Information compiled by Theresa M. Bert, Ph.D. (corresponding author) and Harry E. Luther, Director, Mulford B. Foster Bromeliad Identification Center (last update: January 2005)

Welcome to the Aechmea species list. All taxonomic entities for the Aechmea listed in Luther (2004) & new species & taxonomic revisions since that publication up to September 2004 are included here. The information provided for each taxon is summarized from the references & citations provided at the end of the list. In the table, the citations are denoted by superscripted numbers. This information is not all-inclusive of everything that is known about each species, but much information is included. We did not include information on citings during personal expeditions unless they were documented in the literature & also provided unique information on the biology, ecology, or of the species. Nor did we include information on cultivation.

This is a dynamic table. As authoritative information becomes available, we will update this table. We also invite input. If you know of a well-documented fact about a species in this list, please provide the corresponding author with the information & the literature citation in which that information appears. (We reserve the right to accept or deny inclusion of any information provided to us.) We also welcome your thoughts on the type of information that should be included in this list. Blank fields denote no information is available.

All currently recognized taxonomic entities of each species are listed, including subspecies, varieties, & forms. When the lower taxonomic level of these is the same as the species, only the species name is given (e.g., var. distichantha forma distichantha is listed as Aechmea distichantha). The meanings of many species names (column 2) are often related to the forms or colors of flower parts. In the genus Aechmea, most variegated, albomarginated, or alba varieties or forms were collected as sports or clones from an otherwise normally colored population.

Many species listed from rainforest in eastern Brazilian states inhabit the highly endangered rainforest the Mata Atlantica. However, in a general sense, we use the term “rainforest” for any broadleaf, evergreen, tropical or subtropical, wet forest. We use the term “forest” to mean all types of forest, from rainforest to dry forest. We also use the term “saxicolous” in a broad sense, encompassing both plants that can live among rocks or in rocky soil and plants that live on the surfaces of rocks (similar to epiphytes). These rocks can be very large, like inselbergs. These latter plants are also called “lithophytic.”

Under “Known range,” states, provinces, districts, or in some cases, localities within countries are in parentheses. Under “Misc. notes,” “cold sensitive” indicates that significant and potentially lethal damage can be done to a at temperatures > 32oF (0oC).

We hope that you find this table useful.

Abbreviations: JBS - Journal of the Bromeliad Society m - meter(s) ssp. - subspecies syn. - synonym v. - variety 1

Definitions (some have been taken from the Bromeliad Glossary40): anthesis - blooming bract - modified leaf, usually associated with the inflorescence caatinga - open, dry forest calyx - in bromeliads, the three sepals campina - clearing, opening caulescent - with a conspicuous stem cerro (Spanish), serra (Portuguese) - mountain clone - a single clump of plants, usually produced from a single individual concolor - of a single color, no variation in color discolor – leaves that are one shade or color on upper surface and another on lower surface epiphyte – a plant that grows on another plant but does not derive nutrition or water from that plant fascicle - the flower cluster heliophile - sun-loving inflorescence –includes all components of the flowering part of the plant inselberg - isolated, flat-topped mountain, another name for tepui llanos - seasonally flooded, lowland plains mesic – regularly moist environment quebrada - ravine, valley panicle – a loosely arranged, branched inflorescence pidicel – the stalk of an individual flower (grows off the rachis, but very few Aechmeas have pidicels) peduncle – the stalk of the inflorescence (like a scape) perianthe – the flower taken as a whole, composed of sepals and petals rachis – the ultimate stem bearing the flowers restinga - coastal forest, on sand scape - the stem of an inflorescence sepal - outer perianthe whorl, 3 in bromeliads sport – a single plant that deviates in form or coloration (e.g., a variegated or albino form) from others in the same cluster type - the original material upon which the taxon’s author bases his new taxonomic description

Size classes: Small: <30 cm (3 dm) (<1 ft) Medium-sized: 31 cm-70 cm (1-2 ft) Med-large 71-100 cm (2-3 ft) Large: > 100 cm (>3 ft)

2 Species name subgenus1 Meaning of Date Known range Occurrence Notes on appearance Misc. notes species name of first Elevation Habitat Substrate (morphology) public- cation A. abbreviata Aechmea short, compact 1959 Ecuador (Napo, 1,000- primary epiphytic blooming plant small probably inflorescence Sucumbios, 1,100 m lowland forest to medium-sized endangered due Pastaza) only to habitat requirements; cold sensitive A. aciculosa Pothuava needle-like 1904 Ecuador 350- tropical epiphytic plant medium-sized; sepals (LaPalma, 2,000 m lowland & looks like a western states) low montane rainforest colombiana A. aculeatasepala Aechmea with spines on 1976 Ecuador (Napo, 1,000- montane epiphytic plant small to medium- ants often make (syn. Neo. sepals Morona to 1,700 m Amazonian sized; looks like a gardens in this aculeatasepala, Santiago) forests , but sepals species; grows but see Leme & southward to & petals are like an best in cool, Marigo, 1993) Perú Aechmea; long stolons, moist inflorescence nested in environments large sepals; fruits enmeshed in a sweet, gelatinous matrix A. alba Macrochordion white flowers 1892 (Bahia) 0-300 m plant medium-large

A. alegrensis Ortgiesia for location of 1986 Brazil (Espírito plant medium-sized discovery— Santo) Alegre, in Espírito Santo A. allenii Pothuava for discoverer of 1941 Costa Rica; 10- mid elevation epiphytic plant small commonly used the species, P.H. Panama 1,200 m rain forest for Allen hybridization A. alopecurus Pothuava resembles 1892 Brazil (Bahia)30 epiphytic, plant medium-large to good landscape foxtail grass terrestrial large plant, can take considerable direct sunlight A. amicorum Aechmea two friends 2002 Brazil (Bahia) 0-100 m coastal forests terrestrial plant large (referring to Wally Berg & John Anderson)

3 A. amorimii Aechmea for Andre 1996 Brazil (Bahia) 100 m coastal epiphytic plant medium-sized to (Streptocalyx-like) Amorim, a rainforest medium-large; may be Brazilian closely related to A. botanist bicolor3 A. ampla Aechmea large, ample 1972 Brazil (Bahia, 100 m restinga, epiphytic plant large; variable sometimes leaf sheaths Rio de Janeiro) coastal degrees of bright red at confused in ends of leaves culture with Hoehenbergia castelanosii A. andersoniana Lamprococcus for discoverer of 2003 Brazil (Bahia) 0-30 m coastal epiphytic plant small, related to the species, rainforest A. bicolor John Anderson A. andersonii Aechmea for discoverer of 1998 Brazil (Bahia) 800 m wet, humid epiphytic plant small; related to the species, Atlantic forest A. fulgens John Anderson A. angustifolia Aechmea narrow leaves 1838 widely ranging; 0- in Venezuela, epiphytic, fruits eaten by (syn: A. eggersii, Costa Rica to 2,000 m moist terrestrial medium -large; vase- birds; forms of A. leucocarpa) Perú; Bolivia; temperate shaped in coastal this species Venezuela forest & region; long, narrow have been (Apure, warm riparian leaves & open form in misidentified as Barinas, lowlands; in Amazonian region; separate Bolivar, Costa Rica, many local forms species, but Territorio Atlantic much of the Federal coastal forest; variation Amazonas) in general, disappears semideciduou when the s, lowland, & various low montane “species” are rainforests, cultivated coastal & together under Amazonian the same region; only conditions 8, species in the ants frequently genus that inhabit this occurs in both species coastal & Amazonian regions A. anomala Platyaechmea uneven sepals 1945 Colombia; Perú 230- Amazon epiphytic plant large 250 m rainforest

4 A. apocalyptica Ortgiesia nude, uncovered 1962 Brazil (Saõ 900- Atlantic epiphytic plant small scape Paulo, Santa 1,000 m coastal Catarina) Araucaria forest & thickets A. aquilega Aechmea sharp bracts, 1806 widely 0-650 m caatinga; epiphytic, plant medium-large to source of water (syn: A. aquilega like an eagle’s distributed in lowland; in (mostly) very large; frequently in caatinga; at v. chrysocoma, A. beak South America; Venezuela, terrestrial, confused with A. flowering, capitata, A. hellae) Jamaica; Costa forms big saxicolous rubens, A. excretes creamy Rica; Venezuela masses in between emmerichiae, & A. fat-free (Aragua, moist tropical rocks mulfordii29; substance Carabobo, forest inflorescence not well- between Falcon, branched; long red flowers, no one Monagas, bracts, longer than knows why; Nueva Esparte, floral branches; good landscape Miranda, Sucre, flowers in dense, plant, can take Bolivar); globose heads considerable Trinidad & direct sunlight Tobago; Guiana; Brazil (Bahia) A. aquilega v. Aechmea form has white 1999 Venezuela epiphytic plant medium-large to single sport aquilega forma bracts & flowers (eastern) large; except for color, collected from a alba plant looks exactly like normal A. aquilega v. aquilega population in Venezuela A. araneosa Aechmea white webs on 1941 Brazil (Espírito 0-600 m rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-large to often bracts, like a Santo) terrestrial large misidentified spider’s web A. arenaria Aechmea grows on sandy 1907 Perú, (San 300- sloped hills & epiphytic plant large (syn: Streptocalyx soils Martín) 400 m sandy soils arenarius) A. aripensis Aechmea for location of 1926 Venezuela 900- cloud forest epiphytic, plant medium-large to discovery, Cerro (Sucre); north 2,000 m mountains, in saxicolous large; inflorescence is a Aripo in Trinidad jungle tight, rounded head Trinidad with red bracts & blue flowers—like a pincushion24 A. azurea Aechmea blue petals 1950 Brazil (Espírito rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized cold sensitive Santo)

5 A. bahiana Aechmea for location of 1966 Brazil (Bahia) restinga terrestrial plant large discovery, Bahia, Brazil A. bambusioides Aechmea inflorescence 1964 Brazil (Minas 700- on trees & in epiphytic, plant medium- large to resembles a Gerais, between 800 m open spaces terrestrial large; interesting bamboo stalk Muriae & Ponte of savannas inflorescence Nova) A. beeriana Aechmea for discoverer, 1889 Colombia; 25- semi-shaded epiphytic, plant medium-large to (syn: Streptocalyx Mr. Beer Ecuador; Brazil 1,200 m terrestrial, large; spreading poeppigii) saxicolous A. bicolor Ortgiesia two-flowered 1955 Brazil (Santa rainforest, epiphytic, plant small cold sensitive (refers to pink Catarina, Bahia) restinga, and terrestrial flowers turning intermediate black) areas A. biflora Aechmea 2-flowered; two 1972 Ecuador 600- on river epiphytic plant small; related to cold sensitive (syn: Streptocalyx flowers in each (Pastaza); 1,300 m margins, in A. lingulata & A. biflorus) fascicle endemic dense low burle-marxii9; at montane anthesis, leaves turn Amazonian brilliant red w/ yellow rainforest inflorescence A. blanchettiana Aechmea for discoverer of 1889 Brazil (Bahia) 0-250 m Atlantic terrestrial, plant large; color is widely the species-- rainforest, accidental yellow-gold in coastal cultivated; good Blanchet, of sandy coastal epiphyte plains & green in landscape plant, Brazil plains; forests; other color can take full tolerant of varieties exist, day of full sun full sun, all including a variegated day form A. blumenavii Ortgiesia for location of 1952 Brazil (Santa 300- forest epiphytic plant small to medium- discovery, Catarina) 850 m sized Blumenau, in Santa Catarina A. blumenavii v. Ortgiesia variety has 1983 Brazil (Santa forest epiphytic plant small to medium- alba white petals Catarina) sized

