DOCSLIB.ORG

Nineteenth Century Roots

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nineteenth Century Roots THE REALITIES OF FOREIGN HUMANITARIANISM AND THE U.S. MILITARY: NINETEENTH CENTURY ROOTS by David Mock A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Boise State University May 2015 © 2015 David Mock ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by David Mock Thesis Title: The Realities of Foreign Humanitarianism and the U.S. Military: Nineteenth Century Roots Date of Final Oral Examination: 18 November 2014 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student David Mock, and they evaluated his presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. David M. Walker, Ph.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Raymond J. Krohn, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Michael Allen, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by David M. Walker, Ph.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved for the Graduate College by John R. Pelton, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my family and friends, Arnold and Tammy Mock, who provided me with reassurance and support as I pursued my Master’s degree. My experience with the history department at Boise State University has been great. I appreciate them allowing me into the program and providing me a guiding and supportive hand. I particularly want to thank my classroom instructors: Dr. Joanne Klein, Dr. Jill Gill, Dr. Lisa Brady, Dr. Katherine Huntley, Dr. John Bieter, Dr. Leslie Madsen-Brooks, and Dr. David Walker. Thanks also to Dr. Raymond Krohn and Dr. Michael Allen for accepting positions on my advisory committee. A special thanks goes to Dr. Walker for the time he has committed to my thesis, his interest for the topic, and his encouragement, as well as his constructive criticism. He has taught me how to be a truly professional historian. v ABSTRACT For nearly two centuries, United States (U.S.) political policy and non- government organizations (NGOs) had delivered foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA) when and where needed. The logistical capability of the professional U.S. military has allowed it to become an enduring delivery method for FHA. Since the 2000s, Congress has actively shaped the Department of Defense’s (DoD) role in humanitarian operations through a wide variety of authorities contained in the Armed Services (Title 10 U.S. Code) and Foreign Relations and Intercourse (Title 22 U.S. Code) statutes, and through annual legislation. Each branch of the military has also developed more defined doctrines in response to this increasing role in FHA. The U.S. army has developed the Army’s Technique Publication 3-57.20 in order to prepare for an increased humanitarian role. This thesis will challenge traditional notions of U.S. military FHA that places its origins either at the creation of the United Nations (UN) and the Truman Doctrine in the late 1940s, or at the Spanish-American War of 1898. That year, the American populace created a growing demand to right the wrongs committed by the seemingly inept and corrupt Spanish Empire. When action did finally come, the American people landed an army on the shores of a battered people. Incidentally, the United States did not land its troops on foreign soil in 1898 in the name of humanitarianism for the first time. No, decades of prior experience and custom fell alongside those troops. From aiding in the suppression of the Atlantic slave trade beginning in 1819 to providing order and medical vi attention to the people of Alexandria near the end of the century, the United States began a tradition of using its military for FHA that proves nearly as old as the nation itself. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. xii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: AN INCOMPLETE HISTORY................................................................... 8 Regional and National Politics ...................................................................................... 8 Philosophical Ideology, International Law, & Legitimacy ......................................... 14 19th Century Military Humanitarianism ...................................................................... 20 Concentration on 1950s Forward ................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER TWO: BEHIND THE SCENES .......................................................................... 36 Analysis of 19th Century Altruistic/Abolitionist Ideologies ....................................... 36 The Southern Impact ................................................................................................... 44 Types of Foreign Humanitarianism ............................................................................ 50 Analysis of Modern Federal Legislation ..................................................................... 56 U.S.C. Title 10 & 22 ....................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER THREE: 19TH CENTURY MILITARY FOREIGN HUMANITARIANISM .... 60 Suppression of the Atlantic Slave Trade ..................................................................... 60 viii 1819 African Slave Trade Patrol ..................................................................... 60 The American Colonization Society (ACS) (The Founding of Liberia) ........ 67 The Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the Continued Growth of U.S. Military FHA .................................................................................................. 75 The Navy Continues to Fight Piracy Today ............................................................... 