DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparative Approach to Social Learning from The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparative Approach to Social Learning from The A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO SOCIAL LEARNING FROM THE BOTTOM UP Eóin P. O’ Sullivan Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Division University of Stirling September 2015 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to examine the cognitive processes of social learning from the bottom up. In the field of comparative psychology, an overemphasis on understanding complex cognitive processes in nonhuman animals (e.g. empathy, imitation), may be detrimental to the study of simpler mechanisms. In this thesis, I report five studies of simple cognitive processes related to social learning. A series of experiments with human children and capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.), examined action imitation and identified a possible role for associative learning in the development of this ability. An analysis of observational data from captive capuchins explored a number of lesser-studied social learning phenomena, including behavioural synchrony, the neighbour effect, and group-size effects. The results of this study emphasise the importance of exploring behaviour at a number of levels to appreciate the dynamic nature of social influence. Two final experiments examined social contagion in capuchin monkeys, and highlight the importance of describing the relationship between behaviour and emotion to properly understand more complex social cognition. Together, these studies demonstrate how approaching human and nonhuman behaviour from the bottom up, as well as from the top down, can contribute to a better comparative science of social learning. ii Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without being granted the opportunity to study the capuchins at Living Links and my thanks are extended to Prof Andrew Whiten, the Director, and Dr Amanda Seed, the Deputy Director. Many thanks to Dr Nicolas Claidiére and Dr Emily Messer for welcoming me into their research group, and for their constant mentoring and rewarding friendships since. I am grateful for stimulating discussions about animal minds, and for the friends who facilitated them, including Mark Bowler, Maribel Recharte, Savita Bernal, Luz-Maria Guevera, Alaina Macri, Andrea Ravignani, Ruth Sonnweber, and Lara Wood. Thanks to the wonderful keepers at Living Links, especially Jennifer Appleyard, Debbie Bryson, Amanda Dennis, Alison Dowling, Jamie Norris, Sophie Pearson, and Roslin Talbot. This work would not have been possible without the exceptional care you provide for the primates at Edinburgh Zoo. I am very thankful to Martina Stocker who assisted with the design, data collection and analysis stages of the projects reported in Chapters 5 and 6. I am also thankful for the advice of Simone Bijvoet-van den Berg when designing iii and piloting the study reported in Chapter 3. At Stirling, thanks to the members of the Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, especially Prof Hannah Buchanan-Smith, Prof Phyllis Lee, Prof Jim Anderson and Dr Sarah-Jane Vick, for your constant encouragement, and your passion for animal behaviour and cognition. I consider myself lucky to be a member of such a wonderful group. Also, a massive thank you to Aileen Schmidt and Sarah Thorburn for their help when working with the playgroup. I am especially grateful to my supervisor, Prof Christine Caldwell, for years of encouragement, guidance, and enthusiasm for this work. Thank you for inspiring me to ask interesting questions, and to think carefully about the answers. I would like to thank my friends, Claire McCarthy, Shane Walsh, Phil Stack, Melissa Knox, Callum Knox, Malavika Narayana, Michelle Klailova, and Adam Milligan for their years of friendship, encouragement, and advice. Thanks to Olivia Kirtley and Caroline Allen – “PhD-ers in crime”. It’s been a bumpy ride- but it’s been easier with friends. iv I thank my partner, Cara Mannix, for her patience when I ramble, her ear when I rant, and her friendship, always. And finally, I thank my family. I cannot describe the gratitude I feel towards my parents and to my brothers and sister who continue to do so much for me. Thank you all. Sin é. v Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iii Contents ........................................................................................................................ vi Chapter 1: General Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Differentiating the mechanisms of social learning ................................................ 2 Learning from behaviour .......................................................................................... 5 Imitation .............................................................................................................................. 5 Social contagion ................................................................................................................ 13 Learning from products .......................................................................................... 19 Enhancement effects: The stimulus and the location .................................................. 20 Emulation .......................................................................................................................... 25 Learning from presence ........................................................................................... 28 Social facilitation .............................................................................................................. 29 Group-size effects ............................................................................................................. 31 Social learning from the bottom up ....................................................................... 32 An associative account of social learning ............................................................. 36 Thesis goals ............................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 2: Automatic imitation in capuchin monkeys ........................................ 43 Experiment 1: Methods ........................................................................................... 56 Animals and research site ............................................................................................... 