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A Research Project to Aid Volleyball England Meet Their ‘Increasing Participation’ Funding Requirement

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A Research Project to Aid Volleyball England Meet Their ‘Increasing Participation’ Funding Requirement A RESEARCH PROJECT TO AID VOLLEYBALL ENGLAND MEET THEIR ‘INCREASING PARTICIPATION’ FUNDING REQUIREMENT J. C. HILLS Master of Arts by Research 2016 UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE A RESEARCH PROJECT TO AID VOLLEYBALL ENGLAND MEET THEIR ‘INCREASING PARTICIPATION’ FUNDING REQUIREMENT by Jade Chelsea Hills A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Research September 2016 i Abstract Since 2003, National Governing Bodies of sport have had an increasing accountability for meeting the targets set within their Whole Sport Plans. Recent sport policies have reiterated the importance of gathering insight into customer needs in order to create evidence based programmes to achieve behaviour change in relation to increasing participation. This study aims to gather insight into the reasons for participation in volleyball, the barriers which prevent individuals from participating, and possible solutions to overcome those barriers and increase participation. Following a pragmatic paradigm and a grounded theory methodology, the study utilised five different research methods; an online questionnaire; telephone interviews; an email questionnaire; face-to-face interviews; and a document analysis. The main findings in this study relate to the barriers to participation and suggested solutions to overcome those barriers. The main barriers to participation found within the online questionnaire were having other commitments (n=106), lack of time (n=99) and access to facilities being limited or non-existent (n=75). With regard to suggested solutions, the main suggestions were time slots to fit individual lifestyles (n=92), knowledge of where to play (n=69) and wider volleyball coverage in the media (n=57). These findings are discussed in more depth within the telephone interviews and email questionnaires results, findings regarding volleyball participation, reasons for participation, and the importance of insight for National Governing Bodies are also studied. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the complex nature of sport policy and funding for National Governing Bodies, whilst providing Volleyball England with an understanding of how to increase their recreational volleyball participation figures. ii Author Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Arts by Research at the University of Bedfordshire. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University. Name of Candidate: Jade Chelsea Hills Signature: Date: 28.09.2016 iii List of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................... ii Author Declaration ..................................................................................... iii List of Contents .......................................................................................... iv List of Tables.............................................................................................. ix List of Figures ............................................................................................ x Acknowledgements .................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................. xii Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................. 1 1.1 National Governing Bodies of Sport ................................................. 2 1.1.1 Volleyball England ..................................................................... 3 1.1.2 The Relationship between National Governing Bodies, Sports Councils and Government .................................................................. 4 1.2 The Need for Insight for National Governing Bodies ........................ 5 1.2.1 Providing Insight for Volleyball England ..................................... 7 1.3 Research Questions ......................................................................... 8 Chapter 2: Review of Literature ................................................................. 9 2.1 Sport Policy ...................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 The Policy Process .................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Government Involvement in Sport Policy ................................. 12 2.1.2.1 Evidence-Based Policy ...................................................... 14 2.1.3 Sport Policy History.................................................................. 15 2.1.3.1 Recent History ................................................................... 18 iv 2.1.4 Behaviour Change ................................................................... 19 2.1.5 Sport Policy Issues .................................................................. 22 2.2 Investment in Sport ........................................................................ 23 2.2.2 Volleyball England’s Investment .............................................. 25 2.2.2.1 Investment Comparison with Previous Years .................... 26 2.2.2.2 Investment Comparison with England Basketball.............. 26 2.2.2.3 Other Sources of Investment ............................................. 26 2.2.3 Future Investment .................................................................... 27 2.3 Volleyball Participation History ....................................................... 28 2.3.1 Once a Week Participation ...................................................... 28 2.3.2 Participation in Organised Sport .............................................. 29 2.3.3 Latent Demand ........................................................................ 30 2.4 Participation Comparison with England Basketball ........................ 31 2.4.1 Once a Week Participation ...................................................... 31 2.4.2 Participation in Organised Sport .............................................. 32 2.4.3 Latent Demand ........................................................................ 33 2.5 Volleyball England’s Current Plans ................................................ 34 2.5.1 2013-2017 Whole Sport Plan ................................................... 34 2.5.1.1 Let’s Play Volleyball .......................................................... 35 2.5.1.2 Student Volleyball.............................................................. 35 2.5.1.3 Go Spike ........................................................................... 36 2.5.2 Strategy 2024 .......................................................................... 37 v 2.6 Previous Strategies Success and Current Strategies Progress ...... 37 2.7 Motivations for and Barriers to Sports Participation ........................ 38 Chapter 3: Methodology and Methods ..................................................... 40 3.1 Research Paradigm ........................................................................ 40 3.1.1 Pragmatism .............................................................................. 40 3.1.2 Interpretivism ........................................................................... 43 3.1.3 Combining Pragmatism and Interpretivism .............................. 43 3.1.4 The Researchers Approach ..................................................... 44 3.2 Research Methodology................................................................... 45 3.3 Research Methods ......................................................................... 48 3.3.1 Online Questionnaire ............................................................... 49 3.3.2 Interviews ................................................................................. 51 3.3.3 Email Questionnaire................................................................. 54 3.3.4 Document Analysis .................................................................. 55 3.4 Data Analysis ................................................................................. 57 3.4.1 Analysis of Online Questionnaire ............................................. 57 3.4.2 Analysis of Interviews and Email Questionnaire ...................... 57 3.4.3 Documentary Analysis ............................................................. 59 3.5 Sample and Sampling Method ....................................................... 60 3.5.1 Online Questionnaire ............................................................... 60 3.5.2 Interviews ................................................................................. 61 3.5.3 Email Questionnaire................................................................. 62 3.5.4 Document Analysis .................................................................. 64 vi Chapter 4: Results ................................................................................... 65 4.1 Why is insight important for Volleyball England? ............................ 66 4.2 How do people participate in volleyball and what are their perceptions on the sport? ..................................................................... 73 4.3 Volleyball England’s quest to increase participation: What barriers do participants experience and how do they suggest these could be overcome?............................................................................................ 76 4.3.1 Barriers to Participation ...........................................................
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