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The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking

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The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Letteren Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 29 januari 2001, des namiddags om 1.30 uur precies door Michael Alexander Cysouw geboren op 18 juni 1970 te Nijmegen Promotor: Prof. Dr. P.A.M. Seuren Co-promotor: Dr. L. Stassen Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. Dr. H. Steinhauer (voorzitter) Prof. Dr. E. König (Freie Universität Berlin) Prof. Dr. G.G. Corbett (University of Surrey, Guildford) Contents Long Contents VII Acknowledgments XIII List of Abbreviations and Symbols XV 1. Introduction 1 Part One: Person Marking 2. One among the crowd 35 3. Group marking 63 Part Two: Paradigmatic Structure 4. The diversity of the core 99 5. Paradigmatic explicitness 163 6. Connecting paradigms 197 Part Three: Number Incorporated 7. Cardinality 223 8. The diversity of minimal number 241 9. Cognate paradigms revisited 281 10. Finale 311 Appendices A. Compound pronouns 325 B. Survey of person paradigms 341 C. Survey of number marking 345 References 347 Samenvatting 371 Curriculum vitae 381 Long Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS XV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 1 Objective, definitions, method and some history 1.1 THE FEAT OF DOMINGO DE SANTO TOMÁS 1 1.2 DEFINITIONS AND DELIMITATION 4 1.2.1 Preamble 4 1.2.2 Person and number 5 1.2.3 Paradigmatic structure 7 1.2.4 Specialisation and grammaticalisation 10 1.2.5 Remaining delimitations 13 1.3 METHODOLOGY 17 1.3.1 Preamble 17 1.3.2 Typology versus cross-linguistic research 18 1.3.3 Sampling in typology 19 1.3.4 Crypto-diachrony 20 1.4 PREVIOUS CROSS-LINGUISTIC INVESTIGATIONS 21 1.4.1 Preamble 21 1.4.2 Forchheimer and his critics 21 1.4.3 Greenberg and his co-workers 24 1.4.4 Mühlhäusler and Harré 26 1.4.5 Laycock on New Guinean pronouns 27 1.4.6 Conclusion 28 1.5 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 28 PART ONE PERSON MARKING 31 CHAPTER 2 ONE AMONG THE CROWD......................................................... 35 The marking of singular participants 2.1 INTRODUCTION 35 2.2 DEFINITION OF SINGULAR 36 2.3 TYPOLOGY 39 2.4 SINGULAR HOMOPHONY 40 2.4.1 Preamble 40 2.4.2 Dutch-type homophony (Sb) 41 2.4.3 Spanish-type homophony (Sc) 43 2.4.4 English-type homophony (Sd) 46 2.4.5 Summary 48 VIII CONTENTS 2.5 SINGULAR HOMOPHONY AND PRO-DROP 51 2.6 ZEROS IN PARADIGMS WITHOUT HOMOPHONY 53 2.6.1 Preamble 53 2.6.2 Zero speaker or addressee 53 2.6.3 Zero other 56 2.6.4 Non-existing other 58 2.7 CONCLUSION 60 CHAPTER 3 GROUP MARKING ........................................................................ 