DOCSLIB.ORG

Ukraine Shale Gas Volume Ii: Legal and Regulatory Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ukraine Shale Gas Volume Ii: Legal and Regulatory Analysis UKRAINE SHALE GAS VOLUME II: LEGAL AND REGULATORY ANALYSIS May 1, 2012 This report was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by International Resources Group (IRG). UKRAINE SHALE GAS VOLUME II: LEGAL AND REGULATORY ANALYSIS Prepared by: Kathryn Mutz, University of Colorado, Natural Resources Law Center Matthew Sura, University of Colorado, Natural Resources Law Center Oksana Kyshko Yerli, JurEnergo Consulting, Kyiv Donald Hertzmark, International Resources Group Prepared For: United States Agency for International Development, USAID/IEE May 1, 2012 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ·············································································· VII 1. REGULATORY STRUCTURE ································································ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Gas Development and Environmental Regulatory Structure ..................................................... 1 1.2.1 Ukraine Law ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Ukraine Administrative Bodies .............................................................................................................................. 7 2. AREAS OF LAW APPLICABLE TO SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT ·········· 11 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Oil and Gas Administration ............................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1. Special Permit and Lease to Conduct Oil and Gas Operations ................................................................. 12 2.2.2. Monitoring and Enforcement ............................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3. Applicability of Oil and Gas Law to Shale Gas Development ..................................................................... 14 2.3. Production Sharing Agreements ..................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1. Overview of Ukraine Law on Production Sharing Agreements ................................................................. 16 2.3.2. Tender Process ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.3. Elements of a PSA ................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.4. Relationship of PSA Law to Other Laws .......................................................................................................... 19 2.3.5. Recent Legislative Changes................................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.6. Recommendations Regarding PSAs .................................................................................................................... 20 2.4. Environmental Protection Framework .......................................................................................... 21 1.2.3 Monitoring and Enforcement ............................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.4 Recommendations Regarding Environmental Framework ........................................................................... 25 2.5. Water Protection ............................................................................................................................... 26 2.5.1. Introduction to Water Protection ..................................................................................................................... 26 2.5.2. Direct Impacts on Water Bodies ........................................................................................................................ 27 2.5.3. Depletion of Water Resources ........................................................................................................................... 28 2.5.4. Pollution of Surface and Ground Waters through Water Disposal ......................................................... 30 2.5.5. Pollution of Surface Water through Stormwater Runoff and Erosion ..................................................... 32 2.5.6. Pollution of Surface and Ground Waters through Accidents .................................................................... 33 2.5.7. Monitoring and Enforcement ............................................................................................................................... 34 2.5.8. Recommendations Regarding Water Code Protection ............................................................................... 35 2.5.9. Instituting Comprehensive Regulations to Protect Water Sources ......................................................... 36 2.6. Solid Waste Disposal ......................................................................................................................... 42 2.6.1. General Law and Policy on Wastes ................................................................................................................... 42 2.6.2. Specific Law on Wastes ......................................................................................................................................... 44 2.6.3. European Union and U.S. Provisions on Wastes ........................................................................................... 46 2.6.4. Recommendations Regarding Solid Waste Disposal ..................................................................................... 48 2.7. Air Quality Protection ....................................................................................................................... 48 2.7.1. Current Air Quality Conditions in Ukraine .................................................................................................... 48 2.7.2. Air Quality Impacts of Shale Gas Development ............................................................................................. 