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A Checklist and Conservation Status of the Medicinal Plants of Mount Arayat National Park, Pampanga, Philippines

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A Checklist and Conservation Status of the Medicinal Plants of Mount Arayat National Park, Pampanga, Philippines BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 20, Number 4, April 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 1034-1041 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200414 A checklist and conservation status of the medicinal plants of Mount Arayat National Park, Pampanga, Philippines MARLON DL. SUBA1,4,♥, AXEL H. ARRIOLA1,2, GRECEBIO JONATHAN D. ALEJANDRO1,3 1The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1015, Philippines. ♥email: [email protected]. 2Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the East, 2219 C.M. Recto Ave, Manila, Philippines 3College of Science and Research Centre for the Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1015, Philippines 4Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Pampanga 2009, Philippines Manuscript received: 4 March 2019. Revision accepted: 18 March 2019. Abstract. Suba MDL, Arriola AH, Alejandro GJD. 2019. A checklist and conservation status of the medicinal plants of Mount Arayat National Park, Pampanga, Philippines. Biodiversitas 20: 1034-1041. A checklist of medicinal plants in a natural area is fundamental not only because it provides an updated reference but also it gives the current status of biodiversity. In this study, available medicinal plants in Mt. Arayat National Park (MANP) were documented. Available references on Philippine medicinal plants were used to assess the medicinal values of the MANP flora. To determine the conservation status of the MANP medicinal plants, the assessment of the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and a list from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Philippines were consulted. A total of 60 medicinal species in 27 families were recorded in MANP. Leguminosae had the highest number of medicinal plants and the genus Ficus had the most species. Based on the literature, most of the plants were used to treat infectious and parasitic diseases and diseases of the digestive system. In terms of the conservation status, six species were vulnerable and five of least concern according to the IUCN listing while one species was listed as vulnerable and the rest of the medicinal plants were marked as not evaluated in the DENR list. This checklist provides data of various medicinal plants to emphasize their uses and need of conservation. Keywords: Diversity, endemicity, herbal medicine, protected area, stratovolcano INTRODUCTION Park, MANP (DENR/UNEP 1997). This mountain is an isolated and dormant stratovolcano located in the Medicinal plants have been identified and used northeastern portion of the province of Pampanga, Luzon throughout human history. According to the World Health which covers an aggregate area of 3,715.28 hectares and Organization (WHO, 2011), many people across the world with the highest elevation of about 1030 meters (Dagamac have used herbal medicine to treat various health et al. 2014). Further, MANP is a protected area by the challenges in different national healthcare settings. Around virtue of Proclamation 203 on September 16, 1933. 80% of the population use conventional medicine in Africa, However, only a few studies about MANP’s biodiversity Asia and Latin America and many governments in these have been published. regions have integrated traditional medicine practices to The richness and the various native floras in mountain assist their primary health care services (Payyappallimana have been used as sources of building materials, food, 2010). Furthermore, it is estimated that approximately 25% ornamentals, and medicine. Such practices threaten of modern medicines are derived from herbal products and biodiversity, which is one of the most serious the annual global export value of pharmaceutical plants in environmental problems the world is facing today. 2011 accounted for over US$2.2 billion (WHO 2011). According to the U.S. Agency for International Long before the introduction of modern medicines and Development (USAID 2014), the estimated biodiversity western curative methods, herbal medicines were widely loss is about 1000 species each year due to uncontrollable used in the Philippines. There are about 1500 medicinal legal and illegal human activities. In Southeast Asia, the plants from more than 13,500 plant species known in the highest relative rate of deforestation with possibility of country (Tan and Sia 2014). This makes the Philippines to losing its original area by 2100 is about 78% and up to 42% be classified by WHO along with Hong Kong, Malaysia, of its biodiversity has been projected (Sodhi 2010). Thus, Mongolia, Singapore, Thailand, and Australia, as a country the Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities (PBCP) where traditional medicine has remained a vital component has identified MANP as one of the 43 priority areas in the of health care system despite of the availability of well- Philippines for plant conservation (DENR/UNEP 1997). established alternatives (Mukherjee 2002; Dela Cruz and Since plants have always been used as primary source for Ramos 2006). producing drugs in traditional and alternative systems of In 1997, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action medicine in various forms, it is, therefore, essential to Plan (NBSAP) identified several areas in the Philippines as assess and document important information of the floral centers of biodiversity including the Mt. Arayat National resources which can be used to strengthen policies for SUBA et al. – A checklist of medicinal plants of Mt. Arayat, Philippines 1035 conservation and protection of the remaining biodiversity is where the main summit occurs with highest elevation of (Kala et al. 2006). Hence, this study aims to provide a about 1030 meters via Barangay Ayala, Magalang route, checklist and the current conservation status of medicinal while the South Peak (15°17' 35" N/120° 76' 42" E) is plants of MANP, Pampanga, Philippines. about 984 meters via Barangay San Juan Banyo, Arayat route and the Pinnacle Peak (15° 10' 60" N/120° 43' 59" E) is about 786 masl, situated between the north and the south MATERIAL AND METHODS peaks. Since the Pinnacle Peak trails are quite dangerous due to its ridgeline, only the North and South Peaks were Research ethics allowed to be studied. The MANP has an annual Research ethics was observed by presenting a letter of temperature range of 22-31C which falls under the request and research proposal to the regional office of the Climatic Type I with an annual rainfall range of 284-1844 DENR at San Fernando City, Pampanga, Philippines to mm (Dagamac et al. 2012). It is characterized by two grant a gratuitous permit. Prior informed consent from the pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet leader of the community who lives in the area was also from May to October. obtained. The Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Officer (PENRO) of Pampanga provided trained Plant collections Forest Guides for assistance. Since the nature of the Since MANP exhibits two pronounced seasons, the research is participatory, the forest guides were floristic surveys were done in the North and South Peaks compensated and involved during the entire duration of (Figure 1) during wet season, September 2016 and dry fieldwork. season, April 2017. According to Rathcke and Lacey (2003), there are correlations between seasonal changes in Location of study sites the physical environment and the simultaneous germination MANP (15°12' 00" N/120°43' 59" E) is a solitary of many species within plant communities. Collected plants mountain in the central plain of Luzon with elevation were pressed, poisoned and mounted as herbarium ranges from 100-1030 masl. The topography of the park is vouchers. Herbarium specimens were labeled and kept at rolling to moderately steep in the lower parts and generally the University of Santo Tomas Herbarium (USTH), steep and rugged in the upper portion. A circular volcanic Philippines. All field data gathered were documented in the crater about 1.2 km in diameter covers the western part and field notebook and photographs of the different a portion of the northern rim has collapsed due to soil morphological features were used as an aid in the erosion (Dagamac et al. 2014). The mountain consists of succeeding process of identification. three peaks; the North peak (15° 12' 00" N/120° 44' 00" E) Figure 1. Map of the study sites in Mt. Arayat National Park. Areas surveyed are marked green for north and south peaks 1036 BIODIVERSITAS 20 (4): 1034-1041, April 2019 Identification of plants recorded; Ficus nota (Blanco.) Merr., Ficus ulmifolia Lam., Identification of the collected specimens was conducted and Ficus septica Burm.f., followed by Artocarpus J.R. at USTH using literature sources such as de Padua et al. Forst. & G.Forst. and Macaranga Thouars with two species (1999), Madulid (2001), van Valkenburg and each (Table 2). Bunyapraphatsara (2002), Keller (2004), Rummel (2005), Since taxonomic names change frequently, some older and Pancho and Gruezo (2006) and some open access names or synonyms of these plants were encountered. websites such as; Pelser et al. (2011-onwards), or type These synonyms are still valid as provided by the specimens from JSTOR (2000-onwards) and the Global International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and Biodiversity Information Facility (1999-onwards). To plants (ICN). The plants listed in Quisumbing (1951); validate the scientific names; The Plant List (2010- Epipremnum merrillii Engl. & K.Krause, Callicarpa cana onwards) and Tropicos
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