56 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 57 Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 59 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................... 63 Software ............................................................................................................................. 64 Experiment 1: Results .............................................................................................. 64 Experiment 2: Methods: .......................................................................................... 68 Subjects .............................................................................................................................. 68 Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 68 vi Data analyses .................................................................................................................... 70 Experiment 2: Results .............................................................................................. 71 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 75 Chapter 3: Automatic imitation in children ........................................................... 82 Methods ................................................................................................................... 100 Participants ...................................................................................................................... 100 Materials .......................................................................................................................... 101 Design .............................................................................................................................. 101 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 103 Video Coding .................................................................................................................. 105 Data analyses .................................................................................................................. 106 Statistical Software ......................................................................................................... 108 Results ...................................................................................................................... 108 Stimuli Effects ................................................................................................................. 111 Order Effects ................................................................................................................... 113 Age effects ......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proceedings of the 2010 European Veterinary Behaviour Meeting
    proceedings of the 2010 European Veterinary Behaviour Meeting Hamburg, Germany 24–26 September 2010 proceedings of the 2010 European Veterinary Behaviour Meeting Hamburg, Germany 24–26 September 2010 incorporating 16th Annual Congress of the European Society of Veterinary Clinical Ethology (ESVCE) 7th Annual Congress of the European College of Veterinary Behavioural Medicine – Companion Animals (ECVBM-CA) Annual Conference of the German Society of Veterinary Behavioural Medicine and Therapy (GTVMT) This collection of papers was first presented at the 2010 European Veterinary Behaviour Meeting comprising the 16th Annual Congress of The European Society of Veterinary Clinical Ethology (ESVCE), the 7th Annual Congress of The European College of Veterinary Behavioural Medicine – Companion Animals (ECVBM-CA) and the Annual Conference of the German Society of Veterinary Behavioural Medicine and Therapy (GTVMT). The meeting took place in Hamburg, Germany from 24–26 September 2010 and was hosted by the GTVMT in conjunction with ESVCE and ECVBM-CA. The organisers would like to express their gratitude to all of the sponsors who helped to make the event possible. Published in the United Kingdom by: ESVCE Oostveldkouter 222 B-9920 Lovendegem Belgium © 2010 ESVCE All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. The content of individual papers and posters represent the work and ideas of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the organising committee or contributing organisations. First published 2010 isbn 978-0-9545923-5-6 Sponsors Premium sponsor CEVA Santé Animale Main sponsors Intervet Schering-Plough Animal Health Nestlé PURINA ROYAL CANIN Tiernahrung GmbH and Co.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Some Aspects of Avian Field Ethology 1
    A REVIEW OF SOME ASPECTS OF AVIAN FIELD ETHOLOGY 1 ROBERT W. FICKEN AND MILLICENT S. FICKEN T•E last 30 yearshave seen the developmentof a new approachto the study of behavior, which has increasinglyinterested ornithologists as they have attemptedto understandavian biologyfully. This new ap- proachis now known as ethology. Both amateur and professionalorni- thologistshave contributedto its progressfrom the beginning. A basictenet of ethologyis that all behaviorof animalscan eventually be understood.The ethologistattempts to explainbehavior functionally (what doesit do for the animal?), causally(what are the internal and externalfactors responsible for each given behavior?),and evolutionarily (what is the probablephylogeny of the behavior,how doesit contribute to th'esurvival of the species,and what are the selectivepressures acting uponit?) (seeTinbergen, 1951, 1959; Hinde, 1959b). Somebasic proceduresare essentialin an ethologicalstudy (Hinde, 1959b: 564). The first step is to describeand classifyall the behavior of an animal, at the same time, if possible,dividing the behavior into logicalunits which can be dealt with furtherin other disciplines--particu- larly physiologyand ecology(see Russellet al., 1954). Althoughstudies often beginqualitatively, they eventuallyshould be quantified. Generali- zations,which are to be valid for many species,must be basedon work using closelyrelated speciesfirst, and more distantly related ones later. The animal is studied as an integrated whole. Some workers, notably Konrad Lorenz, keep and breed animalsin captivity under closescrutiny. Most of this paper dealswith communicationof birds. We have stressed particularly the analysisof displays,their evolution,and their relation to taxonomy--topicsof great interest to systematicornithologists as well as to ethologists.In addition, we discusscertain maintenanceactivities. LITERATURE OF ET•OLOC¾ Much of the early ethologicalliterature appearedin Europeanpublications, but it is now also appearingin this country frequently.
