DOCSLIB.ORG

Western-Born Second Generation Overseas Chinese's Ethnic “Return”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Western-Born Second Generation Overseas Chinese's Ethnic “Return” Hyphenated-Chinese in China: Western-born second generation overseas Chinese’s ethnic “return” migration by Nathalie Mingboupha School of East Asian Studies The University of Sheffield A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2018 1 2 Abstract This thesis focuses on Western-born second generation overseas Chinese who “return” migrate to China, their ancestral homeland. Inscribed within the larger social processes and dynamics of Chinese contemporary society, this research aims to understand how their “homecoming” and socio-cultural integration experiences in the parental homeland’s society leads to the re-evaluation of their ethno-cultural identity(ies) and ethno-national attachments. My research uses a qualitatively-driven multimethod design. Data collection primarily consisted of semi-structured in-depth interviews with 58 ethnic remigrants in Beijing and Shanghai, as well as a variety of document analyses. Guided by the concept of social anchoring, this study thus sheds light on the role of ethnicity in channeling migration and in restructuring the remigrants’ identities in their ancestral country. By examining how this group of highly-skilled migrants’ definitions of self and home evolve along with their transition from being a racial minority in their birth country to a cultural minority in their ethnic homeland, this thesis uncovers the multi-layered experiences of socio- cultural integration (and lack thereof) that trigger unexpected identity questioning, as evidenced by remigrants’ social networks and every day interactions in the homeland. By exploring their integration experiences and overall migration journey, I find that many are in fact paradoxically integrated in China, causing them to experience various forms of emotional in-betweenness and double disconnection challenging the boundaries of their ethno-cultural identities. 3 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank Dr Yu Chen who supervised me through this PhD, for her invaluable insight, kind support, and availability. Thank her for commenting on my drafts, for making clear and reliable suggestions that helped me improve the structure of my writing, and for her words of encouragements that pushed me to complete this thesis. I am also grateful to Dr Mei Zhang, my second supervisor, for letting me work at my own pace while at the same time, making sure that I completed my doctoral training. I owe thanks to Dr Marjorie Dryburgh and Dr Ziyi Wei, for trusting me to work as a Teaching Assistant for their modules. This not only allowed me to breathe in-between writing sessions, but it also helped me build confidence and gave me a glimpse of what awaits me after the PhD. I also wish to thank Dr Markus Bell who after listening to one of my presentations, pointed out the lapses of my research. The comments were harsh, and it took me some time to recover from those, but they were probably some of the most helpful comments I had had, and they forced me to rethink aspects of my research with more self-assurance and helped me strengthen the areas in which I was lacking. I would like to thank Dr Seung Young Kim for answering my million questions about academia in general. Our conversations always enlightened me and made me laugh. I am also thankful to the CEFC (French Centre for Research on Contemporary China) and the EFEO (École Française d'Extrême-Orient) for granting me funding to conduct short- term fieldwork research in China. Without the CEFC and the EFEO’s support, I wouldn’t have been able to collect data for my research, and this thesis may not have been seen the light. A special thanks to all the kind souls I met at the conferences I attended. I am sure we will meet again, and perhaps even collaborate in the future on some interesting projects. Another word of appreciation goes to my friends Viviane and Elsa on the other side of the globe, for their encouraging words throughout my PhD even when I ghosted them a few too many times. I also want to salute my PhD colleagues at SEAS with whom we 4 hung at the research room. Most special thanks to Qiunan Li, for reading my drafts and for the many book suggestions. They always seemed to be unrelated to my research at first, but in the end, they allowed me to see the bigger picture and search beyond my comfort zone. But most of all, thank you for being the person I could return to at the end of the day. We started our PhDs together and we supported each other through it all. I would like to thank all my research participants, for showing interest in my research, and for willingly sparing me some of their time in their busy schedule to conduct long interviews, but also for sharing their personal experiences with me, and trusting me with their own stories. Final thanks and deepest gratitude to every single member of my family. In these four years, so many good and bad things happened, and despite the distance, we stood strong as a family. Thank you all for supporting me financially, for encouraging me, and for allowing to focus on my PhD. Mom, Dad, Sis, Bro, Guillaume, and the two munchkins born during my PhD, thank you. You always asked me when I’d be done with my “homework”, and today I can finally tell you that yes, I finished my “essay”. 5 6 Table of Contents Chapter One – Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Background .................................................................................................................................. 13 1.2. Motivations .................................................................................................................................. 15 1.3. Research questions ................................................................................................................... 16 1.4. Theoretical framework and data sources ......................................................................... 19 1.5. Terminology clarification and scope of work .................................................................. 20 1.6. Contributions and limitations ............................................................................................... 25 1.7. Thesis structure ........................