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Air Defence in Northern Europe
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES AIR DEFENCE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Heikki Nikunen National Defence College Helsinki 1997 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Pekka Sivonen, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Erkki Nordberg, Defence Staff Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 10 AIR DEFENCE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Heikki Nikunen National Defence College Helsinki 1997 ISBN 951-25-0873-7 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1997: National Defence College All rights reserved Oy Edita Ab Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1997 INTRODUCTION The historical progress of air power has shown a continuous rising trend. Military applications emerged fairly early in the infancy of aviation, in the form of first trials to establish the superiority of the third dimension over the battlefield. Well- known examples include the balloon reconnaissance efforts made in France even before the birth of the aircraft, and it was not long before the first generation of flimsy, underpowered aircraft were being tested in a military environment. The Italians used aircraft for reconnaissance missions at Tripoli in 1910-1912, and the Americans made their first attempts at taking air power to sea as early as 1910-1911. -
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Brewster Buffalo F2A "Buffalo" F2A-1 of US Navy squadron VF-3. Type Single seat carrier-based fighter Manufacturer Brewster Aeronautical Corporation Designed by Dayton Brown and R.D. MacCart Maiden flight 2 December 1937 Introduced April 1939 Retired 1948 Primary users United States Navy Royal Air Force Produced 1938-1941 Number built 509 The Brewster Buffalo, or Brewster F2A, was an American fighter plane which saw limited service with both Allied and Finnish air forces during World War II. The F2A was the first monoplane fighter aircraft used by the United States Navy. It was derided by some American servicemen as "flying coffins"[1] due to a reputation for poor construction and marginal performance. Despite this, with the Ilmavoimat (Finnish Air Force), the F2A proved a potent weapon versus the Red Air Force. Design and development In the 1930s, the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation was a relatively new manufacturer which had wanted to enter the aviation market. In 1934 they secured a Navy contract for an aircraft of original Brewster design, the XSBA-1 scout bomber. The XSBA was rather innovative for its time, and was an all-metal monoplane featuring a retractable landing gear and an enclosed bomb bay. New business for Brewster came in the form of a 1935 US Navy requirement for an aircraft carrier- based fighter intended to replace the Grumman F3F biplane. Two aircraft designs were considered: the Brewster Model 139 and the Grumman XF4F-1 which was still a "classic" biplane. The Model 139 incorporated sophisticated features for the time: a monoplane configuration, wing flaps, arresting gear, retractable landing gear and an enclosed cockpit. -
Alvin York the Most Decorated Pacifist of World War I
Military Despatches Vol 11 May 2018 Ten military blunders of WWII Ten military mistakes that proved costly Under three flags The man who fought for three different nations Head-to-Head World War II fighter aces Battlefield The Battle of Spion Kop The Boer Commandos A citizen army that was forged in battle For the military enthusiast Military Despatches May 2018 What’s in this month’s edition Feature Articles 6 Top Ten military blunders of World War II Click on any video below to view Ten military operations of World War II that had a major impact on the final outcome of the war. How much do you know about movie theme 16 Under three flags songs? Take our quiz Some men have fought in three different wars, but rarely have they fought for three different countries. and find out. This was one such man. Page 6 20 Rank Structure - WWII German Military Hipe’s Wouter de The old South African Over the next few months we will be running a se- Goede interviews former Defence Force used ries of articles looking at the rank structure of vari- 28’s gang boss David a mixture of English, ous armed forces. This month we look at the German Williams. Afrikaans, slang and Military in World War II. techno-speak that few 24 A matter of survival outside the military Over the next few months we will be running a series could hope to under- of articles looking at survival, something that has al- stand. Some of the terms ways been important for those in the military. -
