,tawa), scribble)תוה ) means mark, and its verb)תו limit, is probably derived from the noun. HAW suggests that the more ancient form of this looked like an , a shape which lends itself easily as a תו Taw ת ta'awa) means boundary)תאוה general mark. The word tawa) is used)תוה that which is marked). The verb) only once in the meaning of pain or wound (Psalm 78:41). http://www.abarim-publications.com/Hebrew_Alphabet_Meaning.html#.VA_aPWN0ap4 תָ ו

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Taw 1 Taw

For other uses, see Taw (disambiguation).

← Taw

Phoenician Hebrew Syriac ﺕ,ﺕ ܬ ת

Phonemic representation (also θ, s)

Position in 22

Numerical value 400

Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician

Greek Cyrillic Τ T Т

Taw, tav, or taf is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic , including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew ./see below). Its original sound value is /t) ﺕ and tāʼ ת (taw (: tav The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek (Τ), Latin T, and Cyrillic Т.

Origins of taw Taw is said to have come from a mark or asterisk-like marking, perhaps indicating a signature. Its literal usage in the denotes a wound, or in modern semantics, carving into a surface.

Hebrew tav

Orthographic variants

Various Print Fonts Hebrew Script Serif Sans-serif Monospaced

ת ת ת

תָו :Hebrew Taw 2

Hebrew pronunciation The letter tav in modern Hebrew usually represents a voiceless alveolar /t/).

Variations on written form and pronunciation The letter tav is one of the six letters which can receive a kal. The six are , , , , , and tav (see for more about these letters). Three of them, bet, kaph, and pe, have their sound values changed in modern Hebrew from the to the plosive by adding a dagesh. The other three have the same pronunciation in modern Hebrew, but have had alternate pronunciations at other times and places. In traditional Ashkenazi pronunciation, tav represented an /s/ (a form which is still heard today, especially among Diaspora ) without the dagesh, and had the plosive form when it had the dagesh. In some Sephardi areas, some Chassidic groups, as well as Yemen, tav without a dagesh represented a voiceless dental fricative /θ/ without a dagesh and the plosive form with the dagesh. In traditional Italian pronunciation tav without a dagesh is sometimes spelled as /s/ (for example in the word that is pronounced talled). See bet, dalet, kaph, pe, and gimel.

Significance of tav In tav represents the number 400, the largest single number that can be represented without using the sophit forms (see kaph, , , pe, and tzade). making it ,(ת׳) In representing names from foreign , a or chupchik can also be placed after the tav represent /θ/.

In Tav is the last letter of the Hebrew word emet, which means 'truth'. The explains that emet is made up of the Sheqer (falsehood), on the other .(אמת :first, middle, and last letters of the Hebrew alphabet (, mem, and tav hand, is made up of the 19th, 20th, and 21st (and penultimate) letters. Thus, truth is all-encompassing, while falsehood is narrow and deceiving. In it was the word emet that was carved into the head of the which ultimately gave it life. But when the letter aleph was erased from the golem's forehead, what was left was "met"—dead. And so the golem died. :4 depicts a vision in which the tav plays a role similar to the blood on the lintel and doorposts of a Hebrew home in .[1] In Ezekiel’s vision, the Lord has his angels separate the demographic wheat from the chaff by going through Jerusalem, the capital city of ancient , and inscribing a mark, a tav, “upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof.” In Ezekiel's vision, then, the Lord is counting tav-marked Israelites as worthwhile to spare, but counts the people worthy of annihilation who lack the tav and the critical attitude it signifies. In other words, looking askance at a culture marked by dire moral decline is a kind of for loyalty and zeal for God.[2] Taw 3

Sayings with taf "From aleph to taf" describes something from beginning to end, the Hebrew equivalent of the English "From A to Z."

Syriac taw In the , as in the Hebrew and Phoenician , taw (ܬ) is the last letter in the alphabet. It represents either /t/ (voiceless alveolar plosive) or between a t and d sound.

Esṭrangelā Madnḥāyā (classical) (eastern) character

ܬ

Arabic tāʼ The letter is named tāʼ . It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial

Glyph form: ﺗـ ـﺘـ ـﺖ ﺕ fathah, then tāʼ with a sukun on it, pronounced /at/, though are normally omitted) is used to mark) ـَﺖْ Final tāʼ-fatḥah, /ta/) is used to mark past-tense) ﺕَ feminine gender for third-person perfective/ verbs, while final tāʼ-kasrah, /ti/) to mark past-tense second-person singular feminine) ﺕِ second-person singular masculine verbs, final tāʼ-ḍammah, /tu/) to mark past-tense first-person singular verbs. The form of Arabic letter) ﺕُ verbs, and final .(ﺍﻟﺘﺎءﺍﺕ) is Altaaat ﺕِ has been used online because it resembles a smiling face.Wikipedia:Citation needed ﺕ Recently the isolated

Tāʼ marbūṭah meaning 'bound tāʼ ) is used at the end of words to mark ,ﺗﺎء ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ :An alternative form called tāʼ marbūṭah (Arabic feminine gender for nouns and . It denotes the final sound /-a/ and, when in , /-at/. Regular .(' meaning 'open tāʼ ,ﺗﺎء ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ :tāʼ, to distinguish it from tāʼ marbūṭah, is referred to as tāʼ maftūḥah (Arabic

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial

Glyph form: ﺓ ـﺔ ـﺔ ﺓ letter, message'), tāʼ marbūṭah is denoted as h, and pronounced as /-a/. Historically, it') ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ In words such as risālah was pronounced as the /t/ sound in all positions, but in coda positions it eventually developed into an weakly .this /h/ itself was eventually left pronounced ;((ﻩ) aspirated /h/ sound (which is why tāʼ marbūṭah looks like a hāʼ When a word ending with a tāʼ marbūṭah is suffixed with a grammatical case ending or (in letter, message') is') ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ or the ) any other suffix, the /t/ is clearly pronounced. For example, the word pronounced as risāla(h) in pausa but is pronounced risālatu in the nominative case (/u/ being the nominative case .but the identity of the "character" remains a tāʼ marbūṭah ,(ﺕ) ending). The pronunciation is /t/, just like a regular tāʼ Note that the isolated and final forms of this letter combine the shape of hāʼ and the two dots of tāʼ . When words containing the symbol are borrowed into other languages written in the Arabic alphabet (such as .ﺕ or a regular ﻩ Persian), tāʼ marbūṭah usually becomes either a regular Taw 4

Character encodings

ܬ ﺕ ת Character Unicode name HEBREW LETTER TAV ARABIC LETTER TAH SYRIAC LETTER TAW

Encodings hex decimal hex decimal hex

Unicode 1514 U+05EA 1578 U+062A 1836 U+072C

UTF-8 215 170 D7 AA 216 170 D8 AA 220 172 DC AC

Numeric character reference ת ת ت ت ܬ ܬ

Character ࠕ ႅ ႑ Unicode name SAMARITAN LETTER TAAF IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER TAW PHOENICIAN LETTER TAU

