DOCSLIB.ORG

Screening Assessment of Trichoderma Reesei Strain ATCC 74252

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Screening Assessment of Trichoderma Reesei Strain ATCC 74252 Screening assessment of trichoderma reesei strain ATCC 74252 Environment and Climate change Canada Health Canada February 2018 Cat. No.: En14-318/2018E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-25249-0 Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or further permission, unless otherwise specified. You are asked to: • Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • Indicate both the complete title of the materials reproduced, as well as the author organization; and • Indicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by the Government of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from the author. For more information, please contact Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Inquiry Centre at 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) or 819-997-2800 or email to [email protected]. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment and Climate Change, 2018. Aussi disponible en français ii Synopsis Pursuant to paragraph 74(b) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Health have conducted a screening assessment of Trichoderma reesei ATCC1 74252. Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei) strain ATCC 74252 is a fungus that has characteristics in common with other species of the genus Trichoderma and other strains of the same species. T. reesei, a spore forming fungus, is able to thrive in soil and on decaying plant matter as a major decomposer of plants, and is thus capable of degrading a variety of plant-based substrates. These properties allow for potential uses of T. reesei in fermentation of plant-based feedstocks, and in production of enzymes and biochemicals used in food, animal feed and in health products. T. reesei is widely considered to be a safe production organism due to its long history of safe use for the production of carbohydrase enzymes such as cellulase. Trichoderma species including T. reesei are capable of producing metabolites called peptaibols. Some T. reesei strains can produce the peptaibol paracelsin as well as other peptaibols. Paracelsin is reported to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates, to mammalian cells, and to mice in experimental conditions where natural barriers were bypassed. Paracelsin has also been reported to have antibiotic and antifungal activity. Paracelsin and other peptaibols production is not thought to occur under the conditions of industry-standard submerged fermentation in which T. reesei strain ATCC 74252 is currently used, but could occur under other growth conditions. T. reesei as a species is not naturally occurring in Canada. Despite its widespread presence in tropical soils, there are no reports of the species causing adverse effects in aquatic or terrestrial plants or animals in the tropics. In addition, Trichoderma species including T. reesei inhibit various plant pathogens. There is no evidence in the scientific literature indicating that T. reesei is a human pathogen. T. reesei strain ATCC 74252 is unlikely to cause infection in healthy or debilitated humans and is susceptible to major clinical antifungal drugs that could be used for treatment in the unlikely event of infection. Repeated exposure to commercial enzyme preparations produced by T. reesei and other Trichoderma species infrequently causes allergic reactions in humans. This assessment considers the aforementioned characteristics of T. reesei strain ATCC 74252 with respect to environmental and human health effects associated 1 American Type Culture Collection iii with consumer and commercial product use and in industrial processes subject to CEPA, including releases to the environment through waste streams and incidental human exposure through environmental media. To update information about current uses of this microorganism, the Government launched a mandatory information- gathering survey under section 71 of CEPA, as published in the Canada Gazette, Part I, on October 3, 2009 (section 71 notice). Information submitted in response to the Notice indicates that 10 000 – 100 000 kg of T. reesei strain ATCC 74252 dry cell mass was manufactured in Canada in 2008 for industrial uses. Based on the information available, it is concluded that T. reesei strain ATCC 74252 does not meet the criteria under paragraph 64(a) or (b) of CEPA as it is not entering the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that have or may have an immediate or long-term harmful effect on the environment or its biological diversity or that constitute or may constitute a danger to the environment on which life depends. It is also concluded that T. reesei strain ATCC 74252 does not meet the criteria under paragraph 64(c) of CEPA as it is not entering the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health. It is concluded that T. reesei strain ATCC 74252 does not meet any of the criteria set out under section 64 of CEPA. iv Table of contents SYNOPSIS .............................................................................................................................................................. II TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................... VI 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2. DECISIONS FROM DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTIONS .......................................................................... 2 2.1 Domestic ................................................................................................................................................. 2 2.2 International ........................................................................................................................................... 