A. bocainensis Pothuava for location 1985 Brazil (Rio de 1,000- on rocks on epiphytic, plant medium-sized; discovery--Serra Janeiro, Saõ 1,300 m mountain tops saxicolous closely related to A. de Bocaina Paulo, Bahia) vanhoutteana A. brachystachya Aechmea short scape 1927 Amazonian lowland epiphytic plant medium-large (syn. Streptocalyx Peru rainforest brachystachys)

6 A. bracteata Aechmea noticeable 1864 Mexico to 30- dry soils or in epiphytic, plant large; forms many types; bracts Venezuela 1,400 m tall trees terrestrial notable tank well-studied (Zulia), species; most Colombia work done on seed set in Yucatan (Sian Ka’an forest); grows on several semi- evergreens but never on Brucida spinosa whereas Tillandsia dasyliriifolia grows on same trees & also on B. spinosa-- why?--because A. bracteata seed sets in large tree forks or limb junctions but B. spinosa has thin, smooth branches A. bracteata v. Aechmea variety name 1971 western 5-940 m rocky ground epiphytic, plant medium-large very pretty pacifica refers to Mexico; Belize; & trees saxicolous form of this location of Costa Rica species plant—Pacific coast A. brassicoides Aechmea looks like a 1882 Guyana 300- in jungle, on epiphytic plant medium-sized; ants frequently cabbage 500 m river shores interesting form inhabit this plant

7 A. brevicollis Lamprococcus narrow neck, 1945 Colombia; 0-1,500 m shaded epiphytic, plant small; has constricted Venezuela tropical terrestrial thickened pseudobulb upper end of (Orinoco River forests; leaf sheaths for water leaf sheaths region, lowland storage; long, (Guyana, Amazonian conspicuous leaf bases Territorio rainforest Federal Amazonas); Brazil (Bahia) A. bromeliifolia Macrochordion leaves like 1807 widely ranging; 0-1,585 m wide epiphytic, plant medium-sized to local names: plants in the Guatemala; ecological terrestrial, large; variable in “piña del genus Belize to space; saxicolous inflorescence color, monte” ; inhabits wide morphology, & leaf ( of Venezuela variety of color (green to light the mountains; (Apure, habitats, brown); pink or red Perú), “gravata Amazonas, including bracts, green/yellow de pau” Bolívar, sandy coastal flowers (Brazil); Territorio areas under pollinated by a Federal trees & perching bird & Amazonas, bushes, humming-birds Zulia); French campinas in 12 Guiana; forests, & all forest types A. bromeliifolia v. Macrochordion variety has 1974 Brazil (Matto collected terrestrial plant medium-sized to albobracteata white bracts Grosso) from a normal large population A. bromeliifolia v. Macrochordion variety has 1992 Brazil (Bahia) collected terrestrial plant medium-sized to angustispica pointed spike from a normal large (inflorescence) population

8 A. brueggeri Pothuava for discoverer of 1996 Brazil (Minas forest terrestrial medium-sized caulescent; a the species--M. Gerais) dam was built Brügger at the site of the original population but it has been rediscovered elsewhere A. burle-marxii Ortgiesia for Burle-marx, 1979 Brazil (Bahia, rainforest & epiphytic plant medium-sized collector & Minas Gerais) restinga landscape architect A. caesia Aechmea blue petals 1889 Brazil (Rio de 900- rainforest epiphytic plant medium-large; the taxonomic Janeiro) 1,000 m very close to A. status of this flavorosea species is debated—L.B. Smith says A. flavorosea is not a species but is a form of this species, however, H.E.L. views it as a separate species A. callichroma Aechmea color(purple, 1991 known only probably plant large good landscape referring to from cultivation epiphytic, plant; described overall aspect of original terrestrial from cultivation the plant) distribution (Tropical probably coastal Beauty Brazil Gardens) A. calyculata Ortgiesia whorl of bracts 1865 southern Brazil 100- when epiphytic, plant medium-large; below calyx; to northeast 1,200 m terrestrial, on terrestrial makes clusters fruit enclosed in Argentina slopes, banks a calyx A. campanulata Lamprococcus campenulate 1957 Guyana 700 m mountains, in epiphytic, plant medium-sized (bell-shaped) (Pakaraima) rainforest terrestrial calyx A. canaliculata Aechmea channeled 1989 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & epiphytic, plant medium-sized leaves restinga terrestrial A. candida Ortgiesia white petals 1889 southern Brazil rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-sized terrestrial 9 A. capixabae Lamprococcus refers to the 1941 Brazil (Espírito rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized residents of Santo) Espírito Santo A. cariocae Chavaliera refers to 1955 Brazil (Rio de 600 m high in trees, epiphytic flowering plant large; probably inhabitants of Janeiro, Tijuca in main related to A. muricata pollinated by Rio de Janeiro National Park); bifurcations hummingbirds endemic of old trees in or bees, in the old-growth morning (when rainforest flowers peak in bloom) 17 A. carvalhoi Lamprococcus for discoverer of 1986 Brazil (Bahia, rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized needs humidity the species, M. near Ita Marajo) & light de Carvalho, 1985 A. castanea Chavaliera dark brown 1955 Brazil (Santa rainforest terrestrial plant large; covered floral bracts Teresa, Espírito with thick scales Santo) A. castelnavii Aechmea for location of 1889 Costa Rica 0-500 m rainforest, epiphytic plant large; original (Pacific coast); high in trees, inflorescence looks discovery, Amazonian by water like that of A. setigera, Castelnau, Santa Colombia; but not spiny, up to 70 Cruz, Bolivia Venezuela cm in length (Bolivar, Territorio Federal Amazonas); Brazil; Bolivia A. cathcartii Lamprococcus for discoverer, 1981 Venezuela 700- rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized originally D. Cathcart, (southeastern, 900 m misidentified in 1976 Parque National herbarium Guatopo, collections as Miranda) A. nudicaulis5 A. caudata Ortgiesia furnished with a 1891 Brazil (Espírito 0-900 m in trees in epiphytic, plant medium-large; hearty, suitable tail (from Santo, Rio forest, on saxicolous many forms; blooms for landscaping “caudal”), Grande do Sul, rocks on coast easily, hearty; yellow referring to the Saõ Paulo) flowers sepals A. caudata v. Ortgiesia forma has white 1982 Brazil plant medium-sized caudata forma flowers albiflora

10 A. caudata v. Ortgiesia for discoverer of 1965 Brazil (Rio de rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized; smaller and eipperi the species--E.J. Janeiro) blue flowers more delicate Eipper than v. caudata; grows as a population A. caudata v. Ortgiesia variety has 1953 plant medium-sized described from variegata variegated horticulture leaves

11 A. chantinii Platyaechmea for M. Chantini, 1880 Colombia; 100- throughout epiphytic plant medium-large; brought to a gardener from Ecuador; Perú; 1,600 m lowland spectacular; many Europe in 1877; Paris Venezuela (Rio Amazonian forms; variable leaf common Casiquiare, rainforest; color, banding nursery plant; Territorio upper forest intensity, bract color, flowers excrete Federal canopy, size, & degree of sweet fluid Amazonas); shaded from development of Amazonian intense sun7 inflorescence; flowers Brazil to 30 mm long27 A. chantinii v. Platyaechmea form named for 1907 Colombia; 100- throughout epiphytic plant medium-large; chantinii forma location where Ecuador; Perú 1,600 m lowland concolor leaves, green amazonica it grows-- (Ule, Tarapotó, Amazonian or reddish27 Amazonia San Martín); rainforest; Brazil upper forest canopy, shaded from intense sun7 A. chantinii v. Platyaechmea for discoverer of 1987 Ecuador (Napo) 100- throughout epiphytic plant large; flowers to A. Pink fuchsii the species— 1,600 m lowland 40 mm long27; mature Banners is this Fred Fuchs Amazonian plant 30-50% larger species rainforest; than other forms; also upper forest has pink bracts canopy, shaded from intense sun7 A. chlorophylla Macrochordion green leaves 1955 Brazil (Bahia, rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-sized to difficult to Espírito Santo, terrestrial medium-large; closely flower Minas Gerais) related to A. bromeliifolia & A. maculata; frequently misidentified as A. bromeliifolia10; plant medium-sized; yellow- green leaves A. coelestis Ortgiesia referring to the 1857 Brazil (Espírito 650- in forests & epiphytic, plant medium-sized to sky; sky blue Santo to Paraná) 880 m open high saxicolous medium-large petals areas A. coelestis v. Ortgiesia variety has 1979 Brazil (Rio de plant medium-sized acutifolia acute leaves Janeiro)

12 A. coelestis v. Ortgiesia variety has 1957 plant medium-sized albomarginata white-striped margins on leaves A. colombiana Aechmea for location of 1942 Amazonian lowland epiphytic, very large; wide (syn.: Streptocalyx discovery, Colombia; Amazonian terrestrial rosette; resembles A. colombianus) Colombia Ecuador rainforest woronowii (northeast, near vegetatively; Colombia) inflorescence looks like that of A. hoppii, but floral bracts are not serrated A. comata Ortgiesia tuft, referring to 1851 Brazil rainforest & epiphytic, plant medium-large the apex of the (southern) restinga terrestrial inflorescence A. comata v. Ortgiesia variety name 1934 plant medium-large; this name is makoyana refers to variegated leaves used for any A. discoverer of comata with plant—Makoy, any variegation; a nurseryman some may not have genetically based variegation, so the plant could revert to completely green A. confusa Aechmea referring to 1962 Perú (Loreto, Amazon epiphytic plant medium-large; a specimen of (Streptocalyx-like; taxonomic between the jungle related to A. kentii this species in syn: Gregia confusion; first Itaya & Nanay the Smithsonian amazonica) described as rivers, near Institution Gregia Iquitos) herbarium was amazonica called Gregia amazonica A. conifera Chavaliera cone-like 1991 Brazil (Agua 240 m high in trees, epiphytic plant large; similar to inflorescence Preta, Bahia) in limb A. kentii; flower head crotches large & heavy (up to 45 cm in diameter & 12 pounds [5 kilograms])34