Encodings decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex

Unicode 2069 U+0815 67669 U+10855 67861 U+10915

UTF-8 224 160 149 E0 A0 95 240 144 161 149 F0 90 A1 95 240 144 164 149 F0 90 A4 95

UTF-16 2069 0815 55298 56405 D802 DC55 55298 56597 D802 DD15

Numeric character reference ࠕ ࠕ 𐡕 𐡕 𐤕 𐤕

Footnotes [1] Exodus 12:7,12. [2] Cf. the New Testament's condemnation of lukewarmness in Revelation 3:15-16 Sources and Contributors 5 Article Sources and Contributors

Taw Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619474889 Contributors: 334a, 484UUU, Abjiklam, Aeusoes1, Amire80, Andycjp, Angr, Ankimai, Assyrio, Azviz, BartekChom, Belovedfreak, Bfinn, Cbdorsett, Chowdit, Chrisminter, Clovis Sangrail, CoverMyIP, D6, Dan Pelleg, Darkwind, Dbachmann, Dbenbenn, DePiep, Diderot, Dolyn, DopefishJustin, Ego White Tray, Elburts, Eliyak, Epson291, Erutuon, FilipeS, Free Bear, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Garzo, Gorobay, Graham87, H92, Hakeem.gadi, Imz, J21, Jnothman, Johanna-Hypatia, Jthminion, Koavf, Kwamikagami, Lfdder, Limezest4, LjL, Lockesdonkey, Logical Fuzz, Mahmudmasri, Missdipsy, Mrg3105, Mustafaa, Muu-karhu, Nickjamil, Nickyus, Plastikspork, Pomadgw, Pyb, R'n'B, Ross Burgess, Ryulong, Saeng Sayam, Sputnikcccp, StrangerInParadise, Synchronism, TarisWerewolf, TheYmode, TimNelson, TomeHale, Trusilver, Txomin, Umalee, Vanisaac, Wikitiki89, Yom, anonymous edits טבעת-זרם, Zerokitsune, 67 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Phoenician taw.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_taw.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Taw.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taw.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Taf handwriting.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Taf Rashi.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Taf_Rashi.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Aramaic taw.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aramaic_taw.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Lee Daniel Crocker at en.wikipedia File:SyriacTaw.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SyriacTaw.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: 334a License

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Hebrew alphabet 1 Hebrew alphabet

This article is about the alphabet derived from the . For the alphabet derived from the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, see . For the insect, see Hebrew Character.

א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ך ל מ ם נ ן ס ע פ ף צ ץ ק ר ש ת • ﭏ

Features: • • Begadkefat

Variants: Cursive • Rashi •

Numerals: Gematria • Numeration

Ancillaries: Diacritics • • Cantillation

Translit.: of Hebrew • Hebraization of English • IPA • ISO

Computers: Keyboard • Unicode and HTML

Hebrew alphabet

Type Abjad (for Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic) True alphabet (for )

Languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic (see )

Time period 3rd century BCE to present

Parent systems • Proto-Sinaitic • • Aramaic alphabet • Hebrew alphabet

Sister systems Nabataean Syriac Palmyrene Mandaic Brāhmī Pahlavi Sogdian

ISO 15924 Hebr, 125

Direction Right-to-left

Unicode alias Hebrew

[1] Unicode range U+0590 to U+05FF , [2] U+FB1D to U+FB4F Hebrew alphabet 2

• v • t • e [3] a], alefbet ʿIvri ), known variously by scholars as the Jewish]עִבְרִי אָלֶף־בֵּית :The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew script, square script, block script, is used in the writing of the Hebrew , as well as other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. There have been two script forms in use; the original old Hebrew script is known as the paleo-Hebrew script (which has been largely preserved, in an altered form, in the Samaritan script), while the present "square" form of the Hebrew alphabet is a stylized form of the Assyrian script. Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the letters exist. There is also a script, which has also varied over time and place. The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters, of which five have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of . Like other abjads, such as the Arabic alphabet, means were later devised to indicate by separate points, known in Hebrew are also used as matres lectionis to represent vowels. When used to א ה ו י as . In rabbinic Hebrew, the letters write Yiddish, the is a true alphabet (except for borrowed Hebrew words). In modern usage of the and to some extent modern Israeli Hebrew, vowels may (ה replaces ע alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish (except that be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with these letters acting as true vowels.

History Main article: History of the Hebrew alphabet According to contemporary scholars, the original Hebrew script developed during the late second and first millennia BCE alongside othersWikipedia:Citation needed used in the region. It is closely related to the Phoenician script, which was also an abjad, and which itself probably gave rise to the use of alphabetic writing in (). A distinct Hebrew variant, called the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, emerged by the 10th century BCE,[4] an example of which is represented in the Gezer calendar.

The paleo-Hebrew alphabet was commonly used in the ancient Israelite kingdoms of Israel and , as well as by the . Following the exile of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BCE, in the Babylonian exile, Jews began using a form of the Assyrian script, which was another offshoot of the same family of scripts. During the 3rd century BCE, Jews began to use a stylized, "square" form of the

A Jewish stele near the archeological excavations of the early medieval walls of Serdica Hebrew alphabet 3

Aramaic alphabet that was used by the Persian Empire (which in turn was adopted from the Assyrians), while the Samaritans continued to use a form of the paleo-Hebrew script, called the Samaritan script. After the fall of the Persian Empire, Jews used both scripts before settling on the Assyrian form. For a limited time thereafter, the use of the paleo-Hebrew script among Jews was retained only to write the , : 10th century CE Hebrew with Masoretic pointing. Text of but soon that custom was also Joshua 1:1 abandoned.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The square Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the – such as Karaim, Judæo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc. The Hebrew alphabet continued in use for scholarly writing in Hebrew and came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Israel.

Description

General In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants, written from right to left. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word.

Vowels

In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak consonants serving as vowel letters, or (י) or ,(ו) Vav ,(ה) ,(א) Aleph matres lectionis: the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called niqqud, was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish and to some extent modern Israeli Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with the weak letters acting as true vowels.

When used to write Yiddish, vowels are indicated, using certain letters, Hebrew script on the bustier of Jan van Scorel's or "אָ", "יִ" :either with or without niqqud-diacritics (e.g., respectively Maria Magdalena, 1530. except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in ,("י", "ע" their . To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical .literally "applying points"). One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed ,ניקוד) symbols called niqqud Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the Hebrew alphabet 4

system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted, used in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls), called "trope". In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim, or letters) allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and .