2 3. HAZARD ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Characterization of Trichoderma reesei ................................................................................................. 3 3.1.1 Taxonomic identification and strain history ..................................................................................................... 3 3.1.1.1 Phenotypic and molecular characteristics ............................................................................................... 4 3.1.2 Biological and ecological properties ................................................................................................................. 7 3.1.2.1 Life cycle................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2.2 Natural occurrence .................................................................................................................................. 7 3.1.2.3 Growth parameters.................................................................................................................................. 8 3.1.2.4 Survival, persistence and dispersal in the environment .......................................................................... 9 3.1.2.5 Resistance to antifungal agents ............................................................................................................... 9 3.1.2.6 Pathogenic and toxigenic characteristics ............................................................................................... 10 3.1.2.7 Enzymes produced ................................................................................................................................. 10 3.1.2.8 Secondary metabolites and mycotoxins: ............................................................................................... 11 3.1.3 Effects ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.3.1 Environment .......................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.3.2 Human health ........................................................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Hazard severity ..................................................................................................................................... 18 v 3.2.1 Environment ................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Human health ................................................................................................................................................. 19 4. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Direct Ethanol Production from Cellulose by Consortium Of
    Spec. Matrices 2019; 7:1–19 Research Article Open Access Kazumasa Nomura* and Paul Terwilliger Green Process Synth 2019; 8: 416–420 Self-dual Leonard pairs Yingjie Bu, Bassam Alkotaini, Bipinchandra K. Salunke, Aarti R. Deshmukh, Pathikrit Saha and Beom Soo Kim* https://doi.org/10.1515/spma-2019-0001 Received May 8, 2018; accepted September 22, 2018 Direct ethanol productionAbstract: Let F denote from a eld and cellulose let V denote a vector by space over F with nite positive dimension. Consider a pair A, A∗ of diagonalizable F-linear maps on V, each of which acts on an eigenbasis for the other one in an consortium of Trichodermairreducible tridiagonal fashion. reesei Such a and pair is called Candida a Leonard pair. We consider the self-dual case in which molischiana there exists an automorphism of the endomorphism algebra of V that swaps A and A∗. Such an automorphism is unique, and called the duality A A∗. In the present paper we give a comprehensive description of this ↔ duality. In particular, we display an invertible F-linear map T on V such that the map X TXT− is the duality https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0009 waste are attractive alternatives to fossil fuels [1]. New → A A∗. We express T as a polynomial in A and A∗. We describe how T acts on ags, decompositions, Received August 13, 2018; accepted October 09,↔ 2018. technologies to convert plant biomass into alternative and 24 bases for V. biofuels, such as bioethanol, are being developed [2]. Abstract: Industrial cellulosic ethanol production is a Fermentation-derived ethanol can be produced from challenge due to the high cost of cellulasesKeywords: for Leonardhydroly- pair, tridiagonal matrix, self-dual sugar, starch, or lignocellulosic biomass.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichoderma Genome to Genomics: a Review
    g in Geno nin m i ic M s ta & a P Srivastava et al., J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics 2014, 5:3 D r f o Journal of o t e l DOI: 10.4172/2153-0602.1000162 o a m n r i c u s o J ISSN: 2153-0602 Data Mining in Genomics & Proteomics Review Article Open Access Trichoderma Genome to Genomics: A Review Mukesh Srivastava*, Mohammad Shahid, Sonika Pandey, Anuradha Singh, Vipul Kumar, Shyamji Gupta and Manoj Maurya Biocontrol Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture as biopesticides. These fungi reproduce asexually by production of conidia and chlamydospores and in wild habitats by ascospores. Trichoderma species are well known for their production of enzymes called Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs). All living organisms are made up of genes that code for a protein which performs the particular function. Some genes that play an important role in the biocontrol process are known as the biocontrol genes. These genes send some signals which help in secretion of proteins and enzymes that degrade the plant pathogens. These biocontrol genes can be cloned in huge amounts and can be used on large scale for commercial production. Some Trichoderma genes are also helpful in providing resistance to the biotic and abiotic stresses such as heat, drought and salt .The major biocontrol processes include antibiosis, mycoparasitism and providing plant nutrition. Keywords: Trichoderma; Biocontrol genes; Cell wall degrading have been preserved from this study. No further morphological enzymes differentiation of the anamorphs was attempted by Doi and Doi.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Engineering of Fungal Cells-Margo M