50 2.7.3. Regulatory Approach in Ukraine ........................................................................................................................ 52 2.7.4. Setting Limits to Air Quality Degradation........................................................................................................ 52 2.7.5. Limiting Pollutants through Permits ................................................................................................................... 55 2.7.6. Monitoring and Enforcement of Permits .......................................................................................................... 56 2.7.7. Limiting Pollution through Technology ............................................................................................................. 56 2.7.8. Sanitary-Protective Zones .................................................................................................................................... 57 2.7.9. International Agreements and Climate Change .............................................................................................. 57 2.7.10. Recommendations regarding Air Quality ......................................................................................................... 58 2.8. Natural Lands and Biodiversity Protection .................................................................................. 61 2.8.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 61 2.8.2. Conversion, Loss, Degradation, and Fragmentation of Natural Habitats ............................................... 62 2.8.3. Unintended Consequences of Development: Overharvest and Non-Native Species ......................... 67 2.8.4. Reclamation of Lands after Disturbance ........................................................................................................... 68 2.8.5. Monitoring and Enforcement ............................................................................................................................... 69 2.8.6. Recommendations Regarding Natural Lands and Biodiversity Protection.............................................. 70 2.9. Environmental Review and Public Participation .......................................................................... 71 2.9.1. Environmental Protection Law ............................................................................................................................ 71 2.9.2. Law of Ukraine on Ecological Expert Examination ........................................................................................ 72 2.9.3. Environmental Information and Public Consultation..................................................................................... 80 2.9.4. Recommendations Regarding Environmental Review and Public Participation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Environmental Mitigation Plan During Rehabilitation and Operation Phases
    Roads and Employment Project Environmental and Social Management Plan Nabatiye Caza Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Final Associated Consulting Engineers 1|P a g e Roads and Employment Project Environmental and Social Management Plan Nabatiye Caza TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................2 List of Tables ..........................................................................................................................6 List of Figures .........................................................................................................................8 List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ............................................................. 11 22 ................................................................................................... ملخص تنفيذي - موجز غير تقني 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 30 1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................... 30 1.2 Project Rationale ................................................................................................... 30 1.3 Report Objectives .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tshipi Borwa Manganese Mine Environmental Management Plan Amendment: Air Quality Specialist Opinion As Part of the Environmental Management Program
    Tshipi Borwa Manganese Mine Environmental Management Plan Amendment: Air Quality Specialist Opinion as part of the Environmental Management Program Project done on behalf of SLR Consulting (Africa)(Pty) Ltd Project Compiled by H Liebenberg-Enslin Report No: 16SLR08 | Date: June 2017 Address: 480 Smuts Drive, Halfway Gardens | Postal: P O Box 5260, Halfway House, 1685 Tel: +27 (0)11 805 1940 | Fax: +27 (0)11 805 7010 www.airshed.co.za Report Details Report number 16SLR08 Status Final Tshipi Borwa Manganese Mine Environmental Management Plan Amendment: Air Quality Report Title Specialist Opinion as part of the Environmental Management Program Date July 2017 Client SLR Consulting (Africa)(Pty) Ltd Prepared by Hanlie Liebenberg-Enslin, PhD (University of Johannesburg) Airshed Planning Professionals (Pty) Ltd is a consulting company located in Midrand, South Africa, specialising in all aspects of air quality, ranging from nearby neighbourhood concerns to Notice regional air pollution impacts as well as noise impact assessments. The company originated in 1990 as Environmental Management Services, which amalgamated with its sister company, Matrix Environmental Consultants, in 2003. Airshed is an independent consulting firm with no interest in the project other than to fulfil the Declaration contract between the client and the consultant for delivery of specialised services as stipulated in the terms of reference. Unless otherwise noted, the copyright in all text and other matter (including the manner of presentation) is the exclusive property of Airshed Planning Professionals (Pty) Ltd. It is a Copyright Warning criminal offence to reproduce and/or use, without written consent, any matter, technical procedure and/or technique contained in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Appendix an Overview of the Clean Air Act and State-Level Air Quality Regulation
