Biodiversidad De Cianobacterias En Ríos De La Comunidad De Madrid

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Biodiversidad De Cianobacterias En Ríos De La Comunidad De Madrid UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA BIODIVERSIDAD DE CIANOBACTERIAS EN RÍOS DE LA COMUNIDAD DE MADRID. ANÁLISIS POLIFÁSICO Y APLICACIÓN EN BIOMONITORIZACIÓN. TESIS DOCTORAL Virginia Loza Calvo Madrid, 2011 Memoria presentada para optar al Grado de Doctor de Ciencias Madrid, a 10 de Mayo de 2011 Fdo. Virginia Loza Calvo Licenciada en Ciencias Ambientales DIRECTORA Fdo. Dra. Pilar Mateo Ortega Catedrática Dpto. Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el Departamento de Biología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, bajo la dirección de la doctora Pilar Mateo Ortega (Catedrática. UAM). Financiado por el proyecto C.A.M.: S-0505/AMB/0321. A mi familia _______________ABREVIATURAS Y ACRÓNIMOS ABREVIATURAS Y ACRÓNIMOS AAN – medio Allen y Arnon BLAST – acrónimo del inglés Basic Local Alignment and Search Tool BSA – albúmina de suero bovino del inglés “bovine serum albumine” CTAB - N-Cetil-N,N,N-Trimetilamonio bromuro DGGE – electroforesis en geles desnaturalizantes por gradiente químico del inglés Desnaturing gradient gel electrophoresis dNTPs – desoxinucleótidos trifosfatos EDTA - ácido etileno diamino tetra acético, acrónimo del inglés ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid HEPES - N-(2-Hidroxietil) piperazina- N’-(2-ácido etanosulfónico) kb – kilo bases L - litro LB – iniciales de las palabras inglesas Lysogeny broth (caldo lisogénico) ML – maximum likelihood MP – maximum parsimony NCBI – acrónimo del inglés Nacional Center for Biotechnology Information NID – nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto NJ – neighbour-joining pb – pares de bases PCR - reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, del inglés polymerase chain reaction Pk- Punto kilométrico PRS - fósforo reactivo soluble RFLPs - polimorfismo de los fragmentos de restricción del ADN, del inglés restriction fragment length polymorphisms rpm - revoluciones por minuto Tª agua – temperatura del agua Tª amb – temperatura ambiente TAE – tris acético tampon TEMED – N,N,N’,N’ - tetrametiletilenediamina TGGE - electroforesis en geles desnaturalizantes por gradiente térmico del inglés temperature gradient gel electrophoresis ________ ___ ÍNDICE ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 1 I. CIANOBACTERIAS. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES ............................... 1 I.1. Organización celular ........................................................................................ 2 I.1.1. Célula vegetativa ..................................................................................... 2 I.1.2. Células especializadas ............................................................................. 4 I.2. Metabolismo .................................................................................................... 5 I.3. Ecología. Distribución de las cianobacterias ................................................... 6 II. DIVERSIDAD MORFOLÓGICA. TAXONOMÍA .............................................. 8 II.1. Orden Oscillatoriales. Subsección III .......................................................... 14 II.1.1. Clasificación taxonómica ..................................................................... 15 III. DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA. TÉCNICAS MOLECULARES PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CIANOBACTERIAS. .......................................................... 16 III.1. Subunidad del ARN ribosómico 16S (ARNr 16S) ..................................... 18 III.2. Técnicas de perfiles genéticos o “fingerprinting” ...................................... 19 IV. LA CALIDAD DE LAS AGUAS FLUVIALES ............................................... 21 V. LA BIOMONITORIZACIÓN ............................................................................. 23 ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS DEL TRABAJO ............................................... 25 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS……...………………………………………………..29 I. ZONA DE ESTUDIO ........................................................................................... 29 I.1. Río Manzanares ............................................................................................. 30 I.2. Río Guadalix .................................................................................................. 30 I.3. Arroyo Mediano ............................................................................................ 32 I.4. Río Guadarrama ............................................................................................ 33 II. RECOGIDA DE MUESTRAS ............................................................................. 36 III. ANÁLISIS FÍSICO-QUÍMICO DEL AGUA ..................................................... 