    BIOTECHNOLOGY- Vol III - Genetic Engineering of Fungal Cells-Margo M. Moore GENETIC ENGINEERING OF FUNGAL CELLS Margo M. Moore Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada Keywords: filamentous fungi, transformation, protoplasting, Agrobacterium, promoter, selectable marker, REMI, transposon, non-homologous end joining, homologous recombination Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Industrial importance of fungi 1.2. Purpose and range of topics covered 2. Generation of transforming constructs 2.1. Autonomously-replicating plasmids 2.2. Promoters 2.2.1. Constitutive promoters 2.2.2. Inducible promoters 2.3. Selectable markers 2.3.1. Dominant selectable markers 2.3.2. Auxotropic/inducible markers 2.4. Gateway technology 2.5. Fusion PCR and Ligation PCR 3. Transformation methods 3.1. Protoplast formation and CaCl2/ PEG 3.2. Electroporation 3.3. Agrobacterium-mediated Ti plasmid 3.4. Biolistics 3.5. Homo- versus heterokaryotic selection 4. Gene disruption and gene replacement 4.1. Targetted gene disruption 4.1.1. Ectopic and homologous recombination 4.1.2. Strains deficient in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) 4.1.3. AMT and homologous recombination 4.1.4. RNA interference 4.2. RandomUNESCO gene disruption – EOLSS 4.2.1. Restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) 4.2.2. T-DNA taggingSAMPLE using Agrobacterium-mediated CHAPTERS transformation (AMT) 4.2.3. Transposon mutagenesis & TAGKO 5. Concluding statement Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Filamentous fungi have myriad industrial applications that benefit mankind while at the ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOTECHNOLOGY- Vol III - Genetic Engineering of Fungal Cells-Margo M. Moore same time, fungal diseases of plants cause significant economic losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichoderma: the “Secrets” of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent
    plants Review Trichoderma: The “Secrets” of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent 1, 1, 2 3 Monika Sood y, Dhriti Kapoor y, Vipul Kumar , Mohamed S. Sheteiwy , Muthusamy Ramakrishnan 4 , Marco Landi 5,6,* , Fabrizio Araniti 7 and Anket Sharma 4,* 1 School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (D.K.) 2 School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; [email protected] 4 State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; [email protected] 5 Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy 6 CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy 7 Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (A.S.) Authors contributed equal. y Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 16 June 2020; Published: 18 June 2020 Abstract: The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notice 756, Endo-1,4-Beta-Glucanase from Trichoderma Reesei
    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 756 https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/default.htm AB Enzymes AB Enzymes GmbH - Feldbergstrasse 78, D-64293 Darmstadt January 5, 2018 Office of Food Additive Safety (HFS-255), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740. RE: GR GRAS Notification for an endo-1,4-13- glucanase from a genetically modified Trichoderma reesei AB Enzymes GmbH, we are submitting for FDA review, Form 3667, one paper copy, and the enclosed CD, free of viruses, containing a GRAS notification for endo-1,4-13- glucanase. The attached documentation contains the specific information that addresses the safe human food uses for the subject notified substances as discussed in GRAS final rule, 21 CFR Part 170.30 (a)(b), subpart E. Please contact the undersigned by telephone or email if you have any questions or additional information is required. We look forward to your feedback. Candice Cryne Regulatory Affairs Manager 1 647-919-3964 Candi [email protected] Form Approved: 0MB No. 0910-0342 ; Expiration Date: 09/30/2019 (See last page for 0MB Statement) FDA USE ONLY GRN NUMBER DATE OF,~ CEIPT ~(!)t:) "76@ I '2..11-J 2o g DEPARTMENT OF HEAL TH AND HUMAN SERVICES ESTIMATED DAILY INTAKE INTENDED USE FOR INTERNET Food and Drug Administration GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE - NAME FOR INTERNET (GRAS) NOTICE (Subpart E of Part 170) KEYWORDS Transmit completed form and attachments electronically via the Electronic Submission Gateway (see Instructions); OR Transmit completed form and attachments in paper format or on physical media to: Office of Food Additive Safety (HFS-200), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration,5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740-3835.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellulases Production by a Trichoderma Sp. Using Food Manufacturing Wastes
    applied sciences Article Cellulases Production by a Trichoderma sp. Using Food Manufacturing Wastes Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida 1, Alex Echeverria-Vega 2 , Sara Cuadros-Orellana 1, Claudia Faundez 1, Thilo Kähne 3 and Rodrigo Morales-Vera 1,4,* 1 Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca 3480112, Chile 2 Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca 3480112, Chile 3 Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany 4 Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-71-2203505 Received: 9 August 2019; Accepted: 16 October 2019; Published: 18 October 2019 Abstract: The cost of cellulase enzymes is a main contributor to the operational cost of a biorefinery producing ethanol from lignocellulosic material. Therefore, onsite production of enzymes using low-value substrates might be an option to make a bio-based facility more economical, while improving environmental sustainability. Food manufacturing wastes (FMWs), such as olive mill solids, tomato pomace, and grape pomace, are some of the main wastes produced by the food industry in Chile. FMWs are mostly composed of lignocellulosic material, which is primarily made of cellulose. A fungal strain obtained from olive stones was identified as a Trichoderma sp. and characterized by molecular and morphological techniques. This strain was able to grow on three FMWs in both liquid and solid cultures. In liquid cultures, cellulase and β-glucosidase activities from the culture supernatants were quantified.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Development in the Industrial Workhorse Trichoderma Reesei