    Legal Appendix An Overview of the Clean Air Act and State-Level Air Quality Regulation DOUGLAS QUIRKE SUMMER 2018 LEGAL APPENDIX FOR: Ecosystem Workforce Program Working Paper #86 and Public Lands Policy Group Practitioner Paper #2: Prescribed Fire Policy Barriers and Opportunities, A Diversity of Challenges and Strategies Across the West E cosystem Workforce PL Program PG Public Lands Policy Group About the authors Douglas Quirke is a Research Associate at the University of Oregon School of Law’s Environmental & Natural Resources Law Center. Acknowledgements Alyssa Bonini and Daniel Lawler, Fellows at the University of Oregon School of Law’s Environmental & Natural Resources Law Center, provided valuable assistance and research for the content of this legal review. This research was made possible with funding from the Joint Fire Science Program (#16-1-02-8). All photos are public domain from U.S. Forest Service and USDA Flickr sites. For more information about this report or this research, contact: Courtney Schultz Heidi Huber-Stearns Public Lands Policy Group Ecosystem Workforce Program Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Institute for a Sustainable Environment Colorado State Universit 5247 University of Oregon Fort Collins, CO 80523-1472 Eugene, OR 97403-5247-1472 [email protected] [email protected] sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu/ ewp.uoregon.edu courtneyschultz/ The University of Oregon is an equal-opportunity, affirmative-action institution committed to cultural diversity and compliance with the Americans with
    [Show full text]
  • Navigating Fragmented Ocean Law in the California Current: Tools to Identify and Measure Gaps and Overlaps for Ecosystem-Based Management
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Navigating Fragmented Ocean Law in the California Current: Tools to Identify and Measure Gaps and Overlaps for Ecosystem-Based Management A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Science by Julia Anne Ekstrom Committee in charge: Professor Oran R. Young, Chair Professor Steven Gaines Professor Susan Stonich Research Professor Paul A. Berkman Professor Bonnie J. McCay, Rutgers University June 2008 i 3319864 3319864 2008 The dissertation of Julia Anne Ekstrom is approved. ____________________________________________ Paul A. Berkman University of California, Santa Barbara ____________________________________________ Steven Gaines University of California, Santa Barbara ____________________________________________ Bonnie J. McCay Rutgers University ____________________________________________ Susan Stonich University of California, Santa Barbara ____________________________________________ Oran R. Young, Committee Chair University of California, Santa Barbara May 2008 ii Navigating Fragmented Ocean Law in the California Current: Tools to Identify and Measure Gaps and Overlaps for Ecosystem-Based Management Copyright © 2008 by Julia Anne Ekstrom iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful for receiving support from so many people and entities to produce this dissertation. First, in 2001 the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science was the only such program in the United States that provided a rigorous background in ocean sciences, but allowed students to design cross- disciplinary social science research projects. My experience in an interdisciplinary program taught me the value of communicating with people from all sorts of expertise and backgrounds to produce well-informed science. I appreciate the support of Alice Alldredge and Mark Brzezinski, the graduate program chairs, for their advice, continuous support, and accessibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Applicability of Clean Air Act Ambient Air Quality Regulations to the In-Situ Burning of Oils
    NRT Science and Technology Committee APPLICABILITY OF CLEAN AIR ACT AMBIENT AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS TO THE IN SITU BURNING OF OIL SPILLS November 1995 SUMMARY The in situ burning (ISB) of oil spills can greatly benefit the environment by limiting the extent of oil pollution. The smoke produced by ISB, however, may pose a significant threat to public health through its effect on air quality. This fact sheet provides an overview of National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) regulations under the Clean Air Act (CAA) and briefly discusses how such provisions may affect the use of ISB. These CAA regulations are implemented mainly by States and localities through State Implementation Plans (SIPs). The fact sheet therefore directs ISB planners to consult with State and local officials to identify and address regulatory concerns in their respective areas. A list of EPA Regional contacts is provided to help Regional planners get an overview of regulations in their Regions and identify relevant State and local contacts. BACKGROUND: THE CAA The CAA is the primary Federal air quality law. It is designed to protect and improve air quality through a variety of measures. The main program of significance for ISB planning is the establishment and enforcement of ambient air quality standards for certain pollutants, which is described below. The CAA also includes provisions to restrict emissions of hazardous air pollutants; prevent the degradation of atmospheric visibility (which may result temporarily from ISB); and control acid rain, noise pollution, and stratospheric ozone depletion. NAAQS Section 109 of the CAA provides for the protection of air quality (and the enhancement of air quality in polluted areas) by requiring EPA to set NAAQS for certain air pollutants.