79 A Tradition of Humanitarian Assistance .................................................................... 80 The U.S. Government and the Great Famine .................................................. 80 Continued Pattern of Foreign Humanitarianism ........................................................ 87 Naval Operations: 1868 Uruguay ................................................................... 87 Naval Operations: 1873 Colombia .................................................................. 91 Naval Operations: 1882 Egypt ........................................................................ 94 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 99 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................... 115 U.S. Military Engagements, 1789–2011 ................................................................... 115 ix LIST OF TABLES Table A.1 Chronological List of U.S. Military Foreign Humanitarian Assistance ............................................................................................... 116 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. “U.S. Military Engagements Abroad, 1789-1860” ..................................... 7 Figure 2. Painting of USS Jamestown by Ted Walker showing the return of the naval vessel to Boston Harbor after carrying supplies to Ireland ................................................................................................... 30 Figure 3. U.S. armed force member looking at destruction of 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Sendai, Japan ...................................................................... 53 Figure 4. Victims of the Spanish reconcentration camps ......................................... 55 Figure 5. “Liberia.” Liberia Past and Present. .......................................................... 71 Figure 6. “U.S. Military Engagements in Africa and the Mediterranean, 1789-1860” ............................................................................................... 72 Figure 7. Drawing of “The Herald of Relief from America” by Thomas Nast ........ 83 Figure 8. “U.S. Military Engagements in the Americas, 1789-1860”...................... 89 Figure 9. Photography of the bazaar in Alexandria after the bombardment ............ 96 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FA Foreign Humanitarianism FHA Foreign Humanitarian Assistance ACS American Colonization Society NGOS Non-Government Organizations xii 1 INTRODUCTION While humanitarianism is a simple concept, the act of carrying it out has not been. In its most general form, humanitarianism is merely an act of sympathy and benevolence extended universally to all of mankind. As simple as the concept may be, academic writers and journalists continue to show the complex relationship governments and non- government organizations hold
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A General Model of Illicit Market Suppression A
    ALL THE SHIPS THAT NEVER SAILED: A GENERAL MODEL OF ILLICIT MARKET SUPPRESSION A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Government. By David Joseph Blair, M.P.P. Washington, DC September 15, 2014 Copyright 2014 by David Joseph Blair. All Rights Reserved. The views expressed in this dissertation do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. ii ALL THE SHIPS THAT NEVER SAILED: A GENERAL MODEL OF TRANSNATIONAL ILLICIT MARKET SUPPRESSION David Joseph Blair, M.P.P. Thesis Advisor: Daniel L. Byman, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This model predicts progress in transnational illicit market suppression campaigns by comparing the relative efficiency and support of the suppression regime vis-à-vis the targeted illicit market. Focusing on competitive adaptive processes, this ‘Boxer’ model theorizes that these campaigns proceed cyclically, with the illicit market expressing itself through a clandestine business model, and the suppression regime attempting to identify and disrupt this model. Success in disruption causes the illicit network to ‘reboot’ and repeat the cycle. If the suppression network is quick enough to continually impose these ‘rebooting’ costs on the illicit network, and robust enough to endure long enough to reshape the path dependencies that underwrite the illicit market, it will prevail. Two scripts put this model into practice. The organizational script uses two variables, efficiency and support, to predict organizational evolution in response to competitive pressures.
    [Show full text]
  • July 2019 Whole No
    Dedicated to the Study of Naval and Maritime Covers Vol. 86 No. 7 July 2019 Whole No. 1028 July 2019 IN THIS ISSUE Feature Cover From the Editor’s Desk 2 Send for Your Own Covers 2 Out of the Past 3 Calendar of Events 3 Naval News 4 President’s Message 5 The Goat Locker 6 For Beginning Members 8 West Coast Navy News 9 Norfolk Navy News 10 Chapter News 11 Fleet Week New York 2019 11 USS ARKANSAS (BB 33) 12 2019-2020 Committees 13 Pictorial Cancellations 13 USS SCAMP (SS 277) 14 One Reason Why we Collect 15 Leonhard Venne provided the feature cover for this issue of the USCS Log. His cachet marks the 75th Anniversary of Author-Ship: the D-Day Operations and the cover was cancelled at LT Herman Wouk, USNR 16 Williamsburg, Virginia on 6 JUN 2019. USS NEW MEXICO (BB 40) 17 Story Behind the Cover… 18 Ships Named After USN and USMC Aviators 21 Fantail Forum –Part 8 22 The Chesapeake Raider 24 The Joy of Collecting 27 Auctions 28 Covers for Sale 30 Classified Ads 31 Secretary’s Report 32 Page 2 Universal Ship Cancellation Society Log July 2019 The Universal Ship Cancellation Society, Inc., (APS From the Editor's Desk Affiliate #98), a non-profit, tax exempt corporation, founded in 1932, promotes the study of the history of ships, their postal Midyear and operations at this end seem to markings and postal documentation of events involving the U.S. be back to normal as far as the Log is Navy and other maritime organizations of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Dunham Bible Museum Collection Were Produced by the American Bible Society