13 A. contracta Aechmea refers to the 1830 Colombia; 100- in Venezuela, epiphytic, plant medium-large; cold sensitive narrow, Amazonian 400 m lowland terrestrial some forms have compressed, Perú; jungles, branched inflorescence bases of leaf Venezuela; llanos; upper blades Guyana; Brazil Amazon rainforests; mesic; deep shade A. correia-araujoi Aechmea for well-known 1980 Brazil (southern rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized; good for collector & co- Bahia) plant resembles some hanging basket discoverer of forms of A. orlandiana or wood mount plant (with Burle-marx)-- Luiz Knud Correia de Araujo A. corymbosa Lamprococcus broad, flat- 1830 Amazonian 250 m midlevel epiphytic plant small to medium- valuable to topped flower, Colombia; canopy, sized; two color forms, collectors; cold like a duster (a Ecuador (Napo, primary one discolor sensitive corymb) green form forests; only); Perú; Amazonian Venezuela; headwaters Brazil (upper Rio Negro, Amazonas) A. costantinii Aechmea for Professor 1916 unknown, plant medium-large Costanin, of the probably Paris Museum northeastern Brazil A. cucullata Platyaechmea hooded, margins 1987 Ecuador (Napo 400- jungle epiphytic plant medium-sized; pink form is curved inward River); endemic 500 m similar flower to A. common in (cuculate), tessmannii; 2 cultivation referring to inflorescence color bracts forms—pink bracts, yellow apices, red bracts, yellow apices

14 A. curranii Aechmea for discoverer of 1931 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & terrestrial plant medium-sized (syn.: Streptocalyx the species, restinga curranii) Curran A. cylindrata Ortgiesia cylindrical 1891 Brazil (between 0-1,200 m humid forest epiphytic, plant small to medium- good for inflorescence Santos & Saõ terrestrial sized; lilac flowers, landscaping Paulo) short-lived beneath trees inflorescence A. Aechmea refers to shape 1879 Venezuela plant medium-large cymosopaniculata of the (Aragua); inflorescence— known from a panicle type collection composed of a only flat-topped flower duster A. dactylina Aechmea fingerlike 1879 Nicaragua; 0-1,000 m wet, lowland epiphytic, plant medium-large; on Cerro Jefe, inflorescence Costa Rica; rainforests, terrestrial inflorescence similar to Panama, the (with fingerlike Panama; coastal region A. pubescens; vase- Garden spikes) Colombia; shaped plant form with Emerald Ecuador ant symbionts; floral hummingbird & (Esmeraldas) bracts tend to cover the Little flowers; red scape & Hermit primary bracts, pale hummingbird green floral bracts, may pollinate very small white this species, if flowers pollen sticks to the beaks of these birds (the flowers are not long enough to deposit pollen on the forehead or throat of the hummingbird); cockroaches & crickets feed on exposed flowers at night12

15 A. dealbata Aechmea whitish (bracts 1889 S. Brazil (Rio 200 m rainforest & epiphytic plant medium-sized to A. dealbata was (syn.; A. esseri) & leaves) de Janeiro) restinga medium-large; closely once considered related to A. fasciata38, to be a form of 39; both species have A. fasciata flowers that change color after blooming.6; two color forms are in cultivation, one with maroon (dark-colored) leaves & an inflorescence with purple bracts & dark pink flowers & another with green leaves, pink bracts, & lavender flowers A. decurva Aechmea decurved scape 1982 Jamaica plant medium-sized little is known (bending) (Portland) about this species A. depressa Chavaliera inflorescence 1941 Brazil (Agua forest; high in epiphytic plant medium-large to shaped like a Preta, Bahia) trees34 very large depressed globe A. dichlamydea Platyaechmea two series of 1879 West Indies, 450- rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-large branches on the including 500 m terrestrial, inflorescence Tobago saxicolous A. dichlamydea v. Platyaechmea variety named 1969 Venezuela 60- rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-large pariaensis for where the (Paria 800 m terrestrial, plant lives peninsula) saxicolous A. dichlamydea v. Platyaechmea variety named 1933 eastern 60- rainforest; epiphytic plant medium-large trinitensis for where the Venezuela 800 m semi-shade to plant lives (Sucre, Atlantic full sun (Trinidad) coastal mountains), Trinidad A. digitata Chavaliera digitated & 1976 Brazil (Bahia) low on trees; epiphytic flowering plant large branched deciduous, inflorescence dry forest

16 A. discordiae Aechmea refers to an 1989 Brazil (Bahia) sand, full sun terrestrial plant large; similar to argument A. rubens but has some among differences in the collectors inflorescence25 regarding what the plant was A. distichantha Platyaechmea flowers 1853 southern Brazil; 740- widely epiphytic, plant medium-sized to pollinated by a arranged in two Paraguay; 2,400 m distributed; terrestrial, medium-large; red perching bird & opposite rows, Uruguay can tolerate saxicolous bracts, purple/blue hummingbirds12 like a spike harsh flowers conditions A. distichantha v. Platyaechmea form has white 1943 southern Brazil rainforest terrestrial plant medium-large distichantha forma flower petals albiflora

A. distichantha v. Platyaechmea variety named 1879 southern Brazil 640- epiphytic plant small (smallest glaziovii for its 1,900 m variety of this species) discoverer-- Glaziou A. distichantha v. Platyaechmea variety name is 1892 Bolivia; 200- widely epiphytic, plant medium large; common schlumbergeri for Schlumberg, southern Brazil; 1,800 m distributed; terrestrial longer inflorescence variety in a horticulturist Paraguay; can tolerate than v. glaziovii Florida northern very harsh horticulture; Argentina conditions commonly used for hybridizing A. distichantha v. Platyaechmea variety name 1979 Brazil (Rio de terrestrial plant medium-sized vernicosa means shiny Janeiro) A. downsiana Aechmea for bromeliad 1958 Trinidad (Mt. 750 m rainforest epiphytic flowering plant large scholar & co- Chaguaramal) discoverer of species (with Pittendrigh), Dr. W.G. Downs A. drakeana Pothauva for discoverer of 1888 Ecuador; 700- jungle; epiphytic plant medium-sized; fruits eaten by the species, southern 1,500 m primary bright blue flowers, small mammals M.E. Drake del Amazonian forests, on pink inflorescence & birds Castillo region fallen logs A. echinata Aechmea spiny, like a sea 1995 Brazil rainforest & epiphytic, plant medium-sized former urchin restinga terrestrial sp.

17 A. egleriana Aechmea for botanist 1958 southern 120- Amazon epiphytic, plant medium-sized to spiny; cold Walter Alberto Venezuela; 150 m rainforest saxicolous medium-large sensitive; Egler Brazil (Pará, beautiful; north-central) unusual in that the plant forms a large bulb & older leaves turn downward from the bulb; Margaret Mee’s painting of this species is misidentified as A. polyantha A. emmerichiae Aechmea for M. 1987 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & terrestrial plant medium-large; good landscape Emmerich, restinga related to A. downsiana plant; Director, (mostly & A. milsteiniana; somewhat cold Herbarium restinga) frequently confused sensitive Bradeanum, Rio with A. rubens, A. de Janeiro, aquilega, & A. Brazil mulfordii29; long slender inflorescence; floral bracts narrow & same length as, or shorten than the ovary A. entringeri Aechmea for co-collector 1987 Brazil 800 m on rocky terrestrial, plant medium-sized; (with Kautsky)- (Domingos outcrops saxicolous related to A. -Agestinho Martins in macroclamys; azure Entringer Espírito Santo) blue flowers A. eurycorymbus Aechmea broad flat- 1935 northeastern 300- rainforest epiphytic, plant large; wide- good landscape topped flower Brazil (Pernam- 525 m terrestrial ranging roots; plant cluster buco, Paraiba) spectacular, tall inflorescence A. farinosa Lamprococcus trichomes 1888 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & epiphytic plant small; leaves (scurf) form restinga green & scaley (waxy) flour-like on both sides covering on leaves A. farinosa v. Lamprococcus variety has 1889 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & epiphytic plant small; leaves conglomerata densely restinga green above, scaley & flowered waxy below inflorescence 18 A. farinosa v. Lamprococcus variety leaves 1889 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & epiphytic plant small; leaves discolor have green restinga green above, deep upper sides and purple below darkly colored undersides A. fasciata Aechmea bands on the 1828 Brazil (Rio de 700- rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized to hardy; one of leaves Janeiro, 1,300 m medium-large; flowers the most Districto in inflorescence change popular Federal) from blue in AM to ornamentals in deep rose in PM, the world; independently of cultivation pollination began in 1828; many cultivated forms33

19 A. fasciata v. Platyaechmea variety has 1981 Brazil (Rio de 700- rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized flavivittata yellow striped Janeiro) 1,300 m leaves A. fasciata v. Platyaechmea variety is 1981 Brazil (Rio de 700- epiphytic plant medium-sized pruinosa pruinose Janeiro) 1,300 m (scurfy) A. fasciata v. Platyaechmea variety has a 1883 Brazil (Rio de 500- rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized; purpurea purple tint Janeiro) 1,500 m leaves red-purple A. fendleri Aechmea for discoverer of 1896 northern 500- humid forest mostly plant medium-large species, A. Venezuela 1,300 m epiphytic Fendler (Monagas, Nuerva Esparta, Miranda, Yaracuy); Trinidad A. fernandae Chavaliera for Fernande 1871 Amazonian 0-160 m deep shade, in terrestrial plant medium-large Gloner, Brazil forest daughter of M. Linden, a nurseryman A. ferrruginea Podaechmea rust-brown 1932 Perú (Junín) 1,700- rainforest epiphyte plant medium-sized scales on 1,900 m inflorescence A. filicaulis Aechmea thread-like 1864 northern 1,000- cloud forests epiphytic plant small; very cold stems (in Venezuela 1,600 m inflorescence differs sensitive inflorescence) (vicinity of from most in genus, Henry Pittier very long (up to 2 m) National Park & & stretched Salom, Yaracuy) A. flavorosea Aechmea yellow flowers, 1979 Brazil (Rio de 600 m warm, moist epiphytic plant medium-sized; the species rosey red bracts Janeiro) environments resembles A. caesia but status of this has yellow flowers & plant has been not blue debated28 A. flemingii Aechmea for Conrad 1991 Guadeloupe rainforest epiphytic plant medium-large Fleming, a (Grande Terre) collector A. florabunda Aechmea many flowered 1830 Brazil (Rio de rainforest & epiphytic, plant very large (syn.: Streptocalyx Janiero area) restinga terrestrial floribundus)

20 A. fosteriana Aechmea for M.B. Foster, 1941 Brazil (Victoria, coastal areas epiphytic, flowering plant good for explorer, Espírito Santo) in rainforest terrestrial medium-sized to basketwood collector, medium-large adventurer A. fosteriana v. Aechmea variety lives on 1987 Brazil (Espírito rainforest, on saxicolous medium-sized rupicola rocks Santo) rock outcropings A. fraseri Pothuava for discoverer of 1889 Ecuador; Perú 0-1,500 m rainforest; epiphytic, plant small to medium- the species, coastal, in terrestrial large Fraser dry-canyon, semi- deciduous, cloud forests, western Andes A. frassyi Chavaliera for Arturo 2001 Brazil forest epiphytic, plant large cultivated Frassy, a (Alagoas) terrestrial plants are collector sometimes misidentified as A. multiflora A. fraudulosa Aechmea false, fraudulent 1935 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & epiphytic; plant large (mistaken for A. restinga terrestrial blanchettiana) A. fuerstenbergii Aechmea for the Prince of 1879 Bolivia; Peru; Amazonian epiphytic plant medium-sized (syn: Streptocalyx Fuerstenberg; Brazil rainforest fuerstenbergii) plant originally came from his greenhouses