Morane-Saulnier MS.406 Aces
OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES® t Morane-Saulnier MS.406 Aces Kari Stenman and Christian-Jacques© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Ehrengardt SERIES EDITOR: TONY HOLMES OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES 121 Morane-Saulnier MS.406 Aces Christian-Jacques Ehrengardt and Kari Stenman © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER ONE ‘THE BEST FIGHTER IN THE WORLD’ 7 CHAPTER TWO THE PHONEY WAR 10 CHAPTER THREE THE BATTLE OF FRANCE 18 CHAPTER FOUR UNDER VICHY AND THE RAF 53 CHAPTER FIVE THE WINTER WAR 60 CHAPTER SIX STALEMATE WAR 74 APPENDICES 89 COLOUR PLATES COMMENTARY 92 INDEX 96 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION he Morane-Saulnier MS.406 was an important aircraft not only because of the sheer number produced (more than 1000 had been T built when France went out of the war in June 1940), but also because it was the first really modern fighter in the Armée de l’Air (French Air Force) inventory. Although it was comparable with the British Hawker Hurricane and early models of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109, it could not hold its own against the more powerful Bf 109E and Bf 110C. The MS.406 was the mainstay of the Armée de l’Air during the ‘Phoney War’, but it had begun to be phased out in favour of the more potent Dewoitine D.520 at the turn of 1940. However, owing to the limited capacities of the French aircraft industry, five of the twelve units that started the war with Moranes had to carry on until the bitter end with the same type. -
Ladattavissa Myös Verkosta Osoitteesta
ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 1 Sotahistoriallinen aikakauskirja 38 ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 2 Journal of Military History 38 Published by: The Association for Military History in Finland and the Military Museum of Finland ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 3 Sotahistoriallinen aikakauskirja 38 Helsinki 2018 Suomen Sotahistoriallinen Seura Sotamuseo ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 4 TOIMITUSKUNTA Pentti Airio, Riitta Blomgren, Mikko Karjalainen, Tapio Koskimies, Ohto Manninen, Pekka Saloranta, Pasi Tuunainen ENGLISHSUMMARIES Tapio Kakko TAITTO JA TYPOGRAFIA Irmeli Kuhlman ISSN 0357-816X Myynti/Distributor TIEDEKIRJA Snellmaninkatu 13 00170 Helsinki Finland Tel +358 9 635 177 e-mail [email protected] www.tiedekirja.fi Tallinna Raamatutrükikoda OÜ Tallinn 2018 ShAik_38_001-328.qxp___Aikakauskirja 31.10.2018 16.36 Sivu 5 Vuoden 1918 sota – hävisikö tutkimus nimikiistelylle Suomessa vuonna 1918 käydyn sodan luonteesta on tänä vuonna kes - kus teltu 100-vuotismuiston kannustamina. Nimityksillä on oi keu tuk - sensa ja vain yhden termin käyttäminen lohkaisee aina osan totuudesta. Viimeisen neljännesvuosisadan aikana on Neuvostoliiton arkistojen avau dut tua varmistunut, että Venäjä kävi vuonna 1918 sotaa Suomea – sen kan san valtaisesti valittua eduskuntaa ja hallitusta – vastaan. Sota oli siis vapaussotaa itsenäisyyden puolesta, ja se alkoi kansannousulla ve nä - läisten joukkojen saa mi seksi pois maasta, »talonpojat venäläisiä -
“So Many Russians! Where Will We Bury Them All?”
“So many Russians! Where will we bury them all?” The Winter War By Richard P. Hallion Photo courtesy of Air Force Historical Research Agency, via Richard P. Hallion t the end of the 1930s, the USSR—then set his gaze upon Finland. an excellent Finnish-made submachine Soviet Union’s Krasnaya Finland, a nation of 3.7 million gun, giving them withering close-combat Armiya (Red Army) em- confronting one more than 40 times firepower. bodied Stalin’s military larger, seemed doomed—particularly Finland’s “Mannerheim Line”— strength. It had five mil- since years of political indifference, named after Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Alion troops, more than 300 divisions, a questionable acquisition priorities, Mannerheim—defending the Karelian formidable reserve, and included the and complacency had left its military Isthmus was simply coils of barbed Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily (VVS), the undersized, underfunded, and poorly