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter Two – Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 31 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 31 2.2. Causes of second generation ethnic “return” migration ............................................ 32 2.2.1. Economic motives ............................................................................................................ 33 2.2.2. Socio-ethnic push and pulls ......................................................................................... 36 2.2.3. Why do people stay? ...................................................................................................... 40 2.2.4. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 41 2.3. Processes and facilitators encouraging ethnic “return” migration ......................... 42 2.3.1. Policies directed at overseas coethnics ................................................................... 42 2.3.2. Meso-level migration networks .................................................................................. 50 2.3.3. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 52 2.4. Ethnic “return” and identity changes ................................................................................. 52 2.4.1. Marginalization ................................................................................................................. 53 2.4.2. Ethnic identity changes after remigrating .............................................................. 58 2.4.3. Global hierarchy of nations .......................................................................................... 62 2.4.4. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 64 2.5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter Three – Theoretical Framework............................................................................................ 67 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 67 3.2. Socio-cultural integration theories ..................................................................................... 68 7 3.2.1. Theoretical debates on socio-cultural integration .............................................. 68 3.2.2. Indicators of socio-cultural integration ................................................................... 77 3.2.3. Applications to, and limitations to the Chinese context ................................... 82 3.2.4. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 84 3.3. Social networks and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Response of the Japanese-Brazilian Community of São Paulo to the Triple Disaster of 2011
    Disaster, Donations, and Diaspora: The Response of the Japanese-Brazilian Community of São Paulo to the Triple Disaster of 2011 Peter Bernardi The triple disaster or 3/11, the devastating combination of earthquake, tsunami and the meltdown of reactors at the nuclear power plant Fukushima Daiichi that happened in Japan on March 11, 2011, was a globally reported catastrophe. The Japanese diasporic communities especially demonstrated their willingness to help, organize campaigns and send donations. While a commitment to restor- ing and relating to the homeland in some way confirms William Safran’s (1991: 84) initial criteria for diasporas, the study of the Japanese diasporic communi- ties’ response to 3/11 also offers insights into these communities and their status. This paper offers an analysis of the impact of 3/11 drawn from the reaction of the Japanese-Brazilian diaspora in São Paulo. Although initiatives to help Japan were started throughout Brazil, São Paulo hosts the largest and most influential nikkei community that organized the biggest campaigns. Furthermore, the ar- ticle is my attempt to relate observed connections between disaster, donations and diaspora. I had originally scheduled fieldwork on Japanese immigration for March 2011, but after arriving in Brazil on March 12, reactions to the catas- trophes of 3/11 were a constant topic in many encounters and overlapped my intended research on the nikkei community of São Paulo. Donations played an important role, and in this article I argue that help (especially financial) after 3/11 was not only about Japan but also the self-perception of the nikkei community in São Paulo.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Immigrant Parenting in the United States and Singapore
    genealogy Article Challenges and Strategies for Promoting Children’s Education: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Immigrant Parenting in the United States and Singapore Min Zhou 1,* and Jun Wang 2 1 Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1551, USA 2 School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 February 2019; Accepted: 11 April 2019; Published: 15 April 2019 Abstract: Confucian heritage culture holds that a good education is the path to upward social mobility as well as the road to realizing an individual’s fullest potential in life. In both China and Chinese diasporic communities around the world, education is of utmost importance and is central to childrearing in the family. In this paper, we address one of the most serious resettlement issues that new Chinese immigrants face—children’s education. We examine how receiving contexts matter for parenting, what immigrant parents do to promote their children’s education, and what enables parenting strategies to yield expected outcomes. Our analysis is based mainly on data collected from face-to-face interviews and participant observations in Chinese immigrant communities in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and in Singapore. We find that, despite different contexts of reception, new Chinese immigrant parents hold similar views and expectations on children’s education, are equally concerned about achievement outcomes, and tend to adopt overbearing parenting strategies. We also find that, while the Chinese way of parenting is severely contested in the processes of migration and adaptation, the success in promoting children’s educational excellence involves not only the right set of culturally specific strategies but also tangible support from host-society institutions and familial and ethnic social networks.
    [Show full text]
  • What Best Explains the Discrimination Against the Chinese in New Zealand, 1860S-1950S?