37 III.1. ANÁLISIS IN SITU .................................................................................... 37 III.2. DETERMINACIONES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DEL AGUA ...................... 38 IV. ANÁLISIS DE LA COMUNIDAD EPILÍTICA ................................................ 40 IV.1. TÉCNICAS DE CULTIVO DE CIANOBACTERIAS ............................. 40 IV.1.1. Medios de cultivo ............................................................................... 40 IV.1.2. Condiciones de cultivo y de siembra .................................................. 43 IV.2. TÉCNICAS DE AISLAMIENTO DE CIANOBACTERIAS .................... 43 IV.2.1. Aislamiento de cianobacterias del epiliton ......................................... 43 IV.2.2. Aislamiento de cepas a partir de colonias de cianobacterias .............. 44 IV.3. TÉCNICAS UTILIZADAS PARA LA CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE CIANOBACTERIAS ..................................................... 44 IV.3.1. Microscopía óptica .............................................................................. 44 IV.3.2. Microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET) ................................. 45 IV.4.TÉCNICAS EMPLEADAS EN LA CARACTERIZACIÓN FISIOLÓGICA: BIOENSAYOS CON ESPECIES DE CIANOBACTERIAS ......................................................................................... 46 IV.4.1. Ensayos de competencia en sustrato artificial .................................... 46 IV.4.2. Gradiente de nutrientes ....................................................................... 47 IV.5. TÉCNICAS UTILIZADAS EN LA CARACTERIZACIÓN GENÉTICA DE CIANOBACTERIAS .................................................................................... 49 IV.5.1. Aislamiento de ADN genómico de cianobacterias ............................. 49 IV.5.2. Determinación del gen ARNr 16S en cianobacterias mediante PCR ................................................................................................. 50 Amplificación del gen que codifica para el ARNr 16S ........................... 50 Secuenciación .......................................................................................... 51 IV.5.3. Clonación de los fragmentos amplificados del gen ARNr 16S .......... 52 Medios de cultivo empleados para E.coli ................................................ 52 Preparación de bacterias competentes ..................................................... 53 Transformación ........................................................................................ 54 Obtención del fragmento clonado del gen ARNr 16S ............................. 54 IV.5.4. Estudios de biodiversidad de cianobacterias mediante el análisis del ADNr 16S empleando TGGE ......................................................................... 55 Amplificación del gen que codifica para el ARNr 16S ........................... 55 Utilización de TGGE en la separación de los amplicones del gen ARNr 16S ........................................................................................................... 55 Recuperación de los amplicones de los geles de poliacrilamida ............. 56 IV.5.5. Procesamiento y análisis filogenético de las secuencias obtenidas .... 57 IV.6. TRATAMIENTO Y ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO DE LOS DATOS ........ 58 IV.6.1. Análisis de los experimentos ecofisiológicos de competencia ........... 58 IV.6.2. Análisis digital de los geles de TGGE ................................................ 58 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................... 61 I. Abundancia y estructura de la comunidad de cianobacterias en relación con la calidad del agua. ..................................................................................... 63 I.1. Características físico-químicas del agua del río Guadarrama: calidad del agua. .......................................................................... 63 I.2. Descripción de las especies de cianobacterias epilíticas en el río Guadarrama: identificación taxonómica .......................................................... 67 I.3. Estructura y distribución de la comunidad de cianobacterias. ...................... 76 I.4. Caracterización genética y análisis filogenético de las cianobacterias aisladas ............................................................................................................. 80 I.5. Discusión ....................................................................................................... 84 II. Bioensayos con especies de cianobacterias potencialmente bioindicadoras. ...... 93 II.1. Introducción. ................................................................................................ 93 II.2. Estudio de competencia en sustrato artificial ............................................... 94 II.3. Bioensayos de competencia en un gradiente de nutrientes .........................
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