    [Show full text]
  • Indoor Air Quality in Homes
    ENVIRONMENTAL LAW INSTITUTE Indoor Air Quality in Homes State Policies for Improving Health Now and Addressing Future Risks in a Changing Climate December 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Environmental Law Institute gratefully acknowledges the assistance of many individuals who provided information about the policy initiatives discussed in this report and reviewed draft materials. Funding for this report was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The contents of the report are the responsibility of ELI. The views expressed herein should not be attributed to EPA, nor should any official endorsement be inferred. About ELI Publications ELI publishes Research Reports that present the analysis and conclusions of the policy studies ELI undertakes to improve environmental law and policy. In addition, ELI publishes several journals and reporters — including The Environmental Law Reporter and The Environmental Forum — and books, which contribute to education of the Profession and disseminate diverse points of view and opinions to stimulate a robust and creative exchange of ideas. Those publications, which express opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of the Institute, its Board of Directors, or funding organizations, exemplify ELI’s commitment to dialogue with all sectors. ELI welcomes suggestions for article and book topics and encourages the submission of draft manuscripts and book proposals. Indoor Air Quality in Homes: State Policies for Improving Health Now and Addressing Future Risks in a Changing Climate. © 2016 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. An electronic retrievable copy (PDF file) of this report may be obtained for no cost from the Environmental Law Institute Website at www.eli.org or www.eli.org/buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • C. Air Quality
    IV. Environmental Setting, Impacts and Mitigation Measures C. Air Quality This section discusses the potential impacts of the implementation of the Kaiser Permanente OMC Project on the local and regional air quality. As necessary, appropriate standard conditions of approval are also identified and discussed. Setting Regulatory Framework EPA is responsible for implementing the programs established under the federal Clean Air Act, such as establishing and reviewing the federal ambient air quality standards and judging the adequacy of State Implementation Plans (SIP). However, the EPA has delegated the authority to implement many of the federal programs to the states while retaining an oversight role to ensure that the programs continue to be implemented. In California, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is responsible for establishing and reviewing the state ambient air quality standards, developing and managing the California SIP, securing approval of this plan from U.S. EPA, and identifying TACs. (A notable exception exists for radioactive air contaminants as the EPA has retained its authority to enforce NESHAP requirements.) CARB also regulates mobile emissions sources in California, such as construction equipment, trucks, and automobiles, and oversees the activities of air quality management districts, which are organized at the county or regional level. An air quality management district is primarily responsible for regulating stationary emissions sources at facilities within its geographic areas and for preparing the air quality plans that are required under the federal Clean Air Act and California Clean Air Act. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) is the regional agency with regulatory authority over emission sources in the Bay Area, which includes all of San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, and Napa counties and the southern half of Sonoma and southwestern half of Solano counties.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment for Development: an Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-Economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities
    Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-Economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities Editors: Eric O. Odada Daniel O. Olago Washington O. Ochola PAN-AFRICAN SECRETARIAT Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities Editors Eric O. Odada Daniel O. Olago Washington O. Ochola Copyright 2006 UNEP/PASS ISBN ######### Job No: This publication may be produced in whole or part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP and authors would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing of the United Nations Environmental Programme. Citation: Odada, E.O., Olago, D.O. and Ochola, W., Eds., 2006. Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin, UNEP/PASS Pan African START Secretariat (PASS), Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya Tel/Fax: +254 20 44477 40 E-mail: [email protected] http://pass.uonbi.ac.ke United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). P.O. Box 50552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya Tel: +254 2 623785 Fax: + 254 2 624309 Published by UNEP and PASS Cover photograph © S.O. Wandiga Designed by: Development and Communication Support Printed by: Development and Communication Support Disclaimers The contents of this volume do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP and PASS or contributory organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPHE Audit Preemption Memo DRAFT