    Journal of New Zealand Studies What Best Explains the Discrimination Against the Chinese? What Best Explains the Discrimination Against the Chinese in New Zealand, 1860s-1950s? MILES FAIRBURN University of Canterbury Dominating the relatively substantial literature on the history of the Chinese in New Zealand is the story of their mistreatment by white New Zealanders from the late 1860s through to the 1950s.1 However, the study of discrimination against the Chinese has now reached something of an impasse, one arising from the strong tendency of researchers in the area to advance their favourite explanations for discrimination without arguing why they prefer these to the alternatives. This practice has led to an increase in the variety of explanations and in the weight of data supporting the explanations, but not to their rigorous appraisal. In consequence, while researchers have told us more and more about which causal factors produced discrimination they have little debated or demonstrated the relative importance of these factors. As there is no reason to believe that all the putative factors are of equal importance, knowledge about the causes is not progressing. The object of this paper is to break the impasse by engaging in a systematic comparative evaluation of the different explanations to determine which one might be considered the best. The best explanation is, of course, not perfect by definition. Moreover, in all likelihood an even better explanation will consist of a combination of that best and one or more of the others. But to find the perfect explanation or a combination of explanations we have to start somewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • American Evangelicalism and the Uyghur Crisis: a Call to Interfaith Advocacy
    Blay| 1 American Evangelicalism and the Uyghur Crisis: A Call to Interfaith Advocacy Joshua Blay Northwest University International Community Development Program Author’s Notes Aspects of this paper were written for the following classes: Practicum IV, Practicum V, Fieldwork, Leadership, Social and Environmental Justice, and Peacemaking. Disclaimer: All names of Uyghurs within this thesis have been alerted to protect their identities. Blay| 2 I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4 II. THE UYGHUR CRISIS .................................................................................................................................. 5 A. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UYGHUR PEOPLE ............................................................................................................. 6 i. Why Commit Cultural Genocide? .................................................................................................................... 7 ii. My Research and the Uyghur Crisis .............................................................................................................. 9 III. LOVE GOD AND LOVE NEIGHBOR ....................................................................................................... 11 A. LOVING GOD AND NEIGHBOR THROUGH RESOURCES, PRIVILEGE, AND POWER ...................................................... 14 i. Resources .......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation JIAN 2016 Final
    The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Laada Bilaniuk, Chair Ann Anagnost, Chair Stevan Harrell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Ge Jian University of Washington Abstract The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Laada Bilaniuk Professor Ann Anagnost Department of Anthropology My dissertation is an ethnographic study of the language politics and practices of college- age English language learners in Xinjiang at the historical juncture of China’s capitalist development. In Xinjiang the international lingua franca English, the national official language Mandarin Chinese, and major Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Kazakh interact and compete for linguistic prestige in different social scenarios. The power relations between the Turkic languages, including the Uyghur language, and Mandarin Chinese is one in which minority languages are surrounded by a dominant state language supported through various institutions such as school and mass media. The much greater symbolic capital that the “legitimate language” Mandarin Chinese carries enables its native speakers to have easier access than the native Turkic speakers to jobs in the labor market. Therefore, many Uyghur parents face the dilemma of choosing between maintaining their cultural and linguistic identity and making their children more socioeconomically mobile. The entry of the global language English and the recent capitalist development in China has led to English education becoming market-oriented and commodified, which has further complicated the linguistic picture in Xinjiang.