    Sexual development in the industrial workhorse Trichoderma reesei Verena Seidl, Christian Seibel, Christian P. Kubicek, and Monika Schmoll1 Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/166–5, 1060 Vienna, Austria Edited by Arnold L. Demain, Drew University, Madison, NJ, and approved June 30, 2009 (received for review May 5, 2009) Filamentous fungi are indispensable biotechnological tools for the ings, as have been established for the model fungi Aspergillus production of organic chemicals, enzymes, and antibiotics. Most of nidulans or Neurospora crassa, are unavailable. the strains used for industrial applications have been—and still The genus Trichoderma/Hypocrea contains several hundred are—screened and improved by classical mutagenesis. Sexual species, some of which only occur as teleomorphs, i.e., in their crossing approaches would yield considerable advantages for sexual form, whereas others have so far only been observed as research and industrial strain improvement, but interestingly, asexually propagating anamorphs (5). In the last decade, the use industrially applied filamentous fungal species have so far been of DNA-based molecular phylogenetic approaches has suc- considered to be largely asexual. This is also true for the ascomy- ceeded in the identification of anamorph-teleomorph relation- cete Trichoderma reesei (anamorph of Hypocrea jecorina), which is ships for several fungi (including Trichoderma spp.) that were so used for production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes. In far believed to occur only in an asexual form. However, only few this study, we report that T. reesei QM6a has a MAT1-2 mating type of these could be mated under laboratory conditions (6).
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Sequence of Trichoderma Lixii MUT3171, a Promising Strain for Mycoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Sites
    microorganisms Article Genome Sequence of Trichoderma lixii MUT3171, A Promising Strain for Mycoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Sites Francesco Venice 1, Domenico Davolos 2, Federica Spina 3 , Anna Poli 3, Valeria Paola Prigione 3, Giovanna Cristina Varese 3,* and Stefano Ghignone 1 1 Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)–SS Turin—National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy; [email protected] (F.V.); [email protected] (S.G.) 2 Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements (DIT), INAIL, Research Area, Via R. Ferruzzi 38/40, 00143 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy; [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (V.P.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-011-670-5984 Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 17 August 2020; Published: 20 August 2020 Abstract: Mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and recalcitrant pollutants that threaten both environmental and human health. By exploiting the powerful enzymatic machinery of fungi, mycoremediation in contaminated sites aims at removing a wide range of pollutants in a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly manner. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques are powerful tools for understanding the molecular basis of biotransformation of PAHs by selected fungal strains, allowing genome mining to identify genetic features of biotechnological value. Trichoderma lixii MUT3171, isolated from a historically PAH-contaminated soil in Italy, can grow on phenanthrene, as a sole carbon source.
    [Show full text]
  • (Cel12a) from Trichoderma Harzianum (Hypocreaceae) in the Yeast Pichia Pastoris
    Recombinant expression and characterization of an endoglucanase III (cel12a) from Trichoderma harzianum (Hypocreaceae) in the yeast Pichia pastoris W.C. Generoso1, W. Malagó-Jr.1, N. Pereira Jr.2 and F. Henrique-Silva1 1Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil 2Laboratórios de Desenvolvimento de Bioprocessos, Departamento de Engenharia Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Corresponding author: F. Henrique-Silva E-mail: [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 11 (2): 1544-1557 (2012) Received February 7, 2012 Accepted April 25, 2012 Published May 21, 2012 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2012.May.21.11 ABSTRACT. Filamentous fungi from the genus Trichoderma have been widely investigated due to their considerable production of important biotechnological enzymes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the T. harzianum strain IOC-3844 has a high degree of cellulolytic activity. After excluding the native signal peptide, the open reading frame of the T. harzianum endoglucanase III enzyme was cloned in the expression vector pPICZαA, enabling protein secretion to the culture medium. The recombinant plasmid was used to transform Pichia pastoris. Recombinant expression in the selected clone yielded 300 mg pure enzyme per liter of induced medium. The recombinant enzyme proved to be active in a qualitative analysis using Congo red. A quantitative assay, using dinitrosalicylic acid, revealed a high degree of activity at pH 5.5 and around 48°C. This information contributes to our understanding of the cellulolytic repertory of T. harzianum and the Genetics and Molecular Research 11 (2): 1544-1557 (2012) ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Expression of EGIII from T.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Biotechnology of Trichoderma
