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En Esta Familia Predominan Hierbas Y Arbustos, Pero También Se Cultivan Algunos Bejucos; La Mayoría De Las Especies Con Hojas Simples, Enteras, Opuestas

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En Esta Familia Predominan Hierbas Y Arbustos, Pero También Se Cultivan Algunos Bejucos; La Mayoría De Las Especies Con Hojas Simples, Enteras, Opuestas CATÁLOGO ANOTADO DE LAS FAMILIAS, LOS GÉNEROS Y LAS ESPECIES DE PLANTAS SEMINÍFERAS INTRODUCIDAS EN COSTA RICA (Después del nombre de cada familia, entre paréntesis No. de géneros / No. de especies) ACANTHACEAE (15/24) En esta familia predominan hierbas y arbustos, pero también se cultivan algunos bejucos; la mayoría de las especies con hojas simples, enteras, opuestas. Muchas acantáceas tienen frutos capsulares con dehiscencia explosiva, lo que implica un gran éxito en la propagación de semillas y el crecimiento de nuevas plantas alrededor de las progenitoras. Acanthus mollis L. (acanto), de Europa y África (región mediterránea), es una hierba ornamental con hojas basales, grandes, pinnado-lobadas, y flores con tonos blanco y morado, que aparece con cierta frecuencia en jardines del Valle Central. Las hojas de esta especie eran representadas en obras artísticas y arquitectónicas (capiteles corintios) del mundo greco-romano clásico, pero no se sabe si, aparte de ser un elemento decorativo, simbolizaban algo más para los europeos mediterráneos (Vargas-Zamora & Gómez-Laurito, 2005; J. Vargas-Zamora, com. pers., 2015). Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson, de África, es un arbusto con hojas grandes, lobuladas, de bordes y ápices punzantes, con manchas oscuras en la lámina foliar, brácteas blanquecinas y flores blancas. En 2011 apareció una colonia de 17 plantas en el camino que va de Ciudad Colón a la Universidad para la Paz (cantón Mora, San José), junto a un camino entre un cafetal y un bosque secundario (C.O. Morales 2333, 2334, USJ). Ignoro cómo llegaron esas plantas allí, porque se trata de un sitio donde no existe evidencia de asentamientos humanos, pero aparentemente esta especie ha sido cultivada también en algún punto del Pacífico central (A. Quesada, com. pers., ca. 2013). Actualmente hay plantas cultivadas en el campus de la Universidad de Costa Rica (Montes de Oca, 1200 m) y en el jardín del Museo Nacional (San José). Aunque es una especie ornamental muy atractiva, sus hojas muy punzantes no la hacen apropiada en jardines públicos. Asystasia micrantha (Nees) Y.F. Deng & N.H. Xia [= A. gangetica (L.) T. Anderson var. micrantha] (violeta china), de Asia y África tropicales (Australian Goverment, 2019; CABI, 2019), es una hierba de flores blancas con manchas violeta, cuya subespecie A. g. micrantha, de África subsahariana, que invade desde ca. 2000 el Pacífico central, los piñales de San Carlos (Alajuela), los valles Central y del General y la Península de Osa (The Cutting Edge, 2012). Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees, de India, es una hierba con atractivas flores anaranjadas, que se propaga fácilmente por semillas lanzadas a los alrededores. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Nees ex Griff., probablemente de Nueva Guinea (al sudeste de Asia; Fern, 2019b), es un arbusto atractivo por sus hojas variegadas con el fondo marrón y manchas blanquecinas a rosadas; en el Valle Central lo he visto florecer muy poco y no se ha naturalizado. Fittonia albivenis (Lindl. ex Veitch) Brummitt, de Sudamérica tropical, es una hierba pequeña, rastrera y densa con follaje atractivo por tener las venas blancas, rojizas o rojas, que se cultiva en jardines interiores. Hypoestes phyllostachya Baker (sarampión), de Madagascar, es una hermosa hierba pequeña, con manchas blancas a rosadas en la lámina foliar y flores violeta. Se observa ampliamente naturalizada en diversos sitios del Valle Central, prácticamente formando parte de la vegetación remanente en UNED Research Journal (e-ISSN 1659-441X), Vol. 12(2): e3098, December, 2020 orillas de cafetales y caminos, senderos y terrenos abandonados con vegetación baja. Estas plantas toleran mal la sombra del sotobosque, por lo que no parecen aptas para invadir bosques prístinos. En otros países venden plantas de esta especie como ornamentales, lo que en Costa Rica no tendría sentido, dada su abundancia en algunos sitios. Justicia betonica L., de África, es un arbusto con brácteas de la inflorescencia blanquecinas, con venas verdes; J. brandegeeana Wassh. & L.B. Sm. [= Beloperone guttata Brandegee] (camarón), de Méjico, es un arbusto ornamental muy atractivo, con brácteas de tonos rojizo, rosado y amarillo y flores blancas; J. carnea Lindl., de Brasil, es un arbusto con flores rosadas muy atractivas (C.O. Morales 1453, USJ). Megaskepasma erythrochlamys Lindau (pavón rojo), de Venezuela (y probablemente también de países vecinos), es un arbusto que se ramifica mucho y alcanza ca. 4 m de altura, con inflorescencias atractivas de brácteas rojas y flores blancas. Es común como seto vivo en límites de propiedades y se reproduce fácilmente por semillas y ramas caídas o cortadas, de modo que en ciertos sitios se ha convertido en una especie invasora, cuyo crecimiento debe controlarse. Pachystachys lutea Nees (camarón amarillo), de Perú (Missouri Bot. Gard., 2019; pero ciertas fuentes indican erróneamente Méjico y América Central), es un arbusto con brácteas