    [Show full text]
  • BVOC) Emission in China from 2001–2016: the Roles of Land Cover Change and Climate Variability
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4825–4848, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4825-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. A long-term estimation of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission in China from 2001–2016: the roles of land cover change and climate variability Hui Wang1,2, Qizhong Wu1, Alex B. Guenther2, Xiaochun Yang1, Lanning Wang1, Tang Xiao3, Jie Li3, Jinming Feng4, Qi Xu1, and Huaqiong Cheng1 1College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 2Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA 3State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 4Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Correspondence: Qizhong Wu ([email protected]) and Lanning Wang ([email protected]) Received: 12 January 2020 – Discussion started: 16 March 2020 Revised: 17 February 2021 – Accepted: 17 February 2021 – Published: 29 March 2021 Abstract. Satellite observations reveal that China has been amount in these regions from 2013–2016 is 11.0 %–17.2 % leading the global greening trend in the past 2 decades. We higher that from 2001–2004. We compared the long-term assessed the impact of land cover change as well as cli- HCHO vertical columns (VC) from the satellite-based Ozone mate variability on total biogenic volatile organic compound Monitoring Instrument (OMI) with the estimation of iso- (BVOC) emission in China from 2001–2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Normal Sex Ratio at Birth in China
    UNFPA China Policy Brief Series TOWARDS A NORMAL SEX RATIO AT BIRTH IN CHINA Overview As an expression of a harmful that allow parents to know the in recent decades, imbalanced practice, gender-biased sex sex of the fetus have exacerbated SRB favoring boys have grown selection (GBSS) in favor of boys this practice. That is to say, there in a number of South Asian, is a symptom of pervasive social, are three preconditions to the East Asian, and Central Asian as cultural, political and economic behavior of GBSS: son preference well as East European countries injustices against girls and women and fast fertility decline motivated (Guilmoto, 2009; UNFPA APRO (UNFPA Asia Pacific Regional the “need” for sex selection (as 2012). The trend has shifted Office (APRO) 2012). Patriarchal the “demand”), and sex selection geographically over time; thus structures reinforce son preference technology makes it possible (as it began in a number of Asian and perpetuate a climate of the “supply”). countries (the Republic of Korea, violence and discrimination China and India) in the 1980s, against women and girls in GBSS leads to distorted levels followed by some countries of the society. Declining fertility and of sex ratio at birth (SRB)1. Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia rapid technology developments Analysis of data indicates that and Georgia) in the 1990s, and has more recently been followed by Montenegro, Albania, and Figure 1: SRB trend in China since the 1970s Vietnam. China has witnessed the most prolonged and significantly skewed SRB among the countries facing a similar challenge. An imbalanced SRB first occurred as a problem in China in the early 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05v6t6rn Author Kameyama, Eri Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Asian American Studies By Eri Kameyama 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations By Eri Kameyama Master of Arts in Asian American Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, Chair ABSTRACT: The recent census shows that one-third of those who identified as Japanese-American in California were foreign-born, signaling a new-wave of immigration from Japan that is changing the composition of contemporary Japanese-America. However, there is little or no academic research in English that addresses this new immigrant population, known as Shin-Issei. This paper investigates how Shin-Issei who live their lives in a complex space between the two nation-states of Japan and the U.S. negotiate their ethnic identity by looking at how these newcomers find a sense of belonging in Southern California in racial, social, and legal terms. Through an ethnographic approach of in-depth interviews and participant observation with six individuals, this case-study expands the available literature on transnationalism by exploring how Shin-Issei negotiations of identities rely on a transnational understandings of national ideologies of belonging which is a less direct form of transnationalism and is a more psychological, symbolic, and emotional reconciliation of self, encompassed between two worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • Do Race and Nationality Matter in Getting a Job?
    PROGRAMA SUR-SUR En este trabajo se presenta un análisis crítico de la relación entre migración y trabajo desde la perspectiva global, centrando la DO RACE AND NATIONALITY atención en los recientes flujos migratorios laborales entre las regiones del Sur, condicionados por la dinámica de reordenamiento MATTER IN GETTING del esquema de poder global. A partir de esta misma perspectiva, se contextualiza y caracteriza la migración de cubanos hacia Angola, A JOB? como parte de los flujos laborales Sur-Sur y motivada, además, tanto por las condiciones estructurales de los centros de emisión y recep- ción del flujo, como por el conjunto de las relaciones históricas que Field Experiment and Survey tienen lugar entre ambos Estados y que constituyen conexiones of Employment Discrimination transnacionales que sirven de puentes al diálogo intercultural. in China Oluwasola Emmanuel Omoju Serie Estudios e Investigaciones Migración y trabajo entre las regiones del Sur desde la perspectiva global Pérez García DO RACE AND NATIONALITY MATTER IN GETTING A JOB? Omoju, Oluwasola Emmanuel Do race and nationality matter in getting a job? : field experiment and survey of employment discrimination in China / Oluwasola Emmanuel Omoju. - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : CLACSO ; Dakar : CODESRIA - Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa ; Nueva Delhi : IDEAs - International Development Economics Association, 2017. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-722-303-3 1. Discriminación Laboral. 2. Empleo. 3. China.