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2010) 87:787–799 DOI 10.1007/s00253-010-2632-1 MINI-REVIEW Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma André Schuster & Monika Schmoll Received: 22 February 2010 /Revised: 16 April 2010 /Accepted: 17 April 2010 /Published online: 12 May 2010 # The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are soilborne, T. reesei/Hypocrea jecorina, which significantly facilitates green-spored ascomycetes that can be found all over the both industrial and basic research. This review aims to give world. They have been studied with respect to various a broad overview on the qualities and versatility of the best characteristics and applications and are known as successful studied Trichoderma species and to highlight intriguing colonizers of their habitats, efficiently fighting their com- findings as well as promising applications. petitors. Once established, they launch their potent degra- dative machinery for decomposition of the often Keywords Trichoderma . Hypocrea . Cellulase . heterogeneous substrate at hand. Therefore, distribution Biocontrol . Heterologous protein expression . Emerging and phylogeny, defense mechanisms, beneficial as well as human pathogen . Green mold disease . Biodiversity. deleterious interaction with hosts, enzyme production and Application . Biofuels secretion, sexual development, and response to environ- mental conditions such as nutrients and light have been studied in great detail with many species of this genus, thus Biodiversity and phylogeny of Trichoderma rendering Trichoderma one of the best studied fungi with the genome of three species currently available.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypocrea/Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae): Species with Green Ascospores
    CHAVERRI & SAMUELS Hypocrea/Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae): species with green ascospores Priscila Chaverri1* and Gary J. Samuels2 1The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Buckhout Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A. and 2United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and My- cology Laboratory, Rm. 304, B-011A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, U.S.A. Abstract: The systematics of species of Hypocrea with green ascospores and their Trichoderma anamorphs is presented. Multiple phenotypic characters were analysed, including teleomorph and anamorph, as well as col- ony morphology and growth rates at various temperatures. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of two genes, the RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), were performed. These analyses revealed that species of Hypocrea with green ascospores and Trichoderma anamorphs are derived from within Hypocrea but do not form a monophyletic group. Therefore, Creopus and Chromocrea, genera formerly segregated from Hypocrea only based on their coloured ascospores, are considered synonyms of Hy- pocrea. The present study showed that phenotypic characters alone are generally not helpful in understanding phylogenetic relationships in this group of organisms, because teleomorph characters are generally highly con- served and anamorph characters tend to be morphologically divergent within monophyletic lineages or clades. The species concept used here for Hypocrea/Trichoderma is based on a combination of phenotypic and geno- typic characteristics. In this study 40 species of Hypocrea/Trichoderma having green ascospores are described and illustrated. Dichotomous keys to the species are given. The following species are treated (names in bold are new species or new combinations): H.
    [Show full text]
  • 18) 11:291 Biotechnology for Biofuels
    Li et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2018) 11:291 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1296-4 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Constitutive hyperproduction of sorbicillinoids in Trichoderma reesei ZC121 Chengcheng Li1, Fengming Lin1,4*, Wei Sun1, Shaoxun Yuan1, Zhihua Zhou2, Fu‑Gen Wu1 and Zhan Chen3 Abstract Background: In addition to its outstanding cellulase production ability, Trichoderma reesei produces a wide variety of valuable secondary metabolites, the production of which has not received much attention to date. Among them, sorbicillinoids, a large group of hexaketide secondary metabolites derived from polyketides, are drawing a grow‑ ing interest from researchers because they exhibit a variety of important biological functions, including anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties. The development of fungi strains with constitutive, hyperproduc‑ tion of sorbicillinoids is thus desired for future industry application but is not well-studied. Moreover, although T. reesei has been demonstrated to produce sorbicillinoids with the corresponding gene cluster and biosynthesis pathway proposed, the underlying molecular mechanism governing sorbicillinoid biosynthesis remains unknown. Results: Recombinant T. reesei ZC121 was constructed from strain RUT-C30 by the insertion of the gene 12121-knockout cassette at the telomere of T. reesei chromosome IV in consideration of the of-target mutagenesis encountered during the unsuccessful deletion of gene 121121. Strain ZC121, when grown on cellulose, showed a sharp reduction of cellulase production, but yet a remarkable enhancement of sorbicillinoids production as com‑ pared to strain RUT-C30. The hyperproduction of sorbicillinoids is a constitutive process, independent of culture conditions such as carbon source, light, pH, and temperature. To the best of our knowledge, strain ZC121 displays record sorbicillinoid production levels when grown on both glucose and cellulose.
    [Show full text]