21 A. fulgens Lamprococcus showy 1841 Brazil (Pernam- shade, wet; epiphytic flowering plant inflorescence; buco) low altitudes terrestrial medium-sized; one shiny, glistening form climbs trees with long stolons, other has short stolons; leaves green on both sides; this species is often confused with A. miniata, which has a smaller inflorescence & smaller flowers, sepals, & petals,; & A. miniata’s inflorescence remains orange after the flowers bloom36 A. fulgens v. Lamprococcus variety has 1846 Brazil (Pernam- shade, wet; epiphytic plant small to medium- discolor purple color buco) low altitudes sized; leaves red- under leaves & purple beneath green upper leaf surfaces A. galeottii Podaechmea for discoverer of 1889 southeastern mountains plant medium-sized the species, Mexico Gaelotti (Oaxaca, Cordova, Vera Cruz) A. gamosepala Ortgiesia united sepals 1891 Brazil (São 0-250 m dunes & epiphytic, plant small to medium- good ground Paulo, Rio forests terrestrial sized; rapid grower cover Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) A. gamosepala v. Ortgiesia variety has 1962 Brazil (São near sea forest terrestrial plant small; white nivea white petals Paulo, Rio level petals, rose sepals Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) A. geminiflora Aechmea two flowers in 1935 southeastern rainforest epiphytic plant medium-large; (syn.: Streptocalyx each fascicle Ecuador easily confused with A. geminiflorus) (twin flowers) biflora & A. luguoi A. germinyana Chavaliera for Count 1881 Panama; 0-1,350 m deep epiphytic, plant medium-sized Alfredo de Colombia rainforest terrestrial Germiny (Chocó, Valle del Cauca)

22 A. gigantea Aechmea very large 1889 northeastern mountains plant large (tall); hard to flower Venezuela beautiful, pink inflorescence, somewhat like A. fasciata in general form, but larger, and with a different flower color A. glandulosa Lamprococcus with glands in 1999 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest terrestrial plant small to medium- the sized inflorescence A. gracilis Ortgiesia slender, graceful 1891 Brazil (Rio de 0-1,000 m rainforest epiphytic plant small to medium- Janeiro to Santa sized Catarina) A. grazielae Aechmea for Dr. Graziela 1987 Brazil (Rio de rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized Marciel Baroso, Janeiro) botanist A. guarapariensis Ortgiesia for location of 1984 Brazil (Espírito restinga terrestrial plant medium-sized this is the plant discovery Santo) widely misnamed A. triticia A. guaratubensis Ortgiesia for location of 1972 Brazil saxicolous flowering plant small discovery (Guaratuba, to medium-sized Paraná) A. gurkeniana Aechmea for discoverer of 1981 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized; the species, S. related to A. fosteriana Gurken A. gustavoi Chavaliera for Gustavo 2001 Brazil rainforest, epiphytic, plant medium-sized to J.P.S. Barroso, inland saxicolous large owner of land where species was discovered A. haltonii Podaechmea for discoverer of 1991 Panama 0-800 m low-altitude epiphytic plant medium-large; very cold the species, (Veracruz, forest related to A. mexicana sensitive Halton, of Selby Coclé) Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA

23 A. hoppii Aechmea for discoverer of 1935 Colombia; 0-2,200 m low-altitude epiphytic, plant medium-sized to cold sensitive (syn. Streptocalyx the species, W. Ecuador (Napo, rainforest, terrestrial medium-large; hoppii & A. Hopp Nariño, low montane produces runners; colombiana v. Caqquetá); Perú forest of brilliant, red, cone- laxa) (Loreto); Amazonia; shaped inflorescence widespread in upper canopy, Amazonian in shade; region fields A. huebneri Aechmea for discoverer of 1829 Colombia; 0-135 m open ground, epiphytic, flowering plant large the species, Brazil forest terrestrial Hübner (Amazonas to Bahia) A. iguana Aechmea unknown 1891 Guatemala our limited knowledge is based only the written description A. incompta Aechmea trivial, of little 1999 Brazil rainforest & epiphytic, plant small, related to consequence restinga terrestrial A. lingulata A. involucrata Pothuava circle of bracts 1888 central Ecuador 0-600 m low montane epiphytic, flowering plant (to Loja) forest, coastal terrestrial, medium-large region; not saxicolous found in disturbed habitats A. kentii Aechmea for discoverer of 1992 Ecuador low montane epiphytic plant medium-large; (syn.: Streptocalyx the species, J. (Cordillera Amazonian related to A. pallida; A. kentii) Kent Cuotucu); rainforest longifolia, & A. endemic napoensis; ovoid inflorescence with white, wooly trichomes

24 A. kertesziae Ortgiesia for the type of 1952 Brazil (Santa near beach epiphytic, flowering plant includes A. that Catarina) terrestrial medium-large leppardii breeds in the plant— Anopheles subgenus Kerteszia A. kertesziae v. Ortgiesia variety has 1981 Brazil (Santa near beach epiphytic, plant medium-sized viridiaurata green & yellow Catarina) terrestrial foliage (variegated) A. kleinii Pothuava for Roberto M. 1954 Brazil (Santa 1,000- forest epiphytic flowering plant small Klein, curator of Catarina) 3,000 m a herbarium & friend of the author who described the plant (Reitz) A. kuntzeana Aechmea for discoverer of 1896 Bolivia (Santa 200- moist & dry epiphytic; plant large; related to the species, Cruz) 450 m forest terrestrial A. setigera Kuntz

25 A. lamarchei Macrochordion for discoverer of 1892 eastern Brazil 930- forest; widely terrestrial flowering plant usually the species, (Bahia, Minas 1,400 m distributed medium-sized; violet- caulescent Lamarche Gerais, Rio de brown leaf pattern; Janeiro) frequently misidentified as A. bromeliifolia, but flowers are longer & floral bracts are long & papery10 A. lanata Aechmea hairy (lanate) 1931 Brazil rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-sized (syn.: Streptocalyx terrestrial lanatus) A. lanjouwii Aechmea for discoverer of 1956 Surinam granite terrestrial, flowering plant large probably a the species, K. (Voltzberg) saxicolous natural hybrid Lanjouw between A. aquilega and A. moonenii A. lasseri Aechmea for Dr. T. 1953 Venezuela 500- shaded, moist epiphytic plant medium-sized; very cold Lasser, (coastal 1,600 m quebradas in long, pendulous sensitive Director, cordillera, near wet or cloud inflorescence; plant Institute of Caracas) forests; can turns red in sun; red & the grow in sun color increases with Botanical plant age Garden, Caracas, Venezuela A. latifolia Aechmea broad leaves 1836 Colombia 1,000- rainforest epiphytic, plant large 2,000 m terrestrial A. leonard- Ortgiesia for Leonard 1996 Brazil (Bahia) restinga and terrestrial plant medium-sized; kentiana Kent, father of Atlantic forest related to A. lymanii & collector Jeffrey A. florabunda Kent, of “Kent’s Bromeliad Nursery,” California A. leucolepis Chavaliera pale covering of 1955 Brazil (Bahia) 450 m rainforest epiphytic plant very large (> 4 trichomes m) (scales)

26 A. lingulata Aechmea leaves tongue- 1753 some Caribbean 0-1,050 m inhabits wide epiphytic, plant medium-large to bug pollinated; shaped or strap- isles, including variety of terrestrial, large one of the first shaped the Bahamas & habitats, saxicolous Aechmeas Puerto Rico; including described Costa Rica; caatinga, northeastern mangroves to South America intertidal, to northern high in trees; Brazil, in & around including cerros in Venezuela Venezuela (Nuevo Esparto, Miranda) A. lingulata v. Aechmea variety named 1955 Brazil (Bahia) various forest epiphytic plant medium-sized froesii for discoverer of types the species, Froes A. lingulata v. Aechmea variety name 1830 Brazil (Bahia) various forest saxicolous plant medium-sized patentissima signifies types spreading branches A. lingulatoides Aechmea looks like A. Brazil caatinga; dry epiphytic plant large lingulata forest (rarely); terrestrial A. linharesiorum Aechmea for discoverer & 1999 Brazil (Bahia) 6-500 m rainforest epiphytic, plant small to medium- explorer, S. A. terrestrial sized; related to A. Linhares burle-marxii

27 A. longicuspis Aechmea long, pointy 1889 Colombia, Perú 700- rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized to inflorescence 1,800 m large; like A. setigera A. longifolia Aechmea long leaves 1805 widespread in high in epiphytic plant medium-sized; aggressive ants (syn.: Streptocalyx Amazonian primary forest pinkish inflorescence, typically live in longifolius) South America canopy white flowers symbiosis, in pseudobulb; leaves hang down at maturity, reduces water that drains into ant cavity A. lueddemannia Podaechmea for discoverer of 1866 Mexico to 0-1,200 m rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-sized cultivar the species, Guatemala; saxicolous ‘MEND’, Lüddemann Honduras which is variegated, is an acronym for 4 people’s names: Merkel, Ensign, Nally, and Davis, collectors A. lugoi Aechmea for discoverer of 1990 Ecuador lower epiphytic plant medium-sized; (syn.: Streptocalyx the species, M. (between montane sharp spines at apices lugoi) Lugo Agoyan & Amazonian of primary bracts Puyo); endemic rainforest A. lymanii Ortgiesia for Lyman B. 1984 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest terrestrial flowering plant Smith, medium-sized bromeliad scholar, on his 80th birthday19 A. maasii Macrochordion for P. Maas, 1997 Brazil (Espírito rainforest terrestrial plant medium-sized related to A. collector & Santo) bromeliifolia colleague of people who described the species (Gouda & W. Till) A. macrochlamys Aechmea large branches 1941 Brazil (Santa rainforest epiphytic; plant medium-large to (divisions) Teresa in terrestrial large; big purple & red Espírito Santo) inflorescence; strong, black spines 28 A. maculata Macrochordion spotty, blotched, 1955 Brazil (Minas rainforest terrestrial plant medium-large; referring to Gerais) related to A. leaves bromeliifolia; banded leaves A. magdalenae Chavaliera for location of 1888 widespread; 50- humid, terrestrial plant very large; leaves discovery, Rio Mexico; Costa 640 m flooded forest green Magdalenae Rica; Colombia; valley, Ecuador; Colombia Venezuela A. magdalenae v. Chavaliera 4 colors 1966 Mexico to humid, terrestrial plant medium-sized to needs light & quadricolor Ecuador & flooded forest medium-large; leaves warmth; Venezuela red, white, & green described from striped cultivation A. Platyaechmea for J. 1999 Ecuador (Napo, 1,200- lower epiphytic plant medium-sized; manzanaresiana Manzanares, Cordillera 1,300 m montane related to A. from Quito, Guacamjayos Amazonian tessmannii; called Ecuador, between Rio rainforest cultivar ‘Loredo’ in bromeliad Pucuno & cultivation; differs scholar Guamani); from A. tessmannii in endemic that sepals are longer than floral bracts; A. marauensis Aechmea for place of 1986 Brazil (Bahia) 100- rainforest & epiphytic, flowering plant (syn.: A. discovery 200 m restinga terrestrial medium-large; like A. grandibracteata) aquilega; very droopy, pink primary bracts A. marginalis Aechmea this species is 2001 Brazil Atlantic forest terrestrial medium-sized marginal (Alagoas) between Aechmea and A. mariae-reginae Pothuava for the Virgin 1863 Costa Rica 100- in Costa Rica, epiphytic, plant large to very used for church Mary, queen of (Tierra Caliente 1,400 m Atlantic terrestrial large; sexes separate decorations in the skies (Queen valley) coastal forest; (dioecious)--male Central Mary) treetops inflorescence long & America thin, female inflorescence short & fat; only other dioecious is skinneri