    A Report Evaluating Whether Local Laws Requiring Buffers & Canopy Would Be Preempted By State Law Created for Community Action to Promote Healthy Environments (CAPHE) re its Public Health Action Plan for Detroit Dated April 17, 2016 Authors and contributors Oday Salim, Esq. Senior Attorney Great Lakes Environmental Law Center Nick Leonard, Esq. Staff Attorney Great Lakes Environmental Law Center Protecting the world’s greatest freshwater resource and the communities that depend upon it. Great Lakes Environmental Law Center 4444 Second Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 (313) 782-3372 t www.glelc.org 1. Introduction Vegetative buffers can function to mitigate the harmful effects of air pollution in part by creating a physical barrier between air emissions and human communities. Buffers also play numerous other functions related to stormwater management, shade provision, and viewshed improvement. To the extent a buffer can be construed to function in part as an air pollution control device, there is a question of whether Michigan’s air quality laws would preempt local efforts to require such vegetative buffers.1 This report evaluates whether state air pollution law would preempt a local government’s ability to require buffers as a land use and zoning tool. 2. The legal concept of preemption of local law The legal concept of “preemption” exists in the context of hierarchical levels of government. The idea is that a lower level of government should not be allowed to materially interfere with a higher level of government’s lawmaking. Preemption, then, can apply where county or city law interferes with state law. 2.1 Local lawmaking Michigan is a home rule state when it comes to local lawmaking.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 8 January 2019
    United Nations A/HRC/40/55 General Assembly Distr.: General 8 January 2019 Original: English Human Rights Council Fortieth session 25 February–22 March 2019 Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment Report of the Special Rapporteur Summary In the present report, the Special Rapporteur recalls that the right to a healthy environment has been recognized by a majority of States in their constitutions, legislation, and various regional treaties to which they are parties. However, in spite of the wide recognition of its crucial importance, the right to a healthy environment has not yet been recognized as such at the global level. The Special Rapporteur focuses on the right to breathe clean air as one of its component and describes the negative impact of air pollution on the enjoyment of many human rights, in particular the right to life and the right to health, in particular by vulnerable groups. He highlights the different State obligations in relation to the right to breathe clean air, which are both procedural and substantive, as well as the specific obligation to protect people and groups in vulnerable situations. He identifies several good practices implemented worldwide that have helped to improve air quality. Finally, the Special Rapporteur offers a number of recommendations to States for actions they should consider as part of a national air quality action plan and urges businesses, in order to fulfil their responsibility in this regard, to contribute to and support efforts to reduce air pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 WHAT's up with WATER, AIR, and POST-AVIALL
    Chapter 6 WHAT’S UP WITH WATER, AIR, AND POST-AVIALL JURISPRUDENCE? Lisa A. Kirschner David W. Tundermann Michael J. Tomko Richard J. Angell Parsons Behle & Latimer Salt Lake City, Utah Synopsis § 6.01 Introduction § 6.02 Scope of Federal Clean Water Act Jurisdiction [1] Background of the 2006 U.S. Supreme Court Decisions [2] Supreme Court Decision in Rapanos [a] Potential Post-Rapanos Jurisdictional Test [b] Potential Implications for Jurisdictional Determinations at Mining Operations [3] Corps Permitting and the Kensington Mine Tailings Impoundment: Regulation of Discharges of Fill vs. Pollutants [a] Background Associated with Revisions to Definition of Fill Material [b] Background Related to the Kensington Mine Proposal and the Section 404/402 Controversy [c] Litigation Arguments [d] Potential Implications of Arguments Opposing Kensington Mine 404 Permit 6–1 6–2 MINERAL LAW INSTITUTE [4] Permitting Requirements for Water Transfers: What Constitutes an Addition of a Pollutant? [a] Background and Early Water Transfer Cases [b] The Evolution of the Water Transfer Cases and the Corresponding Expansion of Regulation [c] 2006 Supreme Court Dam Case Addresses Movement of Water Through a Dam in the Context of 401 Water Quality Certification [d] EPA’s Response to the Practical Considerations [5] The Evolving Burden of the Stormwater Regulatory Program [a] Recent Developments [b] Certain Controversial Aspects of the Proposed Multi-Sector Permit Revisions [c] Potential Implications for the Mining Industry § 6.03 Selected Comments on Emerging Air Quality Issues: Enforcement, Defenses, and NSR Developments [1] Introduction [2] When Is a Notice of Violation Sufficient to Demonstrate Noncompliance? [a] Title V Background [b] The Second Circuit’s Decision in NYPIRG [c] Implications of NYPIRG [3] The Eleventh Circuit’s Reaffirmation of the Startup/Shutdown/ Malfunction Defense: Sierra Club v.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Exceptional Events Rule: How the Local Implementation of Air Quality Regulations Affects Wildfire Air Policy
    04_46.2_RICHMOND_PROOF1.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 11/13/2019 9:57 AM Beyond the Exceptional Events Rule: How the Local Implementation of Air Quality Regulations Affects Wildfire Air Policy Ben Richmond* What can be done about the recent phenomenon of intense wildfire air pollution in the American West? Wildfire science emphasizes the importance of using fire as a natural, regenerative process to maintain forest health and reduce large wildfire air pollution events. But forestry management policy has long emphasized suppressing wildfires, loading forests with fuel and increasing the risk of catastrophic wildfires. As a result, using prescribed fire to restore Western forests and reduce long-term air pollution creates tension with air quality law, because in the short term, prescribed fires will worsen air quality. Despite the exceptional events rule of the Clean Air Act allowing the use of prescribed fire as a wildfire management tool, the local implementation of air quality laws hinders the use of prescribed fire for forest management. Looking to California and more specifically the San Joaquin Valley as a case study, this Note uses new data to show that while land managers and air quality regulators in the San Joaquin Valley have drastically increased their use of prescribed fire, this increase is not sufficient to return the southern Sierra Nevada to a natural fire-adapted ecosystem. Policy makers should pursue even more aggressive options to encourage prescribed fire by modifying the structure of air quality law. Subjecting large wildfires to the requirements of the Clean Air Act would incentivize local air managers to develop plans on how to mitigate the effects of wildfire in the long term.
    [Show full text]