    Bible Museum NewsD unham Houston Baptist University Fall 2016 Volume 14, Issue 1 200 YEARS OF THE ABS May 8, 2016, the American Bible Society (ABS) marked ideas of the Enlightenment and Deism, and wrote Age of its 200th anniversary. The Society grew up with the United Revelation as a reply to Paine’s Age of Reason. Yet, with all States and throughout its 200 year history has played an his accomplishments, Boudinot considered his election important role in Bible distribution and translation. In as President of the American Bible Society as his highest many ways the ABS patterned its activities after the British honor; he donated $10,000 (no mean sum in 1816!) to help and Foreign Bible Society, organized in 1804. A number establish the Society. of local Bible societies had formed in the United States, The American Bible Society was one of the first religious beginning with the Bible Society of Philadelphia in 1808. non-profit organizations in the United States. It was an outgrowth of the Second Great Awakening, the spiritual revival that transformed much of American society in the first half of the nineteenth century. Many notable Americans were part of the Society’s early years. John Jay, first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and signer of the Declaration Elias Boudinot had held of Independence and the Treaty of Paris, became President numerous government of the ABS after Boudinot. Francis Scott Key, author of the positions, including President The Star Spangled Banner, was Vice-President from 1817 to of Congress and Director of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • S. C. Shipbuilding in the Age of Sail Carl Naylor University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected]
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Faculty & Staff ubP lications Institute of 11-1993 S. C. Shipbuilding In The Age of Sail Carl Naylor University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/sciaa_staffpub Part of the Anthropology Commons Publication Info Published in The Goody Bag, Volume 4, Issue 4, 1993, pages 4&8-. http://www.cas.sc.edu/sciaa/ © 1993 by The outhS Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology This Article is brought to you by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty & Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Part Three S. C. Shipbuilding In The Age of Sail (Editor's Note: In the first two in­ while discussing the cost of shipbuild­ Queenley was registered to trade be­ stallments of this article we discussed ing in Carolina with William Fisher, a tween Carolina and Georgia. The the beginnings of shipbuilding in colo­ Philadelphia shipowner, he notes that Queenley was built in 1739 in South nial South Carolina, the spread of ship­ "The difference in the Cost of our Car0- Carolina, twenty-seven years earlier. building throughout the colony, and the lina built Vessels is not the great objec­ When the 15-ton schooner Friendship types of vessels being built by South tion to building here. That is made up in was registered for trade in 1773, it was Carolina shipwrights.
    [Show full text]
  • Carter, USN 62Nd Superintendent of the US Naval Academy
    Vice Admiral Walter “Ted” Carter, USN 62nd Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy Vice Admiral Walter E. “Ted” Carter Jr. became the 62nd superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy on July 23, 2014. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1981, was designated a Naval Flight Officer in 1982, and graduated from the Navy Fighter Weapons School, Top Gun, in 1985. He completed the Air Command and Staff College course and the Armed Forces Staff College. In 2001, he completed the Navy’s Nuclear Power Program. Carter’s career as an aviator includes extensive time at sea, deploying around the globe in the F-4 Phantom II and the F-14 Tomcat. He has landed on 19 different aircraft carriers, to include all 10 of the Nimitz Class carriers. Carter commanded the VF-14 “Tophatters,” served as Executive Officer of USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75), and commanded both USS Camden (AOE 2) and USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70). His most recent Fleet command assignment was Commander, Enterprise Carrier Strike Group (CSG-12) during Big E’s final combat deployment as a 51 year old aircraft carrier in 2012. Ashore, Carter served as Chief of Staff for Fighter Wing Pacific and Executive Assistant to the Deputy Commander, U.S. Central Command. He served as Commander, Joint Enabling Capabilities Command and subsequently as lead for the Transition Planning Team during the disestablishment of U.S. Joint Forces Command in 2011. After leading Task Force RESILIENT (a study in suicide related behaviors), he established the 21st Century Sailor Office (OPNAV N17) as its first Director in 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States Navy Looks at Its African American Crewmen, 1755-1955