Hebrew Alphabet - souvenir from Israel. Alphabet

Neither the old Hebrew script nor the modern Hebrew script have case, but five letters have special final forms,[c] ,meaning in this case "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word ,סופית :called sofit (Hebrew somewhat as in the Greek or in the Arabic and Mandaic alphabets.[b] These are shown below the normal form, in the following table (letter names are Unicode standard[5][6]). Hebrew is read and written from right to left.

Alef Bet Gimel Dalet He Vav Het Tet Yod Kaf

כ י ט ח ז ו ה ד ג ב א ך

Lamed Mem Nun Pe Tsadi Qof Shin Tav

ת ש ר ק צ פ ע ס נ מ ל ץ ף ן ם

Note: The chart reads from left to right.

Pronunciation of letter names Main articles: , and

letter Name of letter Established standard colloquial Yiddish / pronunciation Israelipronunciation Israelipronunciation (if Ashkenazipronunciation MW Unicode [8] [7] Hebrew in English differing) /ɑːlɛf/, /ˈɑːlɨf/ /ˈalef/ /ˈalɛfˈ/ אָלֶף Aleph Alef א /bɛθ/, /beɪt/ /bet/ /bɛɪs/ בֵּית Beth Bet בּ /vet/ /vɛɪs/ בֵית ב /ɡɪməl/ /ˈɡimel/ /ˈɡimːɛlˈ/ גִּימל Gimel Gimel ג /dɑːlɨθ/, /ˈdalet/ /ˈdaled/ /ˈdalɛsˈ/ דָּלֶת Daleth Dalet ד /ˈdɑːlɛt/ /heɪ/ /he/ /hej/ /hɛɪ/ הֵא, הה, הי He He ה /vɑːv/, /wɑːw/ /vav/ /vɔv/ וָו, ואו, ויו Vav ו /zaɪ.ɨn/ /ˈzajin/ /ˈza.in/ /ˈzajinˈ/ זַיִן Zayin Zayin ז /hɛθ/, /xeɪt/ /ħet/ /χet/ /χɛs/ חֵית Het ח /tɛθ/, /teɪt/ /tet/ /tɛs/ טֵית Tet ט Hebrew alphabet 5

/jɔːd/ /jod/ /jud/ /jud/ יוֹד Yod Yod י /kɑːf/ /kaf/ /kɔf/ כַּף Kaph Kaf כּ /xɑːf/, /kɑːf/ /χaf/ /χɔf/ כַף כ /kɑːf/ /kaf sofit/ /laŋɡɛ kɔf/ כַּף סוֹפִית Final ךּ Kaf /xɑːf/, /kɑːf/ /χaf sofit/ /laŋɡɛ χɔf/ כַף סוֹפִית ך /lɑːmɛd/ /ˈlamed/ /ˈlamɛdˈ/ לָמֶד Lamed Lamed ל /mɛm/ /mem/ /mɛm/ מֵם Mem Mem מ /mem sofit/ /ʃlɔs mɛm/ מֵם סוֹפִית Final ם Mem /nuːn/ /nun/ /nun/ נוּן Nun Nun נ /nun sofit/ /laŋɡɛ nun/ נוּן סוֹפִית Final ן Nun

/sɑːmɛk/, /ˈsameχ/ /ˈsamɛχˈ/ ְסָמֶך Samekh Samekh ס /ˈsɑːmɛx/ /aɪ.ɨn/ /ˈʕajin/ /ˈʔa.in/ /ˈajinˈ/ עַיִן Ayin Ayin ע /peɪ/ /pe/ /pej/ /pɛɪ/ פֵּא, פה Pe Pe פּ /feɪ/ /fe/ /fej/ /fɛɪ/ פֵא, פה פ /peɪ/, /feɪ/ /pe sofit/ /pej sofit/ /laŋɡɛ fɛɪ/ ,פֵּא סוֹפִית Final Pe ף פה סופית /sɑːdə/, /ˈsɑːdi/ /ˈtsadi/ /ˈtsɔdi/, /ˈtsɔdik/, /ˈtsadɛkˈ/ צַדִי, צדיק Sadhe Tsadi צ /tsadi sofit/ /laŋɡɛ ˈtsadɛkˈ/ ,צַדִי סוֹפִית Final ץ צדיק Tsadi סופית /kɔːf/ /kof/ /kuf/ /kuf/ קוֹף Qof ק /rɛʃ/, /reɪʃ/ /ʁeʃ/ /ʁejʃ/ /rɛɪʃ/ רֵישׂ Resh Resh ר /ʃiːn/, /ʃɪn/ /ʃin/ /ʃin/ שִׁין Shin Shin שׁ /siːn/, /sɪn/ /sin/ /sin/ שִׂין שׂ /tɑːf/, /tɔːv/ /tav/ /taf/ /tɔv/, /tɔf/ תָּיו, תו Taw Tav תּ /sɔv/, /sɔf/ תָיו, תָו ת

Stylistic variants Further information: Cursive Hebrew, , Ashuri alphabet and History of the Hebrew alphabet The following table displays typographic and chirographic variants of each letter. For the five letters that have a different used at the end of words, the final forms are displayed beneath the regular form. The three lettering variants currently in use are block, cursive and Rashi. Block and Rashi are used in books. Block lettering dominates, with Rashi lettering typically used for certain editorial inserts (as in the glosses of Isserles to the ) or biblical commentaries (as in the commentary of Rashi) in various standard literary works. Cursive is used almost exclusively when handwriting, unless block lettering is desired for stylistic purposes (as in signage). Hebrew alphabet 6

Letter Variants name Modern Hebrew Ancestral (Unicode) Serif Sans- Mono- Cursive Rashi Phoenician Paleo-Hebrew Aramaic serif spaced

א א א Alef

ב ב ב Bet

ג ג ג Gimel

ד ד ד Dalet

ה ה ה He

ו ו ו Vav

ז ז ז Zayin

ח ח ח Het

ט ט ט Tet

י י י Yod

כ כ כ Kaf

ך ך ך Final Kaf

ל ל ל Lamed

מ מ מ Mem

ם ם ם Final Mem

נ נ נ Nun

ן ן ן Final Nun

ס ס ס Samekh Hebrew alphabet 7

ע ע ע Ayin

פ פ פ Pe

ף ף ף Final Pe

צ צ צ Tsadi ,

ץ ץ ץ Final Tsadi

ק ק ק Qof

ר ר ר Resh

ש ש ש Shin

ת ת ת Tav

Yiddish symbols

Symbol Explanation .[These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew[d װ ױ ײ ײַ is no longer regularly used in Hebrew. In masoretic manuscripts and some other older texts the soft fricative (רפה) The בֿ consonants and sometimes matres lectionis are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. Its use has been largely discontinued in modern printed texts. It is still used to mark fricative consonants in the YIVO of Yiddish.