    [Show full text]
  • Teach Uyghur Project Educational Outreach Document
    TEACH UYGHUR PROJECT EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH DOCUMENT UYGHUR AMERICAN ASSOCIATION / NOVEMBER 2020 Who are the Uyghurs? The Uyghurs are a Turkic, majority Muslim ethnic group indigenous to Central Asia. The Uyghur homeland is known to Uyghurs as East Turkistan, but is officially known and internationally recognized as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Due to the occupation of their homeland by the Qing Dynasty of China and the colonization of East Turkistan initiated by the Chinese Communist Party, many Uyghurs have fled abroad. There are several hundred thousand Uyghurs living in the independent Central Asian states of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, as well as a large diaspora in Turkey and in Europe. There are and estimated 8,000 to 10,000 Uyghurs in the United States. The Uyghur people are currently being subjected to a campaign of mass incarceration, mass surveillance, forced labor, population control, and genocide, perpetrated by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). About the Uyghur American Association (UAA) Established in 1998, the Uyghur American Association (UAA) is a non-partisan organization with the chief goals of promoting and preserving Uyghur culture, and supporting the right of Uyghur people to use peaceful, democratic means to determine their own political futures. Based in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area, the UAA serves as the primary hub for the Uyghur diaspora community in the United States. About the "Teach Uyghur Project" Education is a powerful tool for facilitating change. The goal of this project is to encourage teachers to teach about Uyghurs, and to persuade schools, and eventually state legislatures, to incorporate Uyghurs into primary and secondary school curriculum.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese-Language Media Outlets
    澳大利亚-中国关系研究院 CHINESE-LANGUAGE MEDIA IN AUSTRALIA: Developments, Challenges and Opportunities Professor Wanning Sun Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Technology Sydney FRONT COVER IMAGE: Ming Liang Published by the Australia-China Relations Institute (ACRI) Level 7, UTS Building 11 81 - 115 Broadway, Ultimo NSW 2007 t: +61 2 9514 8593 f: +61 2 9514 2189 e: [email protected] © The Australia-China Relations Institute (ACRI) 2016 ISBN 978-0-9942825-6-9 The publication is copyright. Other than for uses permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without attribution. CONTENTS List of Figures 4 Executive Summary 5 Overview 5 Recommendations 8 Challenges and opportunities 10 Future research 11 Introduction 13 History of Chinese Media in Australia 15 Trends and Recent Developments in the Sector 22 Major Chinese Media (by Sector) 26 Daily paid newspapers 28 Television 28 Radio 28 Online media 29 Access to Major Chinese Media Outlets (by Region) 31 Patterns of Media Consumption 37 The Growth of Social Media Use and WeChat 44 Recommendations for Government, Business and Mainstream Media 49 Challenges and Opportunities 54 Pathways to Future Research 59 References 63 Appendix 67 Appendix A: Circulation Figures (Chinese-language Print Publications in Australia) 67 About ACRI 70 About the Author 71 CHINESE-LANGUAGE MEDIA IN AUSTRALIA 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Media sectors currently targeting Chinese migrants in Australia. 21 Figure 2. Time spent with media (hours per week) by Chinese in Australia aged 14-74 years, compared to overall Australian population. 37 Figure 3.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Decision Making Model of the Globalizing Consumer Behavior
    A NOVEL DECISION - MAKING MODEL OF THE GLOBALIZING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: EVIDENCE FROM CHINESE MIDDLE - CLASS CONSUMERS WHO PURCHASE LUXURY GOODS FROM OVERSEAS MARKETS Presented by Yang Liu Southern New Hampshire University 2500 North River Road, Manchester, New Hampshire 03106, USA Dissertation Committee: Dr. Aysun Ficici, Chair Professor of International Business and Strategy Dr. Massood Samii Professor of International Business Dr. Tej Dhakar Professor of Management Science Dr. Ling Ling Wang Assistant Professor of International Business Worcester State University 1 Dedication I would like to dedicate my dissertation to my grandparents who raised me up and taught me perseverance. I would also like to dedicate my dissertation to my parents who encourage me to pursue this path, always support me, and teach me to be principled, ethical and intellectual. Finally, I would like to dedicate my dissertation to my friend, Wei Liu who through his giftedness accompanied me in the hard times during this journey. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my Dissertation Committee Chair, Professor Aysun Ficici who has supported me from the very beginning of my doctoral journey. As my Dissertation Committee Chair, she guided me structurally both qualitatively and quantitatively through her deep knowledge in variety of subject areas, who also stayed with me after hours to work on my dissertation with me. She taught me how to be a good researcher, a good writer, and an academician. I would like to thank Professor Tej Dhakar for his valuable assistance in providing me feedback in my quantitative research. I would like to thank Professor Massood Samii for guiding me in the process and sharing his deep knowledge in the field of strategy.
    [Show full text]