amarillas y flores blancas, que puede florecer todo el año y se reproduce fácilmente de modo vegetativo. He comprobado que puede tolerar la sombra, pero entonces florece menos o no florece del todo. Porphyrocoma pohliana Lindau (camaroncillo rojo), de Brasil, es una hierba atractiva con hojas alargadas y acuminadas, con venas pálidas, y elegantes inflorescencias terminales que combinan tonos rojo, blanco y violeta. Esta especie muestra una gran capacidad de propagación en jardines y otras áreas urbanas protegidas del pisoteo de personas y animales, como el Jardín Botánico Orozco (Montes de Oca, San José, 1213 m). Alrededor de una sola planta cultivada aparecen nuevas plantas, lo que evidencia la eficacia del mecanismo de dehiscencia explosiva de los frutos. Ruellia brevifolia (Pohl) C. Ezcurra, de Sudamérica tropical, es una hierba con flores rosadas encendidas, muy atractivas, de fácil propagación por la dehiscencia explosiva de los frutos. Hasta ahora la he visto solamente en jardines interiores, tolerando sombra parcial, pero seguramente será más común en el futuro. Se ha naturalizado en diversas regiones y se ha vuelto invasora en algunas islas desde Australia hasta Hawái (PIER, 2019); por tanto, no es una especie apropiada para cultivar en o junto a áreas naturales protegidas. Ruellia simplex C. Wright (petunia silvestre), de Méjico, Antillas Mayores y varios países de Sudamérica (CABI, 2019), es una hierba o arbustillo con flores violeta, que se ha vuelto popular en muchos jardines, donde fácilmente se naturaliza, pero no parece invasora en Costa Rica, a diferencia de otros países. Ruttya fruticosa Lindau, de África oriental (KewScience, 2019), es un arbusto con flores amarillas o anaranjadas, que aparece ocasionalmente cultivado como ornamental. He comprobado que crece muy mal y no prospera si tiene abundante sombra lateral. Sanchezia oblonga Ruiz & Pav., de Colombia a Bolivia (KewScience, 2019), es un arbusto ornamental con ramas cuadrangulares, hojas relativamente grandes e inflorescencias con brácteas rojas y flores tubulares amarillas; se reproduce vegetativamente y forma colonias que deben podarse UNED Research Journal (e-ISSN 1659-441X), Vol. 12(2): e3098, December, 2020 periódicamente, pero no he visto esta especie naturalizada. También se cultiva otra especie muy similar, S. parvibracteata Sprague & Hutch., de Sudamérica tropical (Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Brasil; CABI, 2019). Schaueria calycotricha (Link & Otto) Nees, de Brasil, es un arbustillo con flores amarillas, que aparece cultivado en jardines urbanos y probablemente será más común en el futuro. Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims (ojo de poeta) es un bejuco rastrero y trepador naturalizado en áreas abiertas, con flores tubulares amarillas (o más claras), con el centro oscuro, que en otros países se ha vuelto invasor; T. erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson (teléfono), igual que la anterior de África, es un arbusto con flores tubulares violeta a azul, que con abundante sombra lateral no florece o florece muy poco; no he visto esta especie naturalizada; T. fragrans Roxb., de India y varios países del sudeste de Asia, es un bejuco con flores blancas níveas (C.O. Morales 644, USJ); T. grandiflora Roxb., de Nepal hasta el sudeste y oriente de Asia, es un bejuco con flores blancas o violeta, común en cultivo, que crece profusamente y tiene potencial invasor (C.O. Morales 645, USJ); T. mysorensis (Wight) T. Anderson, de India (KewScience, 2019), es un bejuco con inflorescencias colgantes y flores con piezas de colores rojo marrón y amarillo. ACTINIDIACEAE (1/1) Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. deliciosa (kiwi), de China, es un bejuco leñoso con hojas simples, alternas, y frutos comestibles (PFAF, 2019). Aunque no se cultiva en Costa Rica, vale la pena mencionar esta especie, dado que sus frutos comestibles se han vuelto muy populares en supermercados, restaurantes y otros locales. Pruebas preliminares indican que las semillas de los frutos importados pueden germinar (J. Hidalgo-Morales, com. pers., 2018), por lo que es probable su cultivo en el futuro, incluso como ornamental (igual que en otras latitudes). AGAVACEAE [Mabberly (2008) y Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV: Asparagaceae p.p.] (3/7) Agave spp. Varias especies de agaves, con grandes hojas fibrosas, alternas en una roseta basal, a menudo con bordes y ápice punzantes, se cultivan en áreas verdes y jardines. Normalmente crecen durante años o décadas, algunas producen brotes laterales, todas florecen una sola vez y mueren; algunas son plantas vivíparas, que en lugar de frutos y semillas producen plántulas en la inflorescencia; así, se reproducen solo vegetativamente. Nunca he visto frutos en las especies cultivadas en Costa Rica. Agave americana L. es la más común en cultivo, a menudo con hojas variegadas; A. attenuata Salm-Dyck tiene hojas gruesas y carnosas, de bordes lisos (no punzantes) y una inflorescencia racemosa gigante de hasta 2,5 m de largo; A. fourcroydes Lem. (henequén, sisal) tiene hojas de casi 2 m de largo, y A. sisalana Perrine ex Engelm. (sisal, henequén) es muy parecida a la anterior, pero con hojas más cortas (hasta ca. 1,5 m). También está apareciendo en cultivo en jardines interiores la hierba arrosetada A. victoriae-reginae T.
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