    “MANY OF THEM ARE AMONG MY BEST MEN”: THE UNITED STATES NAVY LOOKS AT ITS AFRICAN AMERICAN CREWMEN, 1755-1955 by MICHAEL SHAWN DAVIS B.A., Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 1991 M.A., Kansas State University, 1995 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2011 Abstract Historians of the integration of the American military and African American military participation have argued that the post-World War II period was the critical period for the integration of the U.S. Navy. This dissertation argues that World War II was “the” critical period for the integration of the Navy because, in addition to forcing the Navy to change its racial policy, the war altered the Navy’s attitudes towards its African American personnel. African Americans have a long history in the U.S. Navy. In the period between the French and Indian War and the Civil War, African Americans served in the Navy because whites would not. This is especially true of the peacetime service, where conditions, pay, and discipline dissuaded most whites from enlisting. During the Civil War, a substantial number of escaped slaves and other African Americans served. Reliance on racially integrated crews survived beyond the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, only to succumb to the principle of “separate but equal,” validated by the Supreme Court in the Plessy case (1896). As racial segregation took hold and the era of “Jim Crow” began, the Navy separated the races, a task completed by the time America entered World War I.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter Template
    Copyright by Adrian Rodríguez Riccelli 2019 The Dissertation Committee for Adrian Rodríguez Riccelli certifies that this is the approved version of the following Dissertation: The Subject Domain in Cabo-Verdean Creole: Combining variationist sociolinguistics and formal approaches Committee: Sandro Sessarego, Supervisor Almeida Jacqueline Toribio Chiyo Nishida Lars Hinrichs Nicolas Quint The Subject Domain in Cabo-Verdean Creole: Combining variationist sociolinguistics and formal approaches by Adrian Rodríguez Riccelli Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2019 Dedication Dedico esta tesis a mis padres Armando y Mónica, a mi hermano Marcel, a mis hermanas Andrea, Emilia, y Claire, a mis abuelos Mauricio y Santiago, a mis abuelas Eulalia y Nora, a mis tías Claudia, Daniela, y Sandra, a mi querida Linda Concepción, y al ‘Big Gray’. Acknowledgements Completing this dissertation would have been impossible without the support, advice, direction, patience, loyalty, love, and friendship of my family, advisors, colleagues, teachers, friends, and my partner. I am forever indebted and grateful to you all and cannot thank you enough for helping me to achieve this; I will never forget it. To begin with, I would like to thank the University of Texas Center for European Studies and Sally K. Dickson for their support with the Foreign Language Area Studies Fellowship, which came at a crucial early phase in the development of this project. I would also like to thank to the Graduate School and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Navies and Soft Power Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Nonuse of Military Force NEWPORT PAPERS
    NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT PAPERS 42 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE WAR NAVAL Navies and Soft Power Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Nonuse of Military Force NEWPORT PAPERS NEWPORT 42 Bruce A. Elleman and S. C. M. Paine, Editors U.S. GOVERNMENT Cover OFFICIAL EDITION NOTICE The April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil-rig fire—fighting the blaze and searching for survivors. U.S. Coast Guard photograph, available at “USGS Multimedia Gallery,” USGS: Science for a Changing World, gallery.usgs.gov/. Use of ISBN Prefix This is the Official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identified to certify its au thenticity. ISBN 978-1-935352-33-4 (e-book ISBN 978-1-935352-34-1) is for this U.S. Government Printing Office Official Edition only. The Superinten- dent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Office requests that any reprinted edition clearly be labeled as a copy of the authentic work with a new ISBN. Legal Status and Use of Seals and Logos The logo of the U.S. Naval War College (NWC), Newport, Rhode Island, authenticates Navies and Soft Power: Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Nonuse of Military Force, edited by Bruce A. Elleman and S. C. M. Paine, as an official publica tion of the College. It is prohibited to use NWC’s logo on any republication of this book without the express, written permission of the Editor, Naval War College Press, or the editor’s designee. For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-00001 ISBN 978-1-935352-33-4; e-book ISBN 978-1-935352-34-1 Navies and Soft Power Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Nonuse of Military Force Bruce A.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Annual Report Read
    ANNUAL REPORTS 2015 & 2016 FACTS & FIGURES Chairman & President’s Message January 1, 2015 - December 31, 2016 Dear Friends, As we mark our 40th anniversary, we renew our commitment to educate, engage, and empower by sharing the stories of USS Constitution and our naval history through innovative hands-on, 965,830 $1,130,279 minds-on learning. We have much to applaud in the past two years: Museum Visitors Total Visitor Donations • We witnessed Constitution’s restoration in dry dock and experienced record-breaking visitation -- in 2016 we welcomed 528,233 visitors with 96,866 in July alone! • Our newest exhibit, Forest to Frigate, follows the story from the forest where “Old Ironsides’” timbers grew to her launch as a fully formed frigate. 20,836 300 5,193 • In partnership with our friends at the U.S. Navy and Naval History & Heritage Command Student Group Visitors Chief Petty Officer Selectees Gallery Programs Detachment Boston, visitors have made their mark on history with nearly 100,000 Visit the Museum Provided signatures on copper sheathing for the ship’s hull. • Our restoration blog, Constitution-Cam(era) and a new marketing effort help us stay connected to many visitors who now follow the Ship’s restoration online. • Liberty Mutual Insurance generously supports free programs for public school students 414 50 64 here at the Museum. Monthly Chantey & Maritime States Represented Foundation and Government • An Education Collaborative with our partners in the National Parks of Boston welcomes Sing Participants by Visitors Grants Received Boston Public School students to many iconic sites on Boston’s Trails to Freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Museum Gallery Archive