Numeric values of letters Main article: Hebrew letters are used to denote numbers, nowadays used only in specific contexts, e.g. denoting dates in the ,("phase a, phase b" – שלב א׳, שלב ב׳ ., denoting grades of school in Israel, other listings (e.g commonly in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) in a practice known as gematria, and often in religious contexts. Hebrew alphabet 8

letter numeric value letter numeric value letter numeric value

100 ק 10 י 1 א

200 ר 20 כ 2 ב

300 ש 30 ל 3 ג

400 ת 40 מ 4 ד

500 ך 50 נ 5 ה

600 ם 60 ס 6 ו

700 ן 70 ע 7 ז

800 ף 80 פ 8 ח

900 ץ 90 צ 9 ט and ,ק״ת, ר״ת, ש״ת, ת״ת The numbers 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 are commonly represented by the juxtapositions to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5769 ("׳") respectively. Adding a geresh ק״תת .represents 769 תשס״ט represents 5000, and ה where ,ה׳תשס״ט is portrayed as

Transliterations and transcriptions Main articles: Romanization of Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew, Yiddish language and The following table lists and transcriptions of Hebrew letters used in Modern Hebrew. Clarifications: • For some letters, the Academy of the Hebrew Language offers a precise that differs from the regular standard it has set. When omitted, no such precise alternative exists and the regular standard applies. • The IPA phonemic transcription is specified whenever it uses a different symbol from the one used for the regular standard Israeli transliteration. • The IPA is specified whenever it differs from IPA phonemic transcription. Note: SBL's transliteration system, recommended in its Handbook of Style,[9] differs slightly from the 2006 precise בג״ד SBL uses "ṣ" (≠ AHL "ẓ"), and for "צ" transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for .("with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. "b", "g", "d", "", "f", "t כפ״ת

Click "show" to view extended table including examples.

Hebrew example Translation example standard example example example Standard IPA phonemictranscription IPA phonetictranscription letter Israeli Israeli transliteration transliteration [10] – precise – regular

[if [A1] im [ʔ] [ʔim אִם none א consonantal, in initial word positions /asked ' sha'ál ʾ shaʾál /ʔ/ /ʃaˈʔal שָׁאַל א consonantal, in non initial word positions Hebrew alphabet 9

first [A2] rishón רִאשׁוֹן none א silent son b ben בֵּן בּ good v tov טוֹב ב roof g gag g gaḡ גַּג גּ ḡ ג /roach [11] ǧuk /d͡ʒ/ /d͡ʒuk ג׳וּק [ǧ[B1 ג׳ boiler d dud d duḏ דּוּד דּ ḏ ד echo h hed הֵד ה consonantal here [A3] po פֹּה none ה silent hook v vav w waw וָו ו consonantal he u hu הוּא וּ [to him o lo [o̞] or [ɔ̝] [lo̞, lɔ̝ לוֹ וֹ this z ze זֶה ז

/jargon [B2] žargón /ʒ/ /ʒarˈɡon זָ׳רְגוֹן ž ז׳

[hot [C1] ẖam ḥ ḥam /x/ or /χ/ /xam/ [χ] [χam חַם ẖ ח dialectical [ħ] [ħam] tiny t kat ṭ kaṭ קָט ט /sea y yam /j/ /jam יָם י consonantal in me i bi בִּי י part of hirik male (/i/ vowel) information e medá é médá /e/ or /ej/ /meˈda/ or [e̞] or /e̞j/ [me̞ˈda] or מֵידָע [mejˈda/ [me̞jˈda/ י part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or /ei/ ) Hebrew alphabet 10 so k ko כֹּה כּ, ךּ

[branch-roofing [C2] skhakh ḵ sḵaḵ /sxax/ [χ] [sχaχ סְכָךְ /kh /x/ or /χ כ, ך to me li לִי ל defect m mum מוּם מ, ם great-grandson n nin נִין נ, ן end s sof סוֹף ס

[Purim-parade [A4] adloyáda ʿ ʿadloyádaʿ only in initial [ˌʔadlo̞ˈjada עַדְלֹאיָדַע none word position ע in initial or [ʔ] final word dialectical positions /ʕ/ /ˌʕadloˈjadaʕ/ /useful ' mo'íl ʿ moʿíl /ʔ/ /moˈʔil מוֹעִיל ע in medial dialectical /moˈʕil/ word /ʕ/ positions tip p tip טִיפּ [D]פּ missed f fisfés פִסְפֵס פ, ף /bud ts tsits ẓ ẓiẓ /t͡s/ /t͡sit͡s צִיץ צ, ץ

/zip [B3] ríčrač /t͡ʃ/ /ˈrit͡ʃrat͡ʃ ריצ׳רץ׳ č צ׳, ץ׳ sound k kol q qol קוֹל ק [city r ir [ʀ] or [ʁ] [iʀ] or [iʁ עִיר ר dialectical [r] or [ɾ] [ir] or [iɾ] /there sh sham š šam /ʃ/ /ʃam שָׁם שׁ put s sam ś śam שָׂם שׂ strawberry t tut t tuṯ תּוּת תּ ṯ ת Hebrew alphabet 11

Hebrew letter Standard standard IPA phonemictranscription IPA phonetictranscription Israeli Israeli transliteration transliteration – regular – precise [none[A1] [ʔ א consonantal, in initial word positions /ʾ /ʔ ' א consonantal, in non initial word positions [none[A2 א silent b בּ v ב g g גּ ḡ ג /ǧ[B1] /d͡ʒ ג׳ d d דּ ḏ ד h ה consonantal [none[A3 ה silent v w ו consonantal u וּ [o [o̞] or [ɔ̝ וֹ z ז /ž[B2] /ʒ ז׳ [ẖ[C1] ḥ /x/ or /χ/ [χ ח dialectical [ħ] Hebrew alphabet 12 t ṭ ט /y /j י consonantal i י part of hirik male (/i/ vowel) /[e é /e/ or /ej/ [e̞] or [e̞j י part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or /ei/ diphthong) k כּ, ךּ [kh[C2] ḵ /x/ or /χ/ [χ כ, ך l ל m מ, ם n נ, ן s ס

none[A4] ʿ only in initial word position ע in initial or final [ʔ] word positions dialectical /ʕ/ /ʿ /ʔ ' ע in medial dialectical word positions /ʕ/

p [D]פּ Hebrew alphabet 13 f פ, ף /ts ẓ /t͡s צ, ץ /č[B3] /t͡ʃ צ׳, ץ׳ k q ק [r [ʀ] or [ʁ ר dialectical [r] or [ɾ] /sh š /ʃ שׁ s ś שׂ t t תּ ṯ ת

