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The Recycling Potential of Wood Waste Into Wood-Wool/Cement Composite

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The Recycling Potential of Wood Waste Into Wood-Wool/Cement Composite The recycling potential of wood waste into wood-wool/cement composite Citation for published version (APA): Berger, F., Gauvin, F., & Brouwers, H. J. H. J. (2020). The recycling potential of wood waste into wood- wool/cement composite. Construction and Building Materials, 260, [119786]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119786 Document license: CC BY DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119786 Document status and date: Published: 10/11/2020 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 Construction and Building Materials 260 (2020) 119786 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Construction and Building Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat The recycling potential of wood waste into wood-wool/cement composite ⇑ F. Berger, F. Gauvin , H.J.H. Brouwers Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands highlights Wood waste is used as a substitute for spruce in WWCB. Wood waste from pallet wood has a microstructure similar to spruce. Strands made from wood waste have good compatibility with cement. Up to 30% of wood waste can be used in WWCB without decreasing the properties. The environmental assessment shows no hazardous leaching from these composites. article info abstract Article history: Nowadays, the recycling potential of wood waste is still limited and in a resource cascading approach, Received 3 October 2019 recycling wood waste in cement composite materials, such as wood wool cement board (WWCB) appears Received in revised form 14 May 2020 as a promising solution. The quality of the wood waste is the main factor leading to the instability of the Accepted 30 May 2020 final product which can affect the mechanical properties or the wood cement compatibility. However, the possibility to recycle wood waste as a spruce replacement for WWCB manufacture needs more investi- gation in order to assess the impact of wood waste on the mechanical performances of the final product, Keywords: but also to characterize the behavior of hazardous substances embodied in a cement matrix. This paper Circular economy addresses the characterization of two types of wood waste, from pallets and demolition waste and their Natural fibers Treated wood influence on the manufacturing process, mechanical properties and chemical compatibility when used in Cement composite WWCB. A comprehensive approach is provided to define the influence of wood waste on the hydration Leaching reaction of the cement and the chemical and physical properties of the composite are assessed by isother- Mechanical testing mal calorimetry, leaching measurement and microscopy. Finally, the mechanical properties of WWCB are tested for different wood waste content in order to define the best wood/wood waste ratio and thereby confirming the possibility to reuse the wood waste in fiber/cement composite for building application. Ó 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction ment that can conduct to health and environmental issues during the end of life of wood [6]. Currently, wood waste can be either Nowadays, wood waste represents an important economic and used as energy recovery (e.g., following the Renewable Energy environmental issue. Recently, a study has estimated that 50 mil- Directives) or reused as a building material. However, several envi- lion cubic meters of wood waste are generated each year in the ronmental assessments show contradictory results about these European Union [1]. Currently, the recycling potential of wood two options because of the presence of contaminants in wood waste is still low, mainly caused by a lack of sustainable reusing products, which limits considerably the recycling or reuse of wood or recycling applications [2,3]. In fact, the main part of wood waste waste [7]. can be treated in different ways (e.g., heat, chemical or mechanical This current study focuses on the possibility to find sustainable treatment) and this involves a large amount of preservative- applications in order to recycle wood waste into wood-cement treated wood that contains organic and inorganic contaminants composites. In these applications, wood is turned into wool, which [4,5]. Those contaminants represent a real issue in waste manage- are thin strands of wood of 0.5–3 mm of thickness and can be used in state-of-the-art materials. Wood wool cement boards (WWCB) are an example of advanced wood-cement composites. They are ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Gauvin). made of wood wool which is usually spruce (softwood) or poplar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119786 0950-0618/Ó 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 2 F. Berger et al. / Construction and Building Materials 260 (2020) 119786 (hardwood), mixed with a binder which is commonly ordinary worldwide [27,32]. The wood from pallets is generally only heat- Portland cement (OPC) or white cement (WC) [8]. Since 1940, treated for environmental and recycling reasons leading to a clean WWCBs are commonly used in Europe and Asia, thanks to their wood resource for biomass or reuse applications. Moreover, soft- good resistance to decay and insects but also for their good thermal wood is mostly used for pallet manufacturers in the EU, with dif- and acoustical insulating properties and low density (300–500 kg/ ferent species such as Southern yellow pine, Douglas pine or fir. m3) [9,10]. WWCBs are used for many applications, such as ceiling However, the use of hardwood has risen in the last decade because tiles, insulation wall panels with better physical properties than of its large availability in the US. Contrariwise, construction and conventional medium density fiberboards while being more sus- demolition wood waste show different issues for sustainable recy- tainable [11]. Additionally, WWCB’s structure is an excellent sub- cling solutions. strate for air purification by photocatalysis, showing that this Currently, it is still impossible to predict the behavior of the type of composite can be a great prospect of many advanced appli- treated wood into WWCB, these results show a positive future cations in the future [12]. for using wood waste in WWCB. In this study, the mechanical Nowadays, the wood used for the manufacture of WWCB comes and chemical properties of the two wood waste samples provided from forest harvesting only [2], because a slight change (e.g., com- by Nedvang (Pallets and C&D) are studied in order to compare position, structure, water content, age...) in the wood can signifi- them with conventional spruce wood, used as a reference. The cantly affect the overall properties of the composite, which wood-cement compatibility is assessed as well as the leaching explains why using anything else than raw spruce or poplar is a behavior of the wood waste by various methods, such as pH mea- great challenge [13,14]. Indeed, heterogeneity of wood waste is a surement, isothermal calorimetry and scanning electron micro- critical factor because, as shown in several studies, depending on scopy (SEM). Then, wood strands are processed and studied the wood species, its hygroscopic behavior, cement compatibility (mechanical behavior, microstructure). Thereafter, the mechanical, and effect on cement hydration can be significantly different due physical and leaching properties of WWCB manufactured with dif- to the carbohydrate and saccharides contents in the fibers but also ferent percentages of wood waste (steps of 10% until 100%) are because of the different morphologies of the wood strands [15–17]. compared to conventional and commercial WWCBs. In addition, the use of wood waste can generate environmental issue because of the various treatments of the wood which leads 2. Methodology to numerous contaminants that can be leached out, disturbing the wood cement compatibility and also limiting the potential range 2.1. Materials of application due to the toxicity of the waste [18–22]. On the other hand, some studies show favorable results and good potential for In this study, the spruce wood is taken as reference in the form the use of wood waste into wood cement composite, since its of Excelsior wood wool (or also called strand in this study) and is mechanical proprieties are very closed to commercial wood prod- provided by Knauf Insulation.
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