    [Show full text]
  • NELLY MÄEKIVI the Zoological Garden As a Hybrid Environment – a (Zoo)Semiotic Analysis
    NELLY MÄEKIVINELLY DISSERTATIONES SEMIOTICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 29 The Zoological Garden as a Hybrid Environment – A (Zoo)semiotic Analysis Environment Garden as a Hybrid – A (Zoo)semiotic Zoological The NELLY MÄEKIVI The Zoological Garden as a Hybrid Environment – A (Zoo)semiotic Analysis Tartu 2018 1 ISSN 1406-6033 ISBN 978-9949-77-893-5 DISSERTATIONES SEMIOTICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 29 DISSERTATIONES SEMIOTICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 29 NELLY MÄEKIVI The Zoological Garden as a Hybrid Environment – A (Zoo)semiotic Analysis Department of Semiotics, Institute of Philosophy and Semiotics, University of Tartu, Estonia The council of the Institute of Philosophy and Semiotics of the University of Tartu has on October 8, 2018 accepted this dissertation for defence for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Semiotics and Culture Studies). Supervisor: Timo Maran, Senior Research Fellow, Head of Department of Semiotics, University of Tartu Opponents: Paul Cobley, Professor of Middlesex University, Great Britain Dario Martinelli, Professor of Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania The thesis will be defended at the University of Tartu, Estonia, on December 3rd, 2018, at 12:15 in University of Tartu Council Hall, Ülikooli 18 This research was supported by the Centre of Excellence in Cultural Theory (European Regional Development Fund); the Graduate School of Culture Studies and Arts (European Social Fund); European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme DoRa (carried out by Foundation Archimedes); Estonian Research Council’s institutional research project IUT2-44; Estonian Science Foundation Research grant ETF7790 “Dynamical Zoo- semiotics and Animal Representations”; Estonian Science Foundation Research grant ETF8403 “Animals in changing environments: Cultural mediation and semiotic analysis” (EEA Norway Grants EMP 151); Personal Research Funding project PUT1363 “Semiotics of multispecies environments: agencies, meaning making and communication conflicts”.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Predictability on the Welfare of Captive Animals§ Lois Bassett, Hannah M
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102 (2007) 223–245 www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals§ Lois Bassett, Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith * Scottish Primate Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom Available online 30 June 2006 Abstract Variations in the predictability of a stressor have pronounced effects on the behavioural and physio- logical effects of stress in rats. It is reasonable to expect that variations in the predictability of husbandry routines thought to be aversive to animals might have similar effects on stress indices. Similarly, variations in the predictability of positive events, of which feeding is an obvious example, may affect welfare. This review examines the behavioural and physiological effects of the predictability of aversive and appetitive stimuli, and the application of experimental findings to animal husbandry in practice. It is argued here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. ‘Temporal’ predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas ‘signalled’ predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This review examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to positively and negatively perceived events, and examines the link between predictability and control. Recommendations are made for relatively simple and inexpensive modifications to husbandry routines that may be easy to incorporate into the schedules of busy staff yet could have a profound impact on the welfare of animals in their care. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Animal welfare; Control; Husbandry routines; Signalled predictability; Temporal predictability 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook-Of-Semiotics.Pdf
    Page i Handbook of Semiotics Page ii Advances in Semiotics THOMAS A. SEBEOK, GENERAL EDITOR Page iii Handbook of Semiotics Winfried Nöth Indiana University Press Bloomington and Indianapolis Page iv First Paperback Edition 1995 This English­language edition is the enlarged and completely revised version of a work by Winfried Nöth originally published as Handbuch der Semiotik in 1985 by J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. ©1990 by Winfried Nöth All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses' Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging­in­Publication Data Nöth, Winfried. [Handbuch der Semiotik. English] Handbook of semiotics / Winfried Nöth. p. cm.—(Advances in semiotics) Enlarged translation of: Handbuch der Semiotik. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. ISBN 0­253­34120­5 1. Semiotics—handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Communication —Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. II. Series. P99.N6513 1990 302.2—dc20 89­45199 ISBN 0­253­20959­5 (pbk.) CIP 4 5 6 00 99 98 Page v CONTENTS Preface ix Introduction 3 I. History and Classics of Modern Semiotics History of Semiotics 11 Peirce 39 Morris 48 Saussure 56 Hjelmslev 64 Jakobson 74 II. Sign and Meaning Sign 79 Meaning, Sense, and Reference 92 Semantics and Semiotics 103 Typology of Signs: Sign, Signal, Index 107 Symbol 115 Icon and Iconicity 121 Metaphor 128 Information 134 Page vi III.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio 314 Animal Behv Bio314new
    NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 314: COURSE TITLE: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR xii i BIO 314: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Course Writers/Developers Miss Olakolu Fisayo Christie Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Course Editor: Dr. Adesina Adefunke Ministry of Health, Alausa. Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA xii i BIO 314 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Animal Behaviour (314) is a second semester course. It is a two credit units compustory course which all students offering Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Biology must take. This course deals with the theories and principles of adaptive behaviour and evolution of animals. The course contents are history of ethology. Reflex and complex behaviour. Orientation and taxes. Fixed action patterns, releasers, motivation and driver. Displays, displacement activities and conflict behaviour. Learning communication and social behaviour. The social behaviour of primates. Hierarchical organization. The physiology of behaviour. Habitat selection, homing and navigation. Courtship and parenthood. Biological clocks. What you will learn in this course In this course, you have the course units and a course guide. The course guide will tell you briefly what the course is all about. It is a general overview of the course materials you will be using and how to use those materials. It also helps you to allocate the appropriate time to each unit so that you can successfully complete the course within the stipulated time limit. The course guide also helps you to know how to go about your Tutor-Marked-Assignment which will form part of your overall assessment at the end of the course.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Equine Veterinary Journal (1999) Supplement 28 15-19. the Importance of Ethology in Understanding the Behaviour of the Horse
    Equine Veterinary Journal (1999) Supplement 28 15-19. The Importance of Ethology in Understanding the Behaviour of the Horse. Dr Deborah Goodwin. Anthrozoology Institute, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK. Key Words: Horse, Behaviour, Domestication, Interspecific Communication. Summary Domestication has provided the horse with food, shelter, veterinary care and protection, allowing individuals an increased chance of survival. However, the restriction of movement, limited breeding opportunities and a requirement to expend energy for the benefit of another species conflict with the evolutionary processes which shaped the behaviour of its predecessors. The behaviour of the horse is defined by its niche as a social prey species but many of the traits which ensured the survival of its ancestors are difficult to accommodate in the domestic environment. There has been a long association between horses and humans and many features of equine behaviour suggest a predisposition to interspecific co-operation. However, the importance of dominance in human understanding of social systems has tended to overemphasise its importance in the human-horse relationship. The evolving horse-human relationship from predation to companionship, has resulted in serial conflicts of interest for equine and human participants. Only by understanding the nature and origin of these conflicts can ethologists encourage equine management practices which minimise deleterious effects on the behaviour of the horse. 1 Introduction Evolution affects an animal's physical characteristics and its behaviour through natural selection. Evidence for the effects of evolution on the structure of early equids is particularly abundant in the fossil record. There is far less evidence for behavioural evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics BIOSEMIOTICS
    A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics BIOSEMIOTICS VOLUME 5 Series Editors Marcello Barbieri Professor of Embryology University of Ferrara, Italy President Italian Association for Theoretical Biology Editor-in-Chief Biosemiotics Jesper Hoffmeyer Associate Professor in Biochemistry University of Copenhagen President International Society for Biosemiotic Studies Aims and Scope of the Series Combining research approaches from biology, philosophy and linguistics, the emerging field of biosemi- otics proposes that animals, plants and single cells all engage insemiosis – the conversion of physical signals into conventional signs. This has important implications and applications for issues ranging from natural selection to animal behaviour and human psychology, leaving biosemiotics at the cutting edge of the research on the fundamentals of life. The Springer book series Biosemiotics draws together contributions from leading players in international biosemiotics, producing an unparalleled series that will appeal to all those interested in the origins and evolution of life, including molecular and evolutionary biologists, ecologists, anthropologists, psychol- ogists, philosophers and historians of science, linguists, semioticians and researchers in artificial life, information theory and communication technology. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7710 Dario Martinelli A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics People, Paths, Ideas 123 Dario Martinelli University of Helsinki Institute of Art Research Faculty of Arts PL 35 (Vironkatu 1)
    [Show full text]
  • Konrad Lorenz 1950 the Comparative Method in Studying Innate Behavior