Notes in regular transliteration), silent or initial) ע A1^ 2^ 3^ 4^ In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final ,are not transliterated. To the eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets ה and silent ,א these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel mother", [ʔe̞m]) and") אֵם ,([if", [ʔim") אִם diacritics – niqqud (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in /always represents the same : [ʔ] (), whereas the vowels /i/, /e א nut", [ʔo̞m]), the letter") אֹם and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal א Academy of the Hebrew Language ascertains that stop ʾ is omitted from the transliteration, and only the subsequent vowels are transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in the text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively. but only to ,(ד׳, ח׳, ט׳, ע׳, ר׳, ת׳) is used with some other letters as well – "׳" – B1^ 2^ 3^ The diacritic geresh transliterate from other languages to Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from e1] are sometimes used to] "וו" and "ו׳" which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard represent /w/, which like /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/ appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords. C1^ 2^ The Sound /χ/ (as "ch" in loch) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the ."sχaχ/ → "schach/ סכך ;"χam/ → "cham/ חם :Academy of the Hebrew Language D^ Although the Bible does include a single occurrence of a final pe with a dagesh (Book of Proverbs 30, 6: in modern Hebrew /p/ is always represented by pe in its regular, not ,(".אַל-תּוֹסְףְּ עַל-דְּבָרָיו: פֶּן-יוֹכִיחַ בְּךָ וְנִכְזָבְתָּ" ʃop/ "shop"), foreign/ שׁוֹפּ .even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g ,"פ" final, form .("χaˈrap/ "slept deeply/ חָרַפּ .filip/ "Philip") and some slang (e.gˈ/ פִילִיפּ .names (e.g Hebrew alphabet 14

Pronunciation Main article: International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew.

Letters י ט ח ז׳ ז וו , ו׳ וֹ וּ ו ה ד׳ דּ ד ג׳ גּ ג ב בּ א

(non-standard)[e2] IPA [ʔ], ∅ [b] [v] [ɡ] [d͡ʒ] [d] [ð] [h~ʔ], ∅ [v]~[w] [u] [o̞] [w] [z] [ʒ] [χ]~[ħ] [t] [j] ת׳ ת תּ שׂ שׁ ר ק צ׳ ץ׳ צ ץ פ ף פּ ע ס נ ן מ ם ל כ ך כּ ךּ ִי Letters IPA [i] [k] [χ] [l] [m] [n] [s] [ʔ]~[ʕ], ∅ [p] [f] [t͡s] [tʃ] [k] [ʁ]~[r] [ʃ] [s] [t] [θ]

Shin and sin Further information: Shin (letter) .but are two separate . They are not mutually allophonic ,ש ,Shin and sin are represented by the same letter When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin- or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.

Symbol Name Transliteration IPA Example

shin sh /ʃ/ shop (right dot) שׁ sin s /s/ sour (left dot) שׂ

Historically, left-dot-sin corresponds to Proto-Semitic *ś, which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to a (בֹּשֶׂם) voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/, as is evident in Greek transliteration of Hebrew words such as Balsam as is evident in the Targum Onkelos.Wikipedia:Citation needed Rendering of proto-semitic *ś as /ɬ/, is ('שׂ' - the ) still evident in the Soqotri language.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Dagesh Main article: Dagesh ,(tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive ת pe and פ ,kaf כ ,daleth ד ,gimel ג ,beth ב Historically, the consonants and one soft (fricative), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern ,(דגש) hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh pe, and doesn't affect the name פ kaf, and כ ,beth ב Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of of the letter. The differences are as follows:

Name With dagesh Without dagesh

Symbol Transliteration IPA Example Symbol Transliteration IPA Example v /v/ van ב b /b/ bun בּ beth kaf k /k/ kangaroo kh/ch/x /χ/ loch כ ך כּ ךּ[] f/ph /f/ find פ ף p /p/ pass פּ pe

In other dialects (mainly liturgical) there are variations from this pattern. • In some Sephardi and Mizrahi dialects, bet without dagesh is pronounced [b], like bet with dagesh • In Syrian and Yemenite Hebrew, gimel without dagesh is pronounced [ɣ]. Hebrew alphabet 15

• In Yemenite Hebrew, and in the Iraqi pronunciation of the word "Adonai", dalet without dagesh is pronounced [ð] as in "these" • In , tav without dagesh is pronounced [s] as in "silk" • In Iraqi and Yemenite Hebrew, and formerly in some other dialects, tav without dagesh is pronounced [θ] is in "thick"

Identical pronunciation In Israel's general population, many consonants have the same pronunciation. They are as follows:

Letters Transliteration Pronunciation (IPA)

not Usually when in medial word position: /./ transliterated ע א Alef* Ayin* (separation of vowels in a hiatus)

When in initial or final word position, sometimes also in medial word position: silent

alternatingly

' or ’ /ʔ/ (glottal stop) /v /v ו ב Bet (without Vav dagesh) /kh/ch/h /χ כ ח Het Kaf (without dagesh) /t /t ת ט Tet Tav /k /k ק כּ Kaf (with dagesh) Qof /s /s שׂ ס Samekh Sin (with left dot) /ts/tz /ts תשׂ and תס צ Tsadi* Tav-Samekh* Tav-Sin* /ch/tsh (chair) /tʃ תשׁ and טשׁ צ׳ Tsadi (with geresh) Tet-Shin* Tav-Shin*

* Varyingly

Ancient Hebrew pronunciation Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /b ɡ d k p t/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeD KeFeT letters /ˌbeɪɡɛdˈkɛfɛt/. The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points. They were pronounced as /b ɡ d k p t/ at the beginning of a , or when doubled. They were pronounced as /v ɣ ð x f θ/ when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a , ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ). The plosive and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds ḏ and ḡ have reverted to [d] and Hebrew alphabet 16 resh may ר .ɡ], respectively, and ṯ has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation] have also been a "doubled" letter, making the list BeGeD KePoReS. (, 4:1) tet ט ,/tsadi represented the /sˤ צ ,ayin represented pharyngeal fricatives ע chet and ח • qof represented the uvular plosive /q/. All these are common ק represented the emphatic consonant /tˤ/, and Semitic consonants. samekh, but had become /s/ the ס shin and שׁ shin) was originally different from both ש sin (the /s/ variant of שׂ • ,samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other ס same as this is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/ (the sound of modern Welsh ll) or the voiceless alveolar lateral /tɬ/ (like Náhuatl tl).

Vowels

Matres lectionis Main article: Mater lectionis ,yod are letters that can sometimes indicate a vowel instead of a consonant (which would be י vav and ו ,he ה ,alef א are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in י and ו ,respectively, /ʔ/, /h/, /v/ and /j/). When they do are ה and א combination with a niqqud symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel.