wire, some obstructions, and occasional Air Force. It seemed invincible, and equipped. machine gun nests connecting lakes Defense Commissar Kliment Voroshilov and marshes. As its namesake soberly even said so to delegates at the 1939 A Drawn-out Slugfest reflected, “The Mannerheim Line is the Party Congress. The Red Army had more than one Finnish soldier standing in the snow.” In August 1939, Stalin and Hitler million soldiers already deployed on its Yet the fiercely patriotic Finns re- executed a nonaggression pact es- borders; Finland, prior to mobilization, fused to give in. “So many Russians! sentially giving Stalin a free hand in had just 33,000. The VVS and Soviet Where will we bury them all?” one the Baltic States and Bessarabia, the Navy deployed 2,300 aircraft; the Finns soldier quipped. -
Villnäs Riddarpark / Askainen Knights Park
Askaisten Ritaripuisto Villnäs Riddarpark / Askainen Knights Park Talvisodan aikana syntyi ajatus Under vinterkriget väcktes tanken During the Winter War an idea was kunniamerkistä, joka voitaisiin myöntää på en utmärkelse som oberoende av born to introduce a decoration that sotilasarvosta riippumatta sodan aikana militär grad kunde ges som belöning för could be awarded regardless of military osoitetun erinomaisen urheuden, taistel- utmärkt tapperhet, särskilt viktiga rank in times of war for special bravery, len saavutettujen erittäin tärkeiden tulos- resultat i strid eller synnerligen for important results in battles and for ten tai erikoisen ansiokkaasti johdettujen förtjänsfullt ledda operationer. De som meritorious command of operations. sotatoimien palkitsemiseksi. Kunnia- tilldelats utmärkelsen benämns riddare The bearers of this decoration are called merkin saajasta käytetään nimitystä av Mannerheimkorset. För att hedra Knights of the Mannerheim Cross. Mannerheim-ristin ritari. Askaisten dessa riddare har Villnäs Riddarpark Askainen Knights Park was established Ritaripuisto on perustettu Suomen anlagts i födelsesocknen för Marskalken in the native parish of the Marshal of Marsalkka C.G.E. Mannerheimin synnyin- av Finland C.G.E. Mannerheim. Finland C.G.E. Mannerheim to honour pitäjään näiden ritarien kunniaksi. these knights. Askaisten kunta käynnisti vuonna 2005 toimet Villnäs kommun inledde arbetet med parken The Municipality of Askainen initiated the building ritaripuiston nousemiseksi. Vapaudenristin år 2005. Riddarparken vill hedra Mannerheim- of the Knights Park in 2005. Founded to honour Mannerheim-ristin ritarien kunniaksi perustettu riddarna inom Frihetskorsets orden och utgöra the Knights of the Mannerheim Cross, Cross of ritaripuisto on ainutlaatuinen huomionosoitus en unik hyllning till alla riddare och därigenom till Liberty, the Knights Park is a unique distinction to Mannerheim-ristin ritareille ja heidän kauttaan hela veterangenerationen och deras insatser. -
Karjalan Lennoston Perinnehuone "Utti"
KARJALAN LENNOSTON PERINNEHUONE "UTTI" KARJALAN LENNOSTON PERINNEHUONE "UTTI" Karjalan Lennoston perinnehuone-hanke lähti liikkeelle jo vuosia sitten Lennoston sekä Hävittäjälentolaivue 31:n perinnepäivän tapahtumiin liittyen. Tarkoituksena oli koota Lennoston ja Laivueen hallussa ollut perinnemateriaali perinnenäyttelyksi. Ajatus tuli uudelleen esille Karjalan Lennoston Killan piirissä 1980-luvun loppupuolella, kun Esikuntakomppanian rakennuksen saneerauksen yhteydessä saatiin silloisen Lennoston komentajan, eversti Matti Aholan, myötävaikutuksella varattua perinnehuoneelle tila. Perinnemateriaalin kerääminen aloitettiinkin välittömästi tilaongelman ratkettua. Samalla aikatauluksi sovittiin huoneen avaaminen Lennoston 75-vuotisperinnepäivänä 28.9.1993. Perinnehuoneeseen on asetettu esille Karjalan Lennoston ja sen perinneyksiköitten historiaan liittyvää materiaalia. Aineisto koostuu pääasiassa valokuvista ja pienikokoisista esineistä. Lisäksi esitteillä on Ilmavoimien käytössä olleita ja olevia virkapukuja sekä lentovarusteita. Virkapukuja Virkapuvuista on esillä puvut mallia 22, 27, 36 ja 51 sekä värvätyn naisen virkapuku. Vasemmalta puku m/22 , puku m/27, puku m/36, puku m/51 ja värvätyn naisen puku. - Puku m 22 on kuopiolaisen vuorineuvos Onni Saastamoisen virkapuku - Puku m 27 on kaksinkertaisen Mannerheimristin ritari, kapteeni Hans Windin virkapuku - Puku m 31 on vänrikki Niilo Lintusen virkapuku (puettuna reservin mekaanikkokersantiksi) - Puku m 51 on everstiluutnantti Erkki Heinilän virkapuku - Värvätyn naisen puku on toimistosihteeri