29 A. matudae Aechmea for discoverer of 1951 Mexico tall trees on epiphytic plant medium to large; A. castelnavii the species, (Escuintla, coastal plain resembles A. grows farther Japanese Chiapas) castelnavii; long, well- south (south of botanist Eizi armored leaves; pink Costa Rica); Matuda, who scape bracts; lavender difficult to contributed to petals; green berries, grow; may the knowledge which turn black survive only at of the a single cattle of ranch in Chiapas, Chiapas18 Mexico13 A. megalantha Aechmea big flowers 1937 Brazil inselbergs saxicolous plant large; nice described from (Pernambuco) European (described from horticulture; cultivation) collected by T. Bert, Pernambuco, Brazil, 7 November 1998 (identified by H. Luther) A. melinonii Aechmea for Melinon, 1861 Guyana; French 80- jungle epiphytic, plant small to medium- discoverer of Guiana; 220 m terrestrial, sized plant Surinam; saxicolous northern Brazil; all around the Amazon & Orinoco river valleys

30 A. mertensii Aechmea for F.K. 1818 Trinidad; 45- campinas; epiphytic plant small to medium- frequently (syn.: A. Mertens Amazonian 1,700 m scattered, sized symbiotic with sergipana) region, wide ants & termites, Venezuela distribution, can be nearly (Bolivar, Gran best covered by Sabana, developed in termite nest; Territorio the Amazon; very cold Federal lowland & sensitive Amazonas, low montane northeastern Amazonian Venezuela, [Rio rainforest; full León]); sun Guyana; junction of Brazil, Perú, Ecuador, & Colombia A. mexicana Podaechmea for place of type 1879 Mexico; 20- in Costa Rica, epiphytic, plant large; leaves may hummingbird collection— Guatemala; 1,300 m lowland terrestrial turn bright red at pollinated; only Mexico Costa Rica; Pacific side; flowering; long Podaechmea in Panama; in Ecuador, pedecellate flowers Ecuador Ecuador lowland (Manabí); coastal forest; common in open spaces, full sun; dense clumps, upper canopy A. microcephala Chavaliera small head 1985 Brazil (Espírito rainforest epiphytic plant large; like a (referring to Santo) smaller A. inflorescence) sphaerocephala A. milsteiniana Aechmea for G. Milstein, 1979 eastern Brazil rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized; a bromeliad related to A. fosteriana; cultivator in confused with A. New York bambusioides; green leaves

31 A. miniata Lamprococcus scarlet, 1856 Brazil (Bahia) 240- rainforest epiphytic plant small; often vermilion 580 m confused with A. inflorescence fulgens, but this (not miniature) species has a smaller inflorescence, flowers, sepals, & petals, & the inflorescence becomes coppery after the flowers bloom36; green leaves A. miniata v. Lamprococcus variety has dark 1856 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest epiphytic, plant small discolor reddish leaf terrestrial undersides A. mollis Aechmea soft 1970 Brazil (Una banks of terrestrial plant medium-sized; inflorescence, River, Bahia) rivers; interesting covered in rainforest inflorescence; many “wool” yellow blooms that open for months A. moonenii Aechmea for discoverer of 2002 French Guiana; primary epiphytic, plant medium-large; the species, J. Surinam forest, saxicolous similar to A. Moonen (Voltsberg) inselbergs rodriguesiana but has longer leaves, more highly branched inflorescence, other different floral characteristics14 A. moorei Platyaechmea for discoverer of 1980 Ecuador lowland epiphytic medium-sized to large; the species, Lee (Sucubios); Amazonian similar to A. chantinii Moore, plant Perú (Loreto, rainforest & A. tessmannii but collector Iquitos, has dense spikes; pink Amazonas) peduncular bracts, green floral bracts w/ yellow apices

32 A. mulfordii Platyaechmea for discoverer of 1962 Brazil (Bahia, near sea sand dunes terrestrial plant large; frequently very purple the species, Pernam-buco) level confused with A. form is in M.B. Foster, rubens, A. cultivation explorer, emmerichiae, & A. collector mulfordii29; less dense & elaborate inflorescence than A. rubens; long, broad floral bracts conceal the ovary A. multiflora Chavaliera many-flowered 1937 east-central 150- near coast epiphytic, plant very large; long- Brazil (Bahia) 360 m terrestrial lived, slow to flower A. murcae Aechmea for discoverer of 1960 Brazil (Rio Amazonian epiphytic plant medium-sized (syn.: Streptocalyx the species, J. Uaupes bank, rainforest murcae) Murca Amazonas) A. muricata Chavaliera gray-colored 1810 Brazil (Pernam- dry, sandy terrestrial plant large inflorescence buco); endemic soil, near sea level A. mutica Aechmea without points 1955 Brazil (Santa 765 m rainforest epiphytic; plant medium-sized (spineless Teresa in terrestrial sepals) Espírito Santo) A. nallyi Aechmea for J. Nally, 1964 Amazonian high in trees epiphytic plant medium-sized; an unknown grower & Perú (near blooms March-May herbivore feeds collector from Iquitos); on leaves by central Florida, endemic “leaf mining” USA parallel to leaf venation; damage can be sub-superficial or entirely through the leaf; recorded damage has been about 10% of leaf surface4 A. napoensis Aechmea for place of 1980 Ecuador 500- low epiphytic plant medium-sized; (syn.: Streptocalyx discovery, (northern Napo, 800 m Amazonian turns red when in pallidus, Napo, Ecuador Pastaza); rainforest bloom; purple bracts Streptocalyx endemic with white tips geminiflorus, Streptocalyx squamiferus) 33 A. nidularioides Aechmea like a nest 1953 southern 100- hot, humid, epiphytic plant medium-sized; widely (inflorescence); Colombia; 1,200 m lowland & yellow-inflorescence; cultivated for like a Ecuador; low montane variable in form; ornamental northern Perú Amazonian morphology is affected beauty; poison forests by light conditions; dart frogs can bracts turn yellow occupy tank7 during fruiting A. nivea Aechmea snowy, for 1942 southeastern 200- epiphytic, epiphytic plant medium-large white trichomes Colombia 400 m terrestrial on inflorescence A. nudicaulis Pothuava naked scape 1753 West Indies; 0-1,200 m arid zones epiphytic, plant medium-sized; robust species; (nude rachis) Mexico (central near the sea; terrestrial forms large clumps; pollinated by a to southern); moist forests, form changes with perching bird12; Panama; rocks & altitude & location; forms Ecuador; Perú; cliffs; semi- form with pink bracts associations Venezuela deciduous in Ecuador with ants; one (Territorio forests; of the first Federal widely Aechmeas Amazonas, distributed in described Aragua, sandy coastal Bolivar, regions, (only Carabobo, Aechmea in Miranda); mangroves); northwest-tern sun (extreme Brazil heliophile); in Costa Rica, Atlantic coastal forest A. nudicaulis. v. Pothuava variety has 1963 eastern Brazil; 0-1,800 m various forest epiphytic plant medium-sized; aequalis equally spaced endemic types, long, loose scape bracts occasionally inflorescence, scape terrestrial bracts of equal length A. nudicaulis v. Pothuava variety has gold 1881 Ecuador; east- 0-1,000 m various forest epiphytic, plant medium-sized aureorosea sepals & red central Brazil types, terrestrial, petals occasionally saxicolous terrestrial A. nudicaulis v. Pothuava variety has 1965 various forest epiphytic, plant medium-sized capitata dense types, terrestrial, inflorescence occasionally terrestrial

34 A. nudicaulis v. Pothuava variety has 1879 Ecuador; 0-1,200 m various forest epiphytic, plant medium-sized; cuspidata tipped with Venezuela types, terrestrial sepals & petals yellow sharp, rigid (Falcon, occasionally points Territorio terrestrial Federal Amazonas, Amacuro); Brazil A. nudicaulis v. Pothuava forma named 1983 Brazil (Santa plant medium-sized; variegated cuspidata forma for location of Catarina) yellow & green striped clone tabuleirensis discovery— leaves; may be the Parque Estadual same plant as A. da Serra nudicaulis v. Tabuleiro (table flavomarginata mountain park) A. nudicaulis v. Pothuava variety has 1975 Brazil (Santa plant medium-sized; variegated flavomarginata yellow- Catarina) leaves with broad, clone margined leaves yellow margins; may be the same plant as A. nudicaulis v. cuspidata forma tabuleirensis A. nudicaulis v. Pothuava variety has 1972 various forest epiphytic plant medium-sized; plurifolia many leaves types many leaves in a dense rosette A. nudicaulis v. Pothuava variety 1977 Brazil (Espírito various forest epiphytic plant medium-sized; simulans resembles other Santo) types pointed, spreading Aechmeas in leaves shape (e.g. A. purpureorosea)

35 A. organensis Ortgiesia for location of 1880 eastern Brazil 0-1,200 m rainforest & epiphytic plant medium-sized; easy to grow; discovery--the (Rio de Janeiro restinga like A. caudata v. good ground Organ to Paraná, Santa epperi (which has pale cover mountains Catarina (?), blue flowers), but Rio Grande do reddish-violet flowers; Sul (?)) orange bracts or berries A. orlandiana Aechmea 1941 1941 Brazil rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized; not seen in (Itapemirim, constantly produces habitat since Espírito Santo); pups, young plants 1940s; bird- known from constantly reproduce; facilitated type collection seeds embedded in dispersal (via only sticky, sweet slime eating seeds); many cultivars of this species exist, most or all may be hybrids between A. orlandiana and A. fosteriana A. orlandiana ssp. Aechmea subspecies 1986 Brazil (Espírito rainforest saxicolous plant medium-sized; may be the only belloi named for R. Santo) leaves totally green, pure A. Bello, collector inflorescence branches orlandiana in & discoverer of more sparsely arranged cultivation plant than in A. o. orlandiana; orange bracts26 A. ornata Pothuava showy, ornate 1879 Brazil (Rio de 0-1,000 m from coastal epiphytic, plant medium-sized to includes A. Janeiro to Saõ environments terrestrial large; vertical roberto-anselmi Paulo) to rainforest inflorescence, gets to high- gigantic, heavy, & bent altitude in shade; leaves grasslands, in concolor; petals pale sun or shade red or rose A. ornata v. Pothuava for F.C. 1955 Brazil (Saõ 0-1,800 m from coastal epiphytic, plant medium-sized; hoehneana Hoehne, Paulo to Santa environments terrestrial leaves concolor, petals botanist & Catarina) to rainforest blue discoverer of to high- the plant altitude grasslands, in sun or shade

