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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BIORATIONAL DIPS FOR ORNAMENTAL CUTTINGS INFESTED WITH THE MADEIRA MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS MADEIRENSIS GREEN By SARAHLYNNE GUERRERO A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 © 2014 Sarahlynne Guerrero To my loving family and friends. Your unconditional love and support will always guide me. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my co-advisors: Dr. Amanda Hodges, for funding my graduate research assistantship and providing constant guidance and support through my MS program, and Dr. Lance Osborne, for supporting my extensive research and extension internship endeavors at the UF/IFAS Mid-Florida Research and Education Center in Apopka, FL. To the Biosecurity Research and Extension Laboratory, thank you for all their overall graduate program advice, guidance, and help with running my Gainesville experiments: Stephanie Stocks, Ashley Poplin, Hashmet Eke, Abby Griffin, and most especially Dr. Gupreet Brar and Eric Leveen. I acknowledge Dr. Osborne’s Laboratory for their practical knowledge, encouragement, and willingness to help me conduct my Apopka experiments: Katherine Houben, Irma Herrera, Luis Aristizabal, Younes Belmourd, and most especially Fabieli Irizarry. Dr. Norman Leppla gave me research and life changing advice over coffee breaks. Dr. Amy Harder inspired me to always improve and facilitate change. Dr. Amy Roda provided outstanding feedback and advice from a regulatory perspective and as a friend. Dr. Mihai Girucanu provided exceptional assistance with understanding SAS and my statistical analysis. Jessica Kalina helped me navigate through Microsoft Word® and Excel® on several late night occasions. The faculty and staff of the Entomology and Nematology Department helped me throughout my degree program. Additionally, I thank all the County Extension Agents and Master Gardeners who gave me the privilege to work with them during my extension internship. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................ 4 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. 7 ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE MADEIRA MEALYBUG (PHENACOCCUS MADEIRENSIS GREEN) .................................................................................................10 Ornamental Industry Overview.........................................................................................10 Impact of Invasive Species on Ornamental Plants .............................................................12 Model Invasive Pest of Ornamental Plants ........................................................................14 Biology.....................................................................................................................15 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................17 Distribution ..............................................................................................................18 Chemical Control Methods...............................................................................................18 Biorational Control Methods ............................................................................................23 Oils ..........................................................................................................................23 Soaps and Surfactants................................................................................................25 Antitranspirants ........................................................................................................26 Research Objectives.........................................................................................................27 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL BIORATIONAL DIP ..............................................61 Introduction .....................................................................................................................61 Materials and Methods .....................................................................................................64 Rearing Colonies of P. madeirensis ...........................................................................64 Host Plant Maintenance.............................................................................................64 Cutting Preparation ...................................................................................................65 Assessment of Biorational Phytotoxicity on Cuttings..................................................65 Assessment of Biorational Effects on Plants...............................................................66 Efficacy of Biorationals on P. madeirensis Mortality..................................................68 Statistics ..........................................................................................................................70 Results ............................................................................................................................71 Efficacy Bioassay .....................................................................................................71 Phytotoxicity Assessment ..........................................................................................72 Model Dip Treatment Determination .........................................................................75 Discussion .......................................................................................................................75 Efficacy Bioassay .....................................................................................................75 Phytotoxicity Assessment ..........................................................................................78 Model Dip Treatment Determination .........................................................................80 Model Dip Treatment Implications ............................................................................81 5 3 EVALUATION OF THE MODEL BIORATIONAL DIP .................................................85 Introduction .....................................................................................................................85 Materials and Methods .....................................................................................................86 Rearing Colonies of P. madeirensis ...........................................................................86 Evaluation of Natur’l Oil Exposure Time on P. madeirensis Mortality ........................87 Evaluation of Natur’l Oil on P. madeirensis Mortality on Various Host Plants ............88 Statistics ..........................................................................................................................89 Results ............................................................................................................................90 Discussion .......................................................................................................................91 4 IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ...........................................................104 LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................................................109 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.................................................................................................124 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 1-1 Invasive ornamental pests encountered in Florida (Frank and Thomas 2004). ................29 1-2 Reported host plants of Phenacoccus madeirensis. .......................................................30 1-3 Reported distribution of Phenacoccus madeirensis. ......................................................50 1-4 Natural predators and parasitoids of Phenacoccus gossypii and Phenacoccus madeirensis (Chong 2005). ..........................................................................................53 1-5 Reported insecticides used to control Phenacoccus madeirensis for homeowner and ornamental industry use. ..............................................................................................56 2-1 Cumulative average percent of dead P. madeirensis per coleus cutting dipped for one minute in selected biorational treatments at each time period ........................................82 2-2 Average coleus cutting phytotoxicity rating per biorational material concentration for key phytotoxicity characters. .......................................................................................83 2-3 Average coleus cutting root length per biorational material. ..........................................84 3-1 Dip treatment efficacy evaluated on various arthropod ornamental and agricultural pests. ..........................................................................................................................95 3-2 Dip treatment efficacy evaluated on various ornamental and agricultural plants. ............98 3-3 Cumulative average percent of dead P. madeirensis per coleus cutting dipped in varying dip exposure times for each time period. ........................................................101 3-4 Cumulative average percent of dead P. madeirensis per verbena cutting
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