Letter Name Consonant Vowel Name of Indicated of letter indicated designation vowel designation Vowel when letter consonantal alef /ʔ/ — — ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô א he /h/ — — ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô ה ḥolám malé ô וֹ /vav /v ו shurúq û וּ ḥiríq malé î ִי /yud /j י tseré malé ê, ệ ֵי

Vowel points Niqqud is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, but many more written symbols for them: Hebrew alphabet 17

Name Symbol Israeli Hebrew

IPA Transliteration English example

Hiriq [i] i mandi

Zeire [e̞], ([e̞j] with e, (ei with men, main succeeding yod) succeeding yod)

Segol [e̞] e men

Patach [ä] a father ä], (or [o̞]) a, (or o) father] סָ Haser [o̞] o over o̞] o over] וֹ Holam Male Shuruk [u] u moon

Kubutz [u] u moon

.represents whatever Hebrew letter is used "ס" Note 1: The symbol Note 2: The pronunciation of zeire and sometimes – with or without the letter yod – is sometimes ei in Modern Hebrew. This is not correct in the normative pronunciation and not consistent in the spoken language. Note 3: The dagesh, , and shuruk have different functions, even though they look the same. .vav) is used since it can only be represented by that letter) ו Note 4: The letter

Meteg Main article: By adding a vertical line (called Meteg) underneath the letter and to the left of the vowel point, the vowel is made long. The meteg is only used in Biblical Hebrew, not Modern Hebrew.

Sh'va Main article: Sh'va By adding two vertical dots (called Sh'va) underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short.

Name Symbol Israeli Hebrew

IPA Transliteration English example

Shva [e̞] or ∅ , e, h as pronounced in herb or nothing

Reduced Segol [e̞] e men

Reduced [ä] a father o̞] o father] סֳ Reduced Kamatz Hebrew alphabet 18

Comparison table

[12] Vowel comparison table

Vowel Length IPA Transliteration English (phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew) example

Long Short Very Short ä] a spa] ֲ ַ ָ e̞] e temp] ֱ ֶ ֵ o̞] o Congo] ֳ ָ וֹ

Wikipedia:Disputed statement Wikipedia:Disputed statement n/a [u] u soon ֻ וּ i] i ski] ִ ִי Note I: ְ (By adding two vertical dots (sh'va the vowel is made very short. Note II: The short o and long a have the same niqqud.

Note III: The short o is usually promoted to a long o in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

Note IV: The short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

Gershayim Main article: is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote . It is ״ The symbol written before the last letter in the . Gershayim is also the name of a note of cantillation in the of the Torah, printed above the accented letter.

Sounds represented with diacritic geresh Main articles: Geresh and Hebraization of English e3], are]ו׳ or וו and [w], non-standardly sometimes transliterated ,"ז׳" ,"ג׳" ,"צ׳" The sounds [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], [ʒ], written often found in slang and loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The apostrophe-looking symbol after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a geresh. (As to represent [w] is non-standard; standard spelling rules allow no usage ו׳ mentioned above, while still done, using .([whatsoever[e4 ו׳ of Hebrew alphabet 19

Hebrew slang and loanwords

Name Symbol IPA Transliteration Example גַּ׳חְנוּן [d͡ʒ] ǧ ǧáḥnun [ˈd͡ʒaχnun] ג׳ Gimel with a geresh קוֹלַאז׳ [ʒ] ž koláž [koˈlaʒ] ז׳ Zayin with a geresh צ׳וּפָּר [t͡ʃ] č čupár (treat) [t͡ʃuˈpar] צ׳ Tsadi with a geresh אַוַּנְטַה [Vav with a geresh [w] w awánta (boastful act) [aˈwanta [non standard)[e5)ו׳ or וו or double Vav

The pronunciation of the following letters can also be modified with the geresh diacritic, the represented sounds are however foreign to Hebrew phonology, i.e., these symbols only represent sounds in foreign words or names when transliterated with the Hebrew alphabet, and never loanwords.

Transliteration of non-native sounds

Name Symbol IPA Arabic Example Comment letter Also used for English voiced th * ד׳ו Dhū (ﺫ) Dalet [ð] Dhāl .is written ד Often a simple * אל-חיג׳ה Voiced th al-Ḥijjah ד׳ with a (ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ) geresh ת׳רסטון Thurston (ﺙ) Tav [θ] Thāʼ Voiceless ת׳ with a geresh th is ח׳ Unlike the other sounds in this table, the sound [χ] represented by * שייח׳ Sheikh (ﺥ) Ḥet with [χ] Khāʼ indeed a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only when (ﺷﻴﺦ) ח׳ a geresh ח׳ transliteration must distinguish between [χ] and [ħ], in which case without ח the latter, whereas in everyday usage ח transliterates the former and geresh is pronounced [ħ] only dialectically but [χ] commonly.

– ﻍ is used to transliterate (ע׳) Sometimes an ʻayin with a geresh ר׳ג׳ר Ghajar (ﻍ) Resh [ʁ] or inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew (ﻏﺠﺮ) ר׳ with a Language ע׳ geresh

A geresh is also used to denote acronyms pronounced as a string of letters, and to denote a Hebrew . Geresh also is the name of one of the notes of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, but its appearance and function is different.

Religious use The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical rabbinical literature seem to acknowledge the historical provenance of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the Jerusalem , for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the letters "came with the Israelites from Ashur [Assyria]");[13] others attribute mystical significance to the letters, connecting them with the process of creation or the redemption. In mystical conceptions, the alphabet is considered eternal, pre-existent to the Earth, and the letters themselves are seen as having holiness and power, sometimes to such an extent that several stories from the Talmud illustrate the idea that they cannot be destroyed.[14] The idea of the letters' creative power finds its greatest vehicle in the Sefer Yezirah, or Book of Creation, a mystical text of uncertain origin which describes a story of creation highly divergent from that in the Book of Genesis, largely Hebrew alphabet 20

through exposition on the powers of the letters of the alphabet. The supposed creative powers of the letters are also referenced in the Talmud and .[15][16] Another book, the 13th-century Kabbalistic text Sefer HaTemunah, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe.[17] Another example of messianic significance attached to the letters is the teaching of Eliezer that the five letters of the alphabet with final forms hold the "secret of redemption".

The four-pronged Shin In addition, the letters occasionally feature in aggadic portions of non-mystical . In such aggada the letters are often given anthropomorphic qualities and depicted as speaking to God. Commonly their shapes are used in parables to illustrate points of ethics or theology. An example from the Babylonian Talmud (a parable intended to discourage speculation about the universe before creation):

Why does the story of creation begin with bet?... In the same manner that the letter bet is closed on all sides and only open in front, similarly you are not permitted to inquire into what is before or what was behind, but only from the actual time of Creation.

Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 77c Extensive instructions about the proper methods of forming the letters are found in Mishnat Soferim, within Mishna Berura of Yisrael Meir Kagan.

Mathematical use In set theory letter aleph is used to mark infinite cardinality of a set, for example "number" of all natural numbers is . Similarly beth is used for infinite ordinals. See aleph number and beth number.

Unicode and HTML Main article: Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB4F. It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks (niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation. The Numeric Character References is included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew glyphs compatible with the majority of web browsers.