36 A. ornata v. Pothuava variety named 1952 Brazil (Santa from coastal saxicolous plant medium-sized; nationalis for the national Catarina) environments striped cream-green colors of Brazil- to rainforest leaves -green & white to high- altitude grasslands, in sun or shade A. pabstii Macrochordion for G. Pabst, 1980 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & terrestrial plant small to medium- rare in botanist restinga sized cultivation10; frequently misidentified as A. bromeliifolia A. pallida Aechmea pale 1964 Guyana (upper 824 m rainforest plant medium-large known from inflorescence Mazaruni River type collection basin) only A. paniculata Aechmea inflorescence is 1802 Perú (Huanuco) rainforest epiphytic plant medium-large type species for a panicle (a never the entire genus loosely recollected from but never found arranged, this location again since the branched known from 18th century; inflorescence type specimen location of the that blooms only inflorescence from bottom (stemming from top) off to the side) makes this plant even questionable as an Aechmea A. paniculigera Aechmea bearing a 1788 Jamaica; 0-1,700 m full sun on epiphytic, plant medium-sized to the type panicle (a Colombia; rocks; in terrestrial, large; hearty; flowers specimen of loosely Venezuela Venezuela, on saxicolous after several years this plant, arranged, mountains in housed in the branched treetops Museum of inflorescence Natural History that blooms in Vienna, was from bottom lost during the top) final days of World War II23; one of the first Aechmeas described

37 A. paradoxa Aechmea questionable 1989 Brazil (Rio de shady, moist terrestrial plant medium-sized originally generic Janeiro) habitats described as a placement--is Wittrockia; this really an recorded from Aechmea? only two collections15 A. patriciae Aechmea for discoverer of 1999 Ecuador; 300- hot, wet, epiphytic plant large; related to A found in nature the species, endemic 400 m lowland williamsii; very with A. Patricia Bullis Amazonian beautiful, slightly chantinii & A. rainforest pendant to long longifolia15 pendant inflorescence A. pectinata Pothuava shaped like a 1879 Brazil (Rio de 0-1,000 m forest floor to epiphytic plant medium-sized; comb—with Janeiro, Santa treetops; sand terrestrial, leaf tips flush red in narrow, parallel Catarina) banks; shores saxicolous blooming season; has divisions or structures adapted for parts both terrestrial & epiphytic existence; produces many pups A. pedicellata Lamprococcus flowers with 1986 Brazil (near 0-900 m coastal epiphytic plant small pedicels (stems) Domingos vegetation Martins in Espírito Santo) A. penduliflora Aechmea pendant 1888 Costa Rica; 100- lowland epiphytic, plant medium-sized; pollinated by flowers; Nicaragua; 900 m Amazonian terrestrial bronze-colored leaves small bees; a (hanging Colombia; rainforest with red tips during commonly inflorescence) Ecuador; Perú; flowering; white cultivated plant, Venezuela berries, later turning A. servitensis (Bolivar); blue if pollinated; in var. exigua, Guyana; Ecuador, inflorescence probably is Amazonian does not hang down actually A. Brazil; broad penduliflora32; continental cold sensitive distribution

38 A. perforata Chavaliera flowers seem to 1941 Brazil (Espírito caatinga, dry terrestrial plant medium-large to perforate cone Santo) forest very large; sharp, of inflorescence recurved spines; bloom is notably unique—a white ball that elongates as blue flowers emerge in concentric rows when blooming progresses up the ball from the base to the top37; flowering is rare A. phanerophlebia Aechmea conspicuously 1889 Brazil (Rio de 100- rock outcrops, epiphytic plant medium-sized to veined Janeiro, Saõ 1,800 m on large (rarely), medium-large Paulo, Minas rocks; high in terrestrial, Gerais, Espírito trees saxicolous Santo) A. pimenti-velosoi Ortgiesia for H. Pimenta 1952 Brazil (Rio do 350 m rainforest epiphytic, plant small; white Veloso, Sul in Santa terrestrial ovaries ecologist, Catarina) mosquito expert A. pimenti-velosoi Ortgiesia variety name 1953 Brazil (Santa 0-500 m rainforest epiphytic, plant small; red ovaries v. glabra means smooth, Catarina) terrestrial scaleless A. pineliana Pothuava for discoverer of 1854 Brazil (Minas inhabits wide epiphytic, plant medium-large; (syn.: A. triticina the species, Gerais, Rio de variety of terrestrial cone-shaped v. capensis) Charles Janeiro) habitats, inflorescence Pinel including rainforest A. pineliana v. Pothuava variety name 1961 Brazil (Espírito 765- rainforest & epiphytic, plant small; flowers & needs lots of minuta means red, Santo) 1,500 m restinga terrestrial reproduces readily light vermilion A. pittieri Aechmea for H. Pittier, 1896 Costa Rica; 0-400 m lowland, epiphytic plant large; scarlet naturalist Panama Pacific side scape bracts A. podantha Lamprococcus stalked flower 1955 Brazil (Santa rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized; Teresa in climbing Espírito Santo); may be known from type collection only

39 A. poitaei Aechmea for discoverer of 1889 Colombia; Perú; 100- jungle; epiphytic plant large; similar to collected & (syn.: Streptocalyx the species, P. French Guiana; 250 m primary A. hoppii; looks like an used poitaei, A. A. Poiteau Brazil Amazonian elongated A. ornamentally nidularioides) forest nidularioides by local people inflorescence; long, cone-shaped, red inflorescence; white to purple flowers A. politii Aechmea for discoverer of 1957 Ecuador; 100- torrid jungle epiphytic, plant large rarely seen in the species, M. Venezuela 650 m terrestrial collections Politi (Amazonia); Guyana

A. polyantha Aechmea has many 1974 French Guiana; wet forest epiphytic, plant large flowers Brazil (igapó) saxicolous (Amazonas) A. prancei Aechmea for G. Prance, 1972 Brazil (Acre); forest epiphytic plant large collector, may be known botanist, & from type discoverer of collection only the species A. prava Aechmea meaning of 1972 Brazil (Rio de rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized this taxon name not clear, Janeiro); known appears to have perhaps from type been described referring to collection only three times in cleistogamous three different (non-opening) genera flowers A. Pothuava resembles A. 1987 Brazil (Espírito rainforest epiphytic, plant large; similar to pseudonudicaulis nudicaulis Santo) terrestrial A. alegrensis & A. comata; short-lived inflorescence

40 A. pubescens Aechmea hairy scales on 1879 Honduras 0-900 m in Costa Rica, epiphytic, plant medium-large to cold sensitive (syn: A. standleyi) plant; downy, southward in Atlantic terrestrial large covered with Central coastal forest short hairs America & northern South America; Costa Rica; Colombia; Venezuela A. purpureorosea Aechmea purple flowers, 1834 eastern Brazil rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-sized to bug pollinated pink bracts & (Minas Gerais, terrestrial medium-large inflorescence Rio de Janeiro) scape A. pyramidalis Aechmea pyramidal 1844 Mexico to 70- savannas & epiphytic, plant medium sized to frequently inflorescence Colombia; 600 m deciduous terrestrial large; vase-like inhabited by Ecuador; Perú forests; dry appearance; ants woods, inflorescence droops coastal downward; somewhat region. like A. bracteata, but smaller A. racinae Lamprococcus for Racine 1941 Brazil (Espírito 300- semi-shaded; epiphytic plant small to medium- “the Christmas Foster, Santo) 400 m rainforest sized Jewel”; good collector, ground cover adventurer A. racinae v. Lamprococcus variety has erect 1950 semi-shaded; epiphytic plant small to medium- erecta inflorescence rainforest sized stem A. racinae v. Lamprococcus variety is 1972 Brazil (Espírito semi-shaded; epiphytic plant medium-sized; tubiformis tubular Santo) rainforest forms an oblong, conical tank A. ramosa Aechmea branched 1830 east-central 200- widely epiphytic, plant medium-large to inflorescence Brazil (Minas 900 m distributed in terrestrial large; prolonged Gerais, Espírito various forest flowering; green & red Santo, Rio de types and sepals, yellow ovaries Janeiro) occasionally (berries); size and on big rocks shape of inflorescence varies widely among cultivars A. ramosa v. Aechmea variety name 1955 eastern Brazil rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-sized to festiva means festive, (Espírito Santo) terrestrial medium-large; red ornate sepals, white ovaries; smaller than regular form 41 A. ramusculosa Aechmea refers to 1995 Brazil rainforest & terrestrial plant large branching restinga pattern; many branches (in inflorescence) A. reclinata Platyaechmea reclining 1999 Martinique 20 m mangrove epiphytic plant medium-sized inflorescence swamps A. recurvata Ortgiesia recurved leaves, 1856 southernmost 0-700 m wide variety epiphytic, plant small to medium- curved spines, Brazil; of habitats, saxicolous sized; has many coastal bent downward Paraguay; including plain ecotypes; Uruguay; Atlantic inflorescence northeastern coastal forest, protrudes, unlike Argentina rainforest, & subspecies xeric environments; sun; invader A. recurvata v. Ortgiesia variety named 1919 Brazil (Santa 0-500 m near beach; saxicolous smallest of the benrathii for Benrath, Catarina) bright light, subspecies; spines on discoverer of regularly leaf margins plant watered A. recurvata v. Ortgiesia for Eduard 1879 southern Brazil 0-2,000 m wide variety epiphytic, small; open, small ortgiesii Ortgies of of habitats, saxicolous inflorescence; smooth Zurich, leaf margins collaborator of the botanist Regel A. retusa Platyaechmea sepals of the 1964 Ecuador; Perú common in epiphytic plant medium-sized; natural hybrid type specimen (Amazonas) pastures highly variable in form of this species were retuse around Puyo & colors of & A. tessmannii (without a (Pastaza, inflorescence (ranging has red foliage notched margin Ecuador); red to yellow) & yellow at the apex) lower inflorescence montane Amazonian rainforest A. roberto-seidelii Pothuava for A. Seidel, 1972 Brazil (Rio de forest epiphytic, plant medium-sized well-known Janeiro) terrestrial nursery-man & collector from Brazil