63 Redefining plurality in the pronominal domain 3.1 INTRODUCTION 63 3.2 DEFINITION 64 3.3 TERMINOLOGY 66 3.4 TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF GROUPS 70 3.5 A PARTIAL TYPOLOGY: THE FIRST PERSON COMPLEX 73 3.6 DIFFERENT KINDS OF ‘WE’75 3.6.1 Type (Pa): ‘unified-we’ 75 3.6.2 Type (Pb): ‘no-we’ 77 3.6.3 Type (Pc): ‘only-inclusive’ 79 3.6.4 Type (Pd): ‘inclusive/exclusive’ 80 3.6.5 Type (Pe): ‘minimal/augmented’ 81 3.6.6 Rare types 86 3.7 GENERALISATIONS 90 3.8 CONCLUSION 93 PART TWO PARADIGMATIC STRUCTURE 95 CHAPTER 4 THE DIVERSITY OF THE CORE................................................. 99 A survey of possible patterns for singular and group marking 4.1 INTRODUCTION 99 4.2 METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION 101 4.3 VARIANTS OF THE ‘UNIFIED-WE’ TYPE 104 4.3.1 Preamble 104 4.3.2 Latin-type paradigm 106 4.3.3 Sinhalese-type paradigm 108 4.3.4 Berik-type paradigm 110 4.3.5 Rare variants of split ‘unified-we’ 113 4.3.6 The 1/2-homophony of ‘unified-we’ 116 4.3.7 The 1/3-homophony of ‘unified-we’ 119 4.3.8 The 2/3-homophony of ‘unified-we’ 122 4.3.9 The unified-homophony 125 4.3.10 Summary 126 4.4 VARIANTS OF THE ‘NO-WE’ TYPE 128 4.4.1 Preamble 128 4.4.2 Split variants of ‘no-we’ 129 4.4.3 Homophonous variants of ‘no-we’ 134 4.4.4 Summary 136 Contents IX 4.5 VARIANTS OF THE ‘ONLY-INCLUSIVE’ TYPE 137 4.5.1 Preamble 137 4.5.2 Sierra Popoluca-type paradigm 137 4.5.3 Rare variants of ‘only-inclusive’ 141 4.5.4 Summary 143 4.6 VARIANTS OF THE ‘INCLUSIVE/EXCLUSIVE’ TYPE 144 4.6.1 Preamble 144 4.6.2 Mandara-type paradigm 144 4.6.3 Tupí Guaraní-type paradigm 147 4.6.4 Kwakiutl-type paradigm 148 4.6.5 Rare variants of ‘inclusive/exclusive’ 150 4.6.6 Summary 152 4.7 VARIANTS OF THE ‘MINIMAL/AUGMENTED’ TYPE 154 4.7.1 Preamble 154 4.7.2 Maranao-type paradigm 154 4.7.3 Rare variants of ‘minimal/augmented’ 156 4.7.4 Summary 157 4.8 CONCLUSION 158 CHAPTER 5 PARADIGMATIC EXPLICITNESS ............................................ 163 Structural analysis of oppositions in the person paradigms 5.1 INTRODUCTION 163 5.2 METHOD AND TERMINOLOGY 163 5.3 VERTICAL HOMOPHONY 166 5.3.1 Preamble 166 5.3.2 Some restrictions on vertical homophony 167 5.3.3 The internal structure of vertical homophony 170 5.3.4 Summary 172 5.4 SINGULAR HOMOPHONY 173 5.4.1 Preamble 173 5.4.2 Some restrictions on singular homophony 173 5.4.3 Summary 175 5.5 EXPLICITNESS HIERARCHY 175 5.5.1 Preamble 175 5.5.2 The building blocks of the hierarchy 176 5.5.3 The hierarchy 178 5.5.4 Summary 180 5.6 HORIZONTAL HOMOPHONY 181 5.6.1 Preamble 181 5.6.2 A hierarchy of horizontal homophony 181 5.6.3 Horizontal homophony and the Explicitness Hierarchy 183 5.6.4 Summary 184 5.7 BUILDING A SEMANTIC MAP 185 5.8 CORRELATIONS WITH MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS 188 5.8.1 Preamble 188 5.8.2 Explicitness Hierarchy 189 5.8.3 Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy 191 5.8.4 Amount of morphemes 192 5.8.5 Explanations 193 5.9 CONCLUSION 194 X CONTENTS CHAPTER 6 CONNECTING PARADIGMS ..................................................... 