Notes as ,אלפבית עברי ,("Hebrew] ]" ,מקף) a^ "Alef-bet" is commonly written in Israeli Hebrew without the maqaf .אלף־בית עברי ,opposed to with the hyphen b^ The Arabic letters generally (as six of the primary letters can have only two variants) have four forms, according to their place in the word. The same goes with the Mandaic ones, except for three of the 22 letters, which have only one form. can only be read b, k and p, respectively, at the פ״א and בי״ת ,כ״ף ,c^ In forms of Hebrew older than Modern Hebrew beginning of a word, while they will have the sole value of v, kh and f in a sofit (final) position, with few exceptions. פִיזִיקַאי .In medial positions, both pronunciations are possible. In Modern Hebrew this restriction is not absolute, e.g snob/ and never /snov/ (= "snob"). A dagesh may be inserted to/ סְנוֹבּ ,("fiziˈkaj/ and never /piziˈkaj/ (= "physicist/ p/; similarly (though today very rare in Hebrew and/= פּ ,/k/ = כּ ,/b/ = בּ :unambiguously denote the plosive variant Hebrew alphabet 21

/χ/ = כֿ ,/v/ = בֿ :common only in Yiddish) a rafé placed above the letter unambiguously denotes the fricative variant as ,"פ" f/. In Modern Hebrew orthography, the sound [p] at the end of a word is denoted by the regular form/ = פֿ and .([which always denotes [f] (see table of transliterations and transcriptions, comment[D ,"ף" opposed to the final form also two) װ two separate vavs), used in Ktiv male, is to be distinguished from the Yiddish ) וו ,d^ However vavs but together as one character). e1^ e2^ e3^ e4^ e5^ The Academy of the Hebrew Language states that both [v] and [w] be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav.[18] Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote [w] as opposed to [v] but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound [w], Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context.

References

[1] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U0590. pdf

[2] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ UFB00. pdf

[3] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Alphabet& action=edit

[4] Ancient Scripts.com: Old Hebrew (http:/ / www. ancientscripts. com/ old_hebrew. html)

[5] Chart of Hebrew glyphs at unicode.org (http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U0590. pdf)

[6] Unicode names of Hebrew characters at fileformat.info (http:/ / www. fileformat. info/ info/ unicode/ block/ hebrew/ list. htm).

[7] Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (http:/ / www. merriam-webster. com/ table/ dict/ alphabet. htm) [8] Kaplan, Aryeh. Sefer Yetzirah: The Book of Creation. pp. 8, 22.

[9] Resources for New Testament – Transliteration Standards of The SBL Handbook of Style (http:/ / www. viceregency. com/ Translit. htm)

[10] Transliteration guidelines (http:/ / hebrew-academy. huji. ac. il/ hahlatot/ TheTranscription/ Documents/ taatiq2007. pdf) by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, November 2006

[11] Transliteration guidelines preceding 2006-update (http:/ / hebrew-academy. huji. ac. il/ hahlatot/ TheTranscription/ Documents/ ATAR1. pdf), p. 3 Academy of the Hebrew Language

[12] Hebrew lessons for Christians (http:/ / www. hebrew4christians. com/ Grammar/ Unit_Two/ unit_two. html) [13] Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 21b [14] Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pesach 87b, Avodah Zarah 18a. [15] Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot 55c [16] Zohar 1:3; 2:152 [17] The Book of Letters. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock. 1990 [18] issued by the Academy of the Hebrew Language.

Bibliography • Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §5 ff. • Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York: New York

University Press. (http:/ / www. newjewishbooks. org/ ITB) • Saenz-Badillos, Angel. 1993. A History of the Hebrew Language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University

Press. (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ product/ 0521556341)

• Steinberg, . History of the Hebrew Language. (http:/ / www. adath-shalom. / history_of_hebrew. htm) • Mathers table

• Hebrew Alphabet Guide (http:/ / www. hebrewlanguageguide. com/ hebrew-alphabet/ ) Hebrew alphabet 22

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hebrew alphabet.

General

• The Hebrew alphabet, meanings, and spiritual symbolism (http:/ / www. inner. org/ hebleter/ index. htm)

• How to draw letters (http:/ / www. levsoftware. com/ alefbet. htm)

• Official Unicode standards document for Hebrew (http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U0590. pdf)

• Transliterate your English name into Hebrew Letters (http:/ / www. kabalahyoga. com/ name)

• Hebrew Alphabet Charts (http:/ / www. jr. co. il/ alef-bet. htm)

• Interactive Hebrew Alphabet Lesson (http:/ / www. makorehebrew. com/ lesson/ plan/ 1439/ Consonants)

• Mobile OCR Hebrew Dictionary (http:/ / www. cymraeg. ru/ daoulagad. html)

Keyboards

• LiteType.com (http:/ / litetype. com/ ?lang=hebrew& style=moon) – Virtual & Interactive

• Hebrew calligraphy alphabet (http:/ / www. script-sign. com) Model Hebrew calligraphy Alphabet

• Mikledet.com (http:/ / www. mikledet. com) – For typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew layout)

• Hebrew Writing (http:/ / hebrew-keyboard. com) – Typing Hebrew and Nikud using extended English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew Writing layout)

• Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription (http:/ / www. bib-arch. org/ bar/ article. asp?PubID=BSBA&

Volume=36& Issue=2& ArticleID=9) Biblical Archaeology Review Article Sources and Contributors 23 Article Sources and Contributors

