, 93, 109, Texas, 11, 256, 257,258, 261, 270, uprooting, 544 385, 412 448, 536 Utah, 552 Whitewater Draw, Arizona, 315 caves, 11 Uwharrie phase, 175 alluvial units, 315 north-central, 261 Wichita Mountains, 253 Texas City Channel site, Texas, 448 Vail site, Maine, 13 Wild Horse River site, British Texas Coastal Plain, 553 Valentine soil, 343 Columbia, 62 Thasos, 587, 589 Valsequillo valley, 431 Willow Creek, 271 thaw process, 405 Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Wilmington Canyon, 148, 150, 157 Thera, 588 114, 481 Wilson Lake, 278 thermal mapping methods, 605 Veneridae, 424 Wilson-Leonard site, Texas, 536

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Winnipeg River, 58 chemical composition, 222 Yellowhouse Soil, 534, 535 Wisconsin, 199, 203, 499, 552 platform pipes, 222 Yermo deposits, 302,304, 308, 310 Wissahickon chert, 574 Wyoming, 335, 337,343,344,347, Yoho National Park, British Wissahickon Schist, 565 350, 351, 354,355,356,357, Columbia, 92, 99 Wichita people, 273 534 Younger Dryas cliamatic events, Wolf Creek valley, 292 Wyoming arroyos, aquolls, 337 15 wolf remains, 321 Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, 483 Yukon River, 409, 411 Wood Buffalo National Park, 106 Yukon River drainage basin, 93 wooden implements, 444 Yadkin phase, 175 Yukon sites, Canada, 108 wooden stakes, 443, 444 Yadkin River, 167, 460 Yukon Territory, 63, 64, 77, 91, 93, Woodland site, 153, 354 Yakutat Tlingit, 511 108, 109, 111, 112, 117, 385, Woodpecker Island Bluff, 96 Yale area, British Columbia, 115, World-chert quarry, 67 116 399, 403, 414, 415 Wyandotte Cave, Indiana, 219, Yardang Flint Station site, Alaska, northern, 93 226 385, 411 western, 93 argonite, 219, 226, 229 Yellowhead Pass, 88 artifacts, 219, 222, 229 Yellowhouse Draw, 257 zircons, 565

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