    Museum Transatlantic Slavery and Abolition timeline Olaudah Equiano is in While at Cambridge, Thomas Plymouth, employed by Clarkson writes an essay the government to assist in Gallery about slavery buying supplies for three This timeline is based upon research carried out by curator Len Pole for the exhibition Its subject is Is it lawful to ships setting out for ‘The Land A fourth fleet sails out of of Freedom’, in Sierra Leone Plymouth in October, including make slaves of others against Archive ‘Human Cargo’ at Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery. the Jesus of Lubeck, with their will? It is published and Hawkins in command. Francis creates great interest, not least While in Plymouth, Hrake is given command of a ship in William Wilberforce MP Equiano is sacked from The Piracy Act is broadened to captured off the coast of Guinea this job after exposing include slave trading, but it remains corruption and ill impossible for the Anti-Slavery Multiple revolts in treatment of the migrants. Squadron to board ships flying the West Indies This exhibition and its learning programme formed part of the nationwide Abolition 200 events, exhibitions and educational Jonathan Strong is prevented from The Zong case comes to court He was subsequently Rebellion in Demerara (now Guyana) other nations’ flags - the freedom being sold back into slavery twice, thanks to the efforts of the compensated £50 Over 9,000 thousand rebel slaves of the seas is paramount Britain commemorates 200th anniversary projects organised to mark the 200th anniversary of the passing of the 1807 Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade.
    [Show full text]
  • The Frigate Constitution
    „n-'-* "-,*l €mml\ Urnvmitg ^ihOTg BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF 189Z mmi *: i^ti/mi 5474 Cornell University Library E 182.H74 3 1924 028 732 208 The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028732208 '-— '- .r-'J-VS^T' '• 'WRtiSS!.',.-- -• r.rrV.;^*?! Cui.jrigtit. ie%, bj A. \V. El,uii .t Co. THE FRIGATE CONSTITUTION THE PEIGATE CONSTITUTION THE CENTRAL FIGURE OF THE NAVY UNDER SAIL BT lEAN. HOLLIS BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 1901 3 COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY IRA N. HOLLIS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PEEFACE The history of the Frigate Constitution is un- dertaken in order to bring within the pages of one volume all the events which go to make a long and interesting career upon the sea. It is the outgrowth of a short article for the " Atlantic Monthly " to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the vessel's launch. She has so long been a favorite topic for stoiytellers and writers that nothing new remains to be told. It is rather a case for recall- ing much that has been forgotten. As the forma- tion and service of the sailing navy supply the background which brings our ship into stronger perspective, all the circumstances which had an in- fluence upon her design, construction, and employ- ment are given. WhUe, therefore, in no sense a history of the Navy, it forms* a reasonably con- nected narrative of naval events, and particularly of our good old frigate.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Dallas and the Naval Depot on Key Biscayne, 1836 -1926 by NATHAN D
    Fort Dallas and the Naval Depot on Key Biscayne, 1836 -1926 By NATHAN D. SHAPPEE EARLY WRITINGS ON FORT DALLAS When Dr. Walter S. Graham began publication of the Miami Metropolis in April, 1896, he planned to publish occasionally articles on local history. The first of these appeared in the issue of November 20, 1896 and was a sketch of Fort Dallas. Earlier in the year Dr. Graham had written to the War Department requesting data on the local monument of the Seminole War. He was informed that another person had already asked for data on Fort Dallas. This person proved to be Mrs. Julia D. Tuttle who owned Fort Dallas and desired information about her property. Dr. Graham then approached Mrs. Tuttle for permission to receive the War Department's account and to publish it in the Metropolis. The published article consisted of the department's article in full and as it was written. To this Graham added data which he had collected as additional local highlights on the topic. In his earlier capacity as a land buyer and title searcher for Henry M. Flagler and his East Coast Railroad, he had collected interesting and personal memoirs on Fort Dallas. The first article, however, had been compiled from records in the Adjutant General's Office and, because of this, related almost exclusively only the Army's role in this protracted conflict. The compiler did not consult the records of other services of the government which, as it has turned out, had large amounts of data on Fort Dallas and the events of the Seminole War in the Miami area.1 Actually it was the Navy which appeared first on Biscayne Bay in 1836 to establish patrols of the coast and to set up a post or fort.
    [Show full text]