Hebrew alphabet Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=621631667 Contributors: 1297, 334a, 4pq1injbok, ActiveSelective, Adjwilli, Adrian.benko, Aeusoes1, Ageku, Aharon, Al-Andalus, Alansohn, Aleph1, AlexanderKaras, AlexanderWinston, Alexandre-Jérôme, Allens, AlphAlphA, Altenmann, Ami hertz, Amire80, Ams627, AnieHall, AnonMoos, Antandrus, Ariel., Arthena, Assyrio, Astein1, Augurr, Avitohol, Avrum84, Azaghal of Belegost, BabelStone, Babelfisch, Benwing, Bgates1, Bgwhite, Big Adamsky, Blanu, Bluewind, Bo , Boboroshi, Branddobbe, Brando130, Brion VIBBER, Bronsin, Bryan Derksen, Bumm13, Bus stop, C0N6R355, CRGreathouse, CWesling, Calbaer, CalebWilson, Carolina wren, Cbogart2, Champson1035, ChanochGruenman, CharlesMartel, Chenlev, CheskiChips, Ck lostsword, Clinkophonist, CommandoJack, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Cprompt, Crissov, Csernica, Cubfanpgh, Curb Chain, Cybercobra, DH85868993, DOSGuy, DVD R W, Dahveed323, Dan Pelleg, DanBLOO, Daniel il, Danitudos, Danny, DarkFantasy, DavidConrad, Davidl, Davidsteinberg, Dbachmann, Debresser, Deflective, Denelson83, DerBorg, Dhirsbrunner, Dimpan, DionysiusThrax, Dispenser, Docu, Dodiad, DopefishJustin, Doron waf, Dovi, Drift chambers, Drilnoth, Drmccreedy, DwightKingsbury, E=MC^2, Edal, Eddau, Edenc1, Editor2020, Eequor, Eisenstadt, Elendil's Heir, Eliyak, Ellywa, Emrrans, Enoshd, Epicgenius, Epson291, Ericbg05, Erinn, Error, Erutuon, Etams, Ewawer, FilipeS, FisherQueen, Fitzburgh, Flapdragon, Foobaz, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Garzo, Ghewgill, Gilabrand, Gilgamesh, Glenn L, Glossaquepasa, Gogo Dodo, Gritchka, Grubbmeister, H92, Haakanbaarman, Hairy Dude, Hakeem.gadi, Haldrik, Happybunny95, Heronbythesea, Hertz1888, Hippietrail, Hmains, Howcheng, Hyacinth, IZAK, Ian Pitchford, Ian.thomson, Ichwan Palongengi, IfYouDoIfYouDon't, Ijon, Ikiroid, Imeriki al-Shimoni, Inbetweener, Indexheavy, Infantom, Informator, Iridescent, It Is Me Here, Itai, Ixfd64, Izzedine, J. 'mach' wust, J58660, Jallan, James Arthur Reed, Jaqeli, Java7837, Jayjg, Jbabrams2, Jediknightelectro1997, Jeeny, Jesdisciple, Jestus 13, Jfdwolff, Jheald, Jimhoward72, Jklamo, Jnate19, Jndrline, Jni, Jnothman, Johanna-Hypatia, Johnman239, Jonathan48, Jonathanrcoxhead, Joshdboz, Jprg1966, Judaeosemitist, Julian Mendez, K6ka, Kaaveh Ahangar, KathrynLybarger, Keeves, Kenneth Alan, Khoikhoi, Klparrot, Koavf, Korenyuk, Krzyp, Kwamikagami, Kwork2, KylieTastic, Lady Aleena, Largoplazo, Lasunncty, Ldoron, LeaHazel, Lee-Anne, Leegee23, Leybl goldberg, Lfdder, LilHelpa, Lincmad, Lindum, LittleDan, Llusiduonbach, Lockesdonkey, Lotje, Lowellian, Luckynumbers, MacedonianBoy, Maelnuneb, Magioladitis, Mahmudmasri, Malhonen, Malik Shabazz, Maltin75, Marek69, Marysunshine, Matt1957, Mausy5043, Maxí, Mbz1, McGeddon, Mdotley, Meaghan, Melaen, Metallurgist, Mgenuth, Mhss, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mitch3000, Mlang.Finn, Mo-Al, Monedula, Mournserve, Mrdice, Munci, Musashiaharon, Mustafaa, Muu-karhu, MuzikJunky, NHRHS2010, NSH001, NachMS, Naddy, Neatnate, Neelix, Nibblet, Nickshanks, Nihiltres, Nixeagle, No such user, Nohat, Number 57, Olve Utne, OneTopJob6, Ordinary Person, Ori.livneh, OwenBlacker, Pasquale, Per Honor et Gloria, Phil Boswell, Philip Trueman, PhilosophicalNinja, Pjacobi, Plastikspork, Porges, PretoriaTravel, Protagor, Pseudomonas, PuckSmith, Pyrop, R'n'B, RK, Ready, Redaktor, Redrose64, Reinyday, Renata, RetiredUser2, Rjwilmsi, RosenneJ, Ross Burgess, Rossnixon, Rotem Dan, Roybb95, Ruakh, Samuel, Samuels18, Saperaud, Sardanaphalus, Serafín33, Sethoeph, Sfan00 IMG, Sh33pl0re, Shaul avrom, Shirulashem, Shlomke, Simetrical, Sirmylesnagopaleentheda, Smjg, Smoothhenry, Soccerfun99, Solarix, Sonlarge, Sotakeit, Sputnikcccp, StOlaf12, Starjsr, C. Carlson, Stephen Gilbert, Stevertigo, Sumerophile, Summer Song, Suruena, TShilo12, Tassedethe, Tcherser, The Obento Musubi, The Rogue Penguin, The Thing That Should Not Be, Threeafterthree, Throttleryn, Tiamut, Tim Long, Timwi, Tobias Conradi, Toby Bartels, Tomerfiliba, Tommy2010, Trafford09, TreasuryTag, Truthanado, Ukexpat, Uriber, Uriyan, Vcohen, VeryVerily, Vincent Ramos, Viriditas, Vishahu, W. P. Uzer, Wakantanka, Wavelength, Wbm1058, Wereon, Westonmr, Wikinger, William Avery, Xolom, Xyz7890, YUL89YYZ, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yms, Ynhockey, Yoninah, Yossarian, Youssefsan,

ㄏ ㄨ ㄤ ㄉ ㄧ, 525 anonymous edits ,אמיר אהרוני, אפונה, הסרפד ,Ypediag, Yseewald, Yurik, Yym, Zabek, ZanderSchubert, Zerida, Zero0000, Zidonuke, Zundark, ZxxZxxZ, Ա. Հովսեփյան Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Alefbet ivri.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alefbet_ivri.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Jewish-stone.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jewish-stone.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Edal File:Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: see ; scanned by http://www.aleppocodex.org File:Mariamagdalena grt.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mariamagdalena_grt.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Adamt, Aiko, Boo-Boo Baroo, Jan Arkesteijn, Jane023, Mattes, Mr.Dantes, Picasdre, Pierpao, Rudolphous, Shakko, Stilfehler, Vincent Steenberg, 1 anonymous edits File:Hebrew Alphabet Souvenir.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_Alphabet_Souvenir.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Bluewind File:Hebrew letter Alef handwriting.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg License: unknown Contributors: Dan Pelleg, Pymouss, Sarang File:Hebrew letter Alef Rashi.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Alef_Rashi.png License: unknown Contributors: - File:phoenician aleph.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_aleph.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - Alaph.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). 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Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:Beth.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beth.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Gimel handwriting.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg License: unknown Contributors: - File:Hebrew letter Gimel Rashi.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Gimel_Rashi.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician gimel.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_gimel.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - gimmel.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia ישראל קרול ,~File:Igimel.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Igimel.png License: GNU General Public License Contributors: Imz, Meno25, Ori File:Hebrew letter Daled handwriting.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Daled Rashi.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Daled_Rashi.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician daleth.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_daleth.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - daled.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_daled.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:daleth.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daleth.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter He handwriting.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter He Rashi.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_He_Rashi.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician he.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_he.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - heh.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). 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File:Hebrew letter Zayin handwriting.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Zayin Rashi.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Zayin_Rashi.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician zayin.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_zayin.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - zayin.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). 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