42 A. rodriguesiana Aechmea for discoverer of 1966 Brazil (Manaus Amazonian epiphytic plant medium-sized; very cold (syn: A. meeana) the species, W. in Amazonas) rainforest black spines; sensitive; Rodrigues difficult to cultivate & flower A. roeseliae Aechmea for C. Roesel, 1998 Ecuador; 1,200 m mid-level epiphytic plant small to medium- very cold researcher at endemic canopy, low sized; related to A. sensitive Selby, now at montane contracta; looks like A. Smithsonian primary abbreviata but has Institution Amazonian violet leaf undersides rainforests; not in disturbed forests A. romeroi Platyaechmea for discoverer of 1955 Colombia (Rio lowland epiphytic plant medium-sized; pollinated by the species, R. Caquetá); Amazonian pretty; looks like A. hummingbirds Romero- Ecuador rainforest, on retusa family; two Castañeda river banks types of inflorescence-- reddish-orange bracts & yellow-orange spikes or red bracts & green-yellow spikes; like A. zebrina but no bands on leaves A. rubens Aechmea red color (rube) 1962 from the restinga, epiphytic, plant large; frequently described from inflorescence Montreal rainforest terrestrial confused with A. a plant in Botanical aquilega, A. cultivation in Garden, emmerichiae, & A. Canada presumably mulfordii29; from M. inflorescence lasts 6 Foster’s months, changes color collection over time; yellow to (Brazil) red; floral branches longer than primary bracts & as long as, or longer than, sepals A. rubiginosa Chavaliera rust-colored 1896 Colombia; 0-400 m Amazonian terrestrial plant large; spines on inflorescence, Venezuela jungle; forms leaves curved due to rust- (Amazonas); dense backward colored northern Brazil colonies trichomes

43 A. rubrolilacina Aechmea red & purple 1993 Brazil (in Alto rainforest & epiphytic, plant medium-large or a taxonomically inflorescence Jucú, near restinga terrestrial large; looks like a problematic Domingos ; related to A. plant, resembles Martins in macrochlamys & has Espírito Santo) characteristics in common with Portea species, as well as Aechmea species A. saxicola Chavaliera plant is rock- 1950 Brazil (Espírito dry forest saxicolous plant large includes A. loving Santo) hostilis (saxicolous) A. seideliana Ortgiesia for A. Seidel, 1986 Brazil (near plant medium-sized; collector, & Domingos related to A. pimenti- grower, Brazil Martins in velosoi & A. recurvata Espírito Santo) A. seidelii Aechmea for A. Seidel, 1987 Brazil (said to plant medium-sized; may be a (syn.: Streptocalyx collector, & be from Bahia) plant may be a hybrid nursery hybrid seidelii) grower, Brazil A. serrata Platyaechmea sharp teeth 1753 Martinique; 0-500 m trees & epiphytic plant medium-large to one of the first pointed forward, Guadelupe; bushes large Aechmeas like a saw; other Lesser described serrated primary Antilles islands bracts A. servitensis Aechmea for area of 1888 Colombia; 230- Andean epiphytic, plant medium-large to collection Ecuador 1,000 m piedmont; saxicolous large; strongly serrate llanos; peduncle bract margins riverbanks & (wide, pink) primary bracts, green leaf undersides A. servitensis v. Aechmea variety means 1953 Colombia 1,350 m low montane epiphytic plant medium-sized; a plant that is exigua small narrow (Nariño) Amazonian differs from v. commonly peduncle & rainforest servitensis in scape, cultivated & primary bracts slightly serrate sold as this peduncle bracts & species/variety (narrow, red) primary is probably bracts, cylindrical actually A. inflorescence, red leaf penduliflora32; undersides cold sensitive

44 A. setigera Aechmea bristle or stiff 1830 Panama; 70- widely epiphytic, plant medium-sized to ants & spiders hair (on Colombia; 550 m distributed; terrestrial large; xerophytic nest in tube; inflorescence Venezuela riverine, morphology; showy sun-tolerant floral bracts) (Bolivar, lowland dark spines & armed Territorio Amazonian inflorescence; similar Federal forest; humid, to A. kuntziana & A. Amazonas); warm longicuspis; vase-like, Guyana; Brazil; environments; spiny floral bracts that widespread in lives along enclose sepals Amazonia rivers A. smithiorum Platyaechmea for discoverers 1896 windward & 50- forest epiphytic plant large; usually of the species, leeward 1,200 m misidentified as the G.W. Smith & Caribbean isles closely related A. H.H. Smith (Lesser serrata 1; bright green Antilles; e.g., or occasionally gray- Guadelupe, green leaves; pink Granada, St. (bright to light) bracts, Vincent, blue or blue-violet Grenada) flowers A. smithiorum v. Platyaechmea long, stipitate 1985 St. Vincent 100- rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-large; longistipitata branches 250 m terrestrial differs from A. s. (branches with smithiorum in that long bases) in scape bracts are inflorescence recurved rather than erect & the inflorescence is less dense, spreading20 A. spectabilis Aechmea spectacular, 1875 Colombia (Rio 500- rainforest epiphytic plant large heat sensitive; showy Magdalena 1,600 m hard to grow at shoreline); sea level Venezuela (Lara) A. sphaerocephala Chavaliera round-headed 1879 Brazil (Espírito sea level open spaces; terrestrial plant large; flowers Santo, Rio de full sun never open, self Janeiro) pollinated, no nectar in flowers; slow-growing inflorescence (>1 yr), rarely blooms in cultivation, bloom lasts 2 years31; enormous plant

45 A. squarrosa Pothuava rough, scaley 1889 Brazil (Rio de rainforest epiphytic plant medium-large to Janeiro) large A. stelligera Aechmea star-like scales 1955 Brazil (Paraiba) rainforest epiphytic plant large on inflorescence A. stenosepala Aechmea short sepals 1955 southeastern 400- rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized Colombia 600 m A. Aechmea like a 1985 Ecuador (Rio 200 m low rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized; all streptocalycoides Streptocalyx; Branco, Napo); leaves turn red at twisted calyx Perú blooming time; rose- colored inflorescence A. strobilacea Chavaliera strobiliform 1959 Ecuador (Napo) 900 m low rainforest terrestrial plant large; upturned leaf fiber used inflorescence & low spines on leaves for weaving montane “shigra” bags forest; widely by natives spread in Amazonia A. strobilina Aechmea inflorescence 1854 Panama (Colón) Atlantic epiphytic plant medium-sized like a pine cone watershed, but, in this case, San Blas branched mountains, eastern Panama; in open areas & in forest21 A. subpetiolata Pothuava almost with a 1939 Colombia rainforest plant medium-sized petiole (refers to (Cauca) leaves) A. tayoensis Chavaliera for location of 1981 border of 700- open spaces terrestrial plant large to very not common in discovery Ecuador & Perú 800 m & warm large; related to A. cultivation for (Los Tayos to piedmont rubiginosa & A. many years; Cordillera del forest; strobilacea; pink one plant sold Condor); rainforest bracts, yellow flowers; at a BSI World endemic leaves have stems Conference for (unusual for a $1,200; all bromeliad) plants have been destroyed from one of the original natural locations— Lago Agrio, Ecuador.2

46 A. tessmannii Platyaechmea for discoverer of 1927 Amazonian 100- lowland epiphytic plant large; differs high the species, G. drainage; 1,350 m Amazonian from A. chantinii in ornamental Tessmann Colombia; rainforest shape of floral bracts; value Ecuador; Perú variable in size & shape; like A. manzanaresiana A. tillandsioides Platyaechmea looks like a 1830 Mexico to 280- widely epiphytic plant medium-sized; Tillandsia Colombia; 1,000 m distributed in when pollinated, red Venezuela; Amazonia berries turn to white to Guyana; dark blue Amazonian Brazil A. tocantina Aechmea for river of 1889 Venezuela, 100- Amazon epiphytic, plant large sun tolerant discovery--Rio French Guiana; 800 m jungle terrestrial, Tocantins, Surinam; saxicolous Brazil Brazil; Bolivia A. tomentosa Aechmea inflorescence 1896 Brazil (Algoas, rainforest epiphytic plant large covered by short Pernam-buco) hairs A. tonduzii Pothuava for discoverer of 1903 Costa Rica; 1,500- rainforest epiphytic plant large; pink & the species, A. Panama; 1,600 m white inflorescence, Tonduz (Swiss) Ecuador black berries; tubular, with last 1/3 of leaves hanging down; roots need air A. triangularis Macrochordion three-angled 1955 Brazil (Santa rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-sized; difficult to (syn: A. Teresa in terrestrial curly leaf tips; in the flower kautskyana) Espírito Santo) A. bromeliifolia group; rarely flowers; produces numerous pups A. triticina Pothuava inflorescence 1892 Brazil (Espírito Atlantic epiphytic, plant medium-sized; probably has a wheat-like Santo, Rio de rainforest; on terrestrial cone-shaped pollinated by appearance Janeiro) the ground in inflorescence; green hummingbirds good light leaves; related to A. or various bocainensis; flowering insects11; plant occurs throughout the is rare in year but is cultivation concentrated in the Brazilian summer (January in the USA)

47 A. turbinocalyx Aechmea twisted sepals 1892 Brazil (Bahia) rainforest & terrestrial plant small to medium- restinga sized A. vanhoutteana Pothuava for Vanhoutte, a 1878 Brazil (Minas 800- rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-large to difficult to (syn.: A. nervata) nurseryman Gerais, Rio de 1,000 m terrestrial, large; similar to A. cultivate at sea Janeiro, Saõ saxicolous nervata35 level Paulo) A. vasquezii Aechmea for Roberto 2000 Peru rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized Vasquez of Peru, discoverer of the species A. veitchii Chavaliera for Mr. Veitch, 1877 Costa Rica; 0-1,800 m torrid jungle, epiphytic, plant medium-large to a famous Panama; sea level to terrestrial large English Colombia high gardener (Cordillera del rainforest; Condor); Perú low montane rainforest A. victoriana Lamprococcus for location of 1941 Brazil (Espírito wet, shady epiphyte plant small to medium- first collection-- Santo) Atlantic sized; leaves green on Victoria, Brazil rainforest; both sides lower to mid sections of trees A. victoriana v. Lamprococcus variety has 1955 Brazil (Espírito wet, shady epiphyte plant small to medium- discolor leaves with Santo) Atlantic sized; inflorescence green upper rainforest; initially erect but surfaces and lower to mid becomes pendulous bronze-red sections of with age, very nice lower surfaces trees through berrying stage A. viridostigma Aechmea green stigma 2003 Brazil (Bahia) 500- Atlantic epiphytic plant medium-sized; (female flower 600 m forest, lower similar to A. bicolor & part) tree trunks A. burle-marxii16 A. warasii Lamprococcus for discoverer of 1972 Brazil rainforest epiphytic plant medium-large; the species, (Domingos stoloniferous Waras Martins in Espírito Santo) A. warasii v. Lamprococcus variety has 1979 Brazil (Espírito rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized discolor leaves with Santo) green upper surfaces and bronze-red lower surfaces