197 Person paradigms through time and space 6.1 INTRODUCTION 197 6.2 COGNATE PARADIGMS 198 6.3 UP AND DOWN THE HORIZONTAL HOMOPHONY HIERARCHY 201 6.3.1 Preamble 201 6.3.2 Interconnecting the small paradigms 202 6.3.3 Up the hierarchy 204 6.3.4 Summary 208 6.4 UP AND DOWN THE EXPLICITNESS HIERARCHY 209 6.4.1 Preamble 209 6.4.2 Minimal/augmented inclusive (or not) 210 6.4.3 Inclusive/exclusive opposition (or not) 213 6.4.4 Vertical and singular homophony (or not) 214 6.4.5 Summary 216 6.5 CONCLUSION 216 PART THREE NUMBER INCORPORATED 219 CHAPTER 7 CARDINALITY............................................................................. 223 Redefining number in the pronominal domain 7.1 INTRODUCTION 223 7.2 A META-LANGUAGE FOR DUAL MARKING 225 7.3 MARKEDNESS REVERSALS 229 7.4 OTHER NUMBERS 233 7.5 CONCLUSION 238 CHAPTER 8 THE DIVERSITY OF MINIMAL NUMBER .............................. 241 A typology of dual marking in the pronominal domain 8.1 INTRODUCTION 241 8.2 METHOD AND TERMINOLOGY 242 8.3 TWO DIFFERENT FORMS FOR ‘WE’ 243 8.3.1 Preamble 243 8.3.2 The dual-unified-we paradigm 243 8.3.3 ‘Incomplete’ dual-unified-we paradigms 245 8.3.4 Summary 249 8.4 THREE DIFFERENT FORMS FOR ‘WE’ 250 8.4.1 Preamble 250 8.4.2 Dual in exclusive only 251 8.4.3 Dual in inclusive only 253 8.4.4 Inclusive-exclusive in dual only 253 8.4.5 Inclusive-exclusive in plural only 254 8.4.6 The case of Burarra 256 8.4.7 Summary 256 8.5 FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS FOR ‘WE’ 257 8.5.1 Preamble 257 Contents XI 8.5.2 The dual-inclusive/exclusive paradigm 257 8.5.3 ‘Incomplete’ dual-inclusive/exclusive paradigms 259 8.5.4 The partial-unit-augmented paradigm 262 8.5.5 The case of Palaung 263 8.5.6 Summary 264 8.6 FIVE DIFFERENT FORMS FOR ‘WE’ 264 8.7 OTHER DUALS 268 8.8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 270 8.8.1 Preamble 270 8.8.2 Vertical homophony and the Explicitness Hierarchy 271 8.8.3 Horizontal homophony 273 8.8.4 Summary 275 8.9 CONCLUSION 276 CHAPTER 9 COGNATE PARADIGMS REVISITED ...................................... 281 Connecting the dual through time and space 9.1 INTRODUCTION 281 9.2 METHOD OF COMPARISON 281 9.3 LINKING THE MAJOR DUAL PARADIGMS 284 9.3.1 Preamble 284 9.3.2 Cognate paradigms 285 9.3.3 Summary 291 9.4 MINIMAL/AUGMENTED AND ITS VARIANTS 291 9.4.1 Preamble 291 9.4.2 Cognate paradigms 292 9.4.3 Summary 296 9.5 DUAL-3WE AS AN INTERMEDIATE 297 9.5.1 Preamble 297 9.5.2 Cognate paradigms 297 9.5.3 Summary 302 9.6 NUMBER MARKING INCORPORATED 303 9.7 HIERARCHIES 305 9.8 CONCLUSION 308 CHAPTER 10 FINALE ........................................................................................ 311 Summary and prospects 10.1 SUMMARY 311 10.1.1 Preliminaries 311 10.1.2 Person and number 312 10.1.3 Paradigmatic structure 313 10.1.4 Hierarchies 314 10.1.5 The concept of Pure Person 316 10.1.6 Diachronic interpretation 318 10.2 PROSPECTS 319 10.2.1 Where to go from here 319 10.2.2 Gender in person paradigms 320 10.2.3 Asymmetry of affixation 321 10.3 WIDER APPLICATION OF RESULTS 323 XII CONTENTS APPENDIX A COMPOUND PRONOUNS.......................................................
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