48 A. warasii v. Lamprococcus variety name 1980 Brazil (Espírito rainforest epiphytic plant medium-sized intermedia means between Santo) two taxa in form (A. warasii & A. victoriana) A. weberbaueri Pothuava for discoverer of 1939 western Perú 1,200 m piedmont, in epiphytic plant medium-large the species, (Andes region, thickets Weberbauer Lambayeque, near Chiclayo City) A. weberi Aechmea for W. Weber, 1986 Brazil rainforest & terrestrial plant medium-sized botanist restinga A. weilbachii Lamprococcus for German 1854 Brazil (Rio de in trees along epiphytic plant medium-sized; collector, Janeiro, Espírito river banks has runners, red bracts, Weilbach Santo) & rose inflorescence; this form has lilac sepals & pale purple flower petals22; green leaves A. weilbachii v. Lamprococcus forma named 1887 Brazil (Rio de forest epiphytic plant medium-large; weilbachii forma for Leiden, a Janeiro) discolored, bronze to leodiensis city in Belgium purple lower leaf surfaces A. weilbachii v. Lamprococcus forma has 1975 Brazil (Rio de 0-1,000 m shaded & epiphytic plant medium-large; weilbachii forma pendulous Janeiro, Espírito semishaded long, pendulous, pendula inflorescence Santo) middle hanging inflorescence22 heights of tree trunks in rainforest A. weilbachii v. Lamprococcus forma has green 1987 Brazil (Rio de shaded & epiphytic plant medium-sized; weilbachii forma sepals Janeiro) semishaded green sepals & dark viridisepala middle purple petals22 heights of tree trunks in rainforest A. weilbachii v. Lamprococcus variety has 1994 shaded & epiphytic plant medium-sized; albipetala white petals semishaded purple sepals & white middle petals heights of tree trunks in rainforest

49 A. werdermannii Aechmea for discoverer of 1935 Brazil (Pernam- 1,000 m rocky slopes saxicolous plant medium-sized the species, buco) Werdermann A. williamsii Aechmea for discoverer of 1932 Amazonian 100 m tall trees, epiphytic plant medium-large; uncommon; (syn.: Streptocalyx the species, L. Ecuador; Perú lowland related to A. beeriana ornamental for williamsii) Williams (Loreto, near La Amazonian & A. patriciae; erect, its Victoria on the rainforest red inflorescence inflorescence Amazon River); only one population recorded A. winkleri Ortgiesia for discoverer of 1975 Brazil (Rio rainforest epiphytic, plant small to medium- the species, S. Grande do Sul, terrestrial sized Winkler between Santa Cruz & Monte Negro) A. wittmackiana Platyaechmea for Louis 1888 Brazil (Saõ rainforest epiphytic, plant medium-sized to Wittmack, a Paulo) terrestrial large; resembles A. bromeliad distichantha specialist

A. woronowii Aechmea for discoverer of 1930 Colombia; 100- lowland epiphytic plant large; flowers can very beautiful the species, G. Ecuador; Perú 450 m Amazonian, be green (northern in flower J. Woronow, a torrid jungle Amazonan Ecuador), Russian botanist or white (southern Ecuador), or yellow and white (Perú) A. wuelfinghoffii Pothuava for discoverer of 1998 southern 600- Amazon epiphytic plant medium-sized; the species, R. Ecuador; 800 m region, low pink or white Wülfinghoff endemic montane inflorescence rainforest A. zebrina Platyaechmea leaves like a 1953 Colombia; 600- lowland epiphytic plant medium-large; highly desired zebra, striped Ecuador 800 m Amazonian scarlet or vermilion ornamental, rainforest, in bracts; more showy collected for treetops than A. chantinii, sale; pollinated different because bracts by cover sepals & ovary; hummingbirds can be large; grows upward with the trees, via runners 30-40 cm long

50

1L.B. Smith & W.J. Kress raised all Aechmeas in each subgenus to genus status in the following publications: Smith, L.B., & W.J. Kress. 1989. New or restored genera of Bromeliaceae. Phytologia 66: 70-79. Smith, L.B., & W.J. Kress. 1990. New genera of Bromeliaceae. Phytologia 69: 271-274. However, we adhere to the commonly used genus Aechmea & maintain the subgenera.

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References:

Baensch, U., & U. Baensch. 1994. Blooming Bromeliads. Hagen – Book Division, Mansfield, Massachusetts, USA. 270 pp. Benzing, D.H. 2000. Bromeliaceae: Profile of an Adaptive Radiation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 690 pp. Kramer, J. 1981. Bromeliads. Harper & Row, New York City, New York, USA. 179 pp. Leme, E.M.C., & L.C. Marigo. 1993. Bromeliads in the Brazilian Wilderness. Marigo Communica?ão Visual, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 183 pp. Luther, H.E., & E. Sieff. 1994. De rebus bromeliacearum I. Selbyana 15: 9-93. Manzanares, J.M. 2002. Jewels of the Jungle. Bromeliaceae of Ecuador. Part I: Bromelioideae. Imprenta Meriscal, Quito, Ecuador. 240 pp. Morales, J.F. 2000. de Costa Rica. Second Edition. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica. 184 pp. Oliva-Esteve, F. 2000. Bromeliads. Armitano Editores, Caracas, Venezuela. 464 pp. Oliva-Esteve, F. 2002. Bromeliaceae III. Oliva-Esteve Editions, Caracas, Venezuela. 274 pp. Oliva-Esteva, F. & J.A. Steyermark. 1987. Bromeliaceae of Venezuela. Gráficas Armitano, Caracas, Venezuela. 397 pp. Padilla, V. 1981. The Colorful Bromeliads: Their Infinite Variety. The Bromeliad Society, Inc. Kerr Printing Company, Arcadia, California, USA. 111 pp. Smith, L.B. and R.J. Downs. 1979. Flora Neotropica. Monograph 14, Part 3: Bromelioidae. New York Botanical Gardens, New York City, New York, USA.

Citations:

1 Luther, H.E. 1995. Misnamed bromeliads, No. 15: Aechmea smithiorum. JBS 45: 26. 2 Blackburn, C. 1996. Aechmea tayoensis. JBS 46: 265 3 Leme, E.M.C. 1996. Two new species from the coastal region of Bahia, Brazil. JBS 46: 19-23. 4 Lowman, M., P. Wittman, & D. Murray. 1996. Herbivory in a bromeliad of the3 Peruvian rainforest canopy. JBS 46: 52-55. 5 Luther, H.E. 1997. Introducing: Aechmea cathcartii. JBS 47: 264. 6 Gross E. 1997. Aechmea dealbata, worth cultivation but sometimes misunderstood. JBS 47: 125-126. 7 Murray, D., M. Lowman, & P. Wittman. 1997. Bromeliads along the ACEER canopy walkway in Amazonian Peru. JBS 47: 54-59. 8 Luther, H.E. 1997. Misnamed bromeliads, no. 17: Aechmea eggersii. JBS 47: 75. 9 Leme, E.M.C. 1997. Rediscovering Aechmea bicolor. JBS 47: 9-10. 10 Luther, H.E. 1998. Misnamed bromeliads no. 18: a trio. JBS 48: 244-246. 11 Silva, B.R., & E.M.C. Leme. 1999. Rediscovering Aechmea triticina Mez. JBS 49: 168-172. 12 Pierce, S., & R.A. Gottsberger. 2001. Observations of hummingbird visits to bromeliads in the Cerro Jefe cloud forest, Panama. JBS 51: 25-34. 13 Guess R., & V. Guess. 2001. Eizi Matuda’s contribution to the Bromeliaceae of Chiapas, Mexico. JBS 51: 161- 168. 14 Gouda, E.J. 2002. A new species of Aechmea from Suriname & northeastern French Guiana. JBS 52: 21-24. 15 Luther, H.E. 2002. Three bromeliads blooming at Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. JBS 52: 40. 16 Leme E.M.C., & H.E. Luther. 2003. Two new species of Aechmea from Bahia, Brazil. JBS 53: 3-9. 17 Leme E.M.C., & B.R. Silva. 2002. On the resurrection of Aechmea cariocae L.B. Sm. JBS 52: 262-268. 18 Guess R., & V. Guess. 2002. Aechmea matudae: a survivor in its natural habitat. JBS 52: 210-215. 19 Weber, W. 1984. A new Aechmea from Brazil: dedicated to Lyman B. Smith on his 80th birthday. JBS 34: 202- 204. 20 Gross, E. 1985. Aechmea smithiorum var. longistipitata, a new variety from the Lesser Antilles. JBS 35: 262- 264. 21 Read, R.W. 1985. Aechmea strobilina, rediscovered? JBS 35: 104-105. 22 Pereira, E. & E.M.C. Leme. 1987. Notes from Herbarium Bradeanum, IV. JBS 37: 123-124. 23 Till, W. 1987. Again, Aechmea alopecurus. JBS 37: 14-15. 24 Foster, R. 1988. Aechmea aripensis, nature’s pincushion. JBS 38: 166-167. 25 Leme, E.M.C. 1989. Brazilian reports, numbers 8, 9, & 10. JBS 39: 162-164. 26 Leme, E.M.C. 1989. Brazilian reports, numbers 5, 6, & 7. JBS 39: 66-68. 52 27 Luther, H.E. 1989. Misnamed bromeliads, no. 3. JBS 39: 72-73. 28 Leme, E.M.C. 1990. Notes on Aechmea flavo-rosea. JBS 40: 261-262. 29 Luther, H.L. 1990. Misnamed bromeliads, no. 6: some confused Aechmeas. JBS 40: 154-156. 30 Leme, E.M.C. 1990. Aechmea alopecurus, once more. JBS 40: 70-71. 31 Zizka, G. (translated by H.U. Baensch). 1991. Report on Aechmea sphaerocephala. JBS 41: 257-259. 32 Luther, H.E. 1991. Misnamed bromeliads, no. 8. JBS 41: 167-168. 33 Lineham, T.U. 1991. Bromeliad culture, no. 3: . JBS 41: 55-57. 34 Foster, M.B. 1993. The bromeliads of Brazil [continued from January-February 1993]. JBS 43: 64-65. 35 Leme, E.M.C. 1992. Aechmea vanhoutteana & its synonyms. JBS 42: 103-108. 36 Luther, H.E. 1992. Misnamed bromeliads, no. 10 & A. miniata. JBS 42: 8. 37 Butcher, D. 2004. Aechmea perforata L.B. Sm. JBS 54: 97-144. 38 Cladistic relationships of Aechmea (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae) and allied genera. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91: 303-319. 39 Gelli de Faria, A.P., T. Wendt, and G.K. Brown. 2004. Insights on the phylogenetic relationships of Aechmea and related genera in subfamily Bromelioideae. JBS 54: 147-152 40 Padilla, Vand S. Gardner. 1977. A Bromeliad Glossary. The Bromeliad Society International, Inc. Kerr Printing Co., Arcadia, Califiornia.

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