    Konrad Lorenz 1950 The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 4 (Physiological Mechanisms in Animal Behavior): 221-254. [OCR by Konrad Lorenz Haus Altenberg – http://klha.at] Seitenumbrüche und -zahlen wie im Original. K. Lorenz 1950 The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns 221 The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns I. INTRODUCTION Like many other branches of biological research, comparative ethology owes its existence to a discovery. The discovery of a new particulate process, the function of which is comparatively independent from the function of the organism as a 'whole', always opens a new line of analytical approach. The nature of the process then determines the method most favourable for its experimental investigation, and this method, in its turn, determines the direction in which analytical research continues to proceed. There are many cases in which the development of a new and independent branch of biological science has thus been determined by the character of one particularly favourable object, modern genetics being the most obvious example. The distinct and particulate physiological process whose discovery may be identified with the origin of comparative ethology as an independent branch of science is represented by a certain type of innate, genetically determined behaviour patterns. Charles Otis Whitman, who was the first to discover them, called them simply 'Instincts'; Oskar Heinroth, who, ten years later, independently rediscovered them, spoke of 'arteigene Triebhandlungen'; I myself have called them 'Instinkthandlungen', 'Erbkoordinationen' and 'Instinktbewegungen' successively, thus further mixing up terminology. I shall, in the conference on terminology, included in the programme of this Symposium, propose the term endogenous movements for this type of innate behaviour pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • Wed. Aug 31 Outline FIXED ACTION PATTERNS
    8/26/2011 BIONB 4240: NEUROETHOLOGY L02: ROOTS in ETHOLOGY Writing Assignment Aug. 26, 2011; C. D. Hopkins W3: Due Monday Aug. 29 Apis melifera, Frisch’s 1) How does a reflex differ from a fixed action favorite study species. pattern? 2) Define “Instinct” Tinbergen uses models to evoke 3) Define IRM (Innate Releasing Mechanism) egg rolling behavior. He discovers Herring gull chicks peck at the red spot on the parent’s bill, or a model, but prefer that convex objects work better a red stick with candy-stripe patterns at than cubic objects. the sharp tip: a super-normal stimulus. Make stickleback fish (above) respond to models of female that have enlarged Lorenz’s psychohydraulic model of motivation explains the changing abdomens. threshold of a stimulus. Control theory model to the right of the same. First Discussion: Wed. Aug 31 Outline Kaas and Catania (2002) How do features of sensory 1. The ethological tradition representations develop? BioEssays 24 (4) 334-343. 2. Fixed action patterns 3. The ethogram Writing (W4) 4. Innate release mechanisms and sign stimuli 5. Courtship behavior of the common fruit fly Carl Hopkins will lead the discussion 6. Influential (neuro)ethologists Ethology and the Ethological Tradition FIXED ACTION PATTERNS The study of natural behavior of animals, usually conducted in the natural setting. - observe & describe behavior: “ethograms” - Tinbergen’s: goals of Ethology are to understand causation, ontogeny, function, and evolution of behavior. EGG ROLLING in Grey-lag Goose (Lorenz & Tinbergen, 1938) Neuroethologists: Waving display Taxis und Instinkthandlung in der in Fiddler crab. Observe behavior and make a descriptions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Communicative Function of Self-Directed Behaviours in Macaques
    The communicative function of self-directed behaviours in macaques Jamie Whitehouse Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Portsmouth. July 2018 Abstract In humans and non-human animals, stress is often linked to observable behaviours (e.g scratching, self-grooming and other self-directed behaviour). The link between stress and these behaviours is widely accepted, but their adaptive value remains understudied and so, the reasons for their production is unclear. Stress behaviours are often highly visual (e.g. scratching, yawning, self-grooming), and so it has been hypothesised that these behaviours may provide information to others. In this thesis I explored the hypothesis that stress behaviours (e.g. scratching) have communicative function, using a non- human primate model genus, the macaques (Macaca). First, I consider how observers perceive the scratching of others, and more specifically, how they are perceived in comparison to neutral, non- communicative behaviour. Macaques attended to the scratching of others more so than neutral behaviours, with this shift in attention being modulated by the degree to which the subject is bonded with the actor. Second, I measured how the macaques responded to the stress of others, comparing social interactions with and without a preceding scratch. The findings of this study demonstrate that producing stress behaviour significantly impacted the likelihood of aggression from others, and led to more peaceful social interactions. Finally, I considered the function of scratching during two other contexts, preceding behavioural change, and as a signal during grooming interactions, however, I found no evidence for a communicative function of scratching in either of these contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Powstawanie Nowych Dyscyplin Naukowych
    POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK ZAKŁAD HISTORII NAUKI I TECHNIKI powstawanie nowych dyscyplin naukowych OSSOLINEUM http://rcin.org.pl POWSTAWANIE NOWYCH DYSCYPLIN NAUKOWYCH http://rcin.org.pl POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK ZAKŁAD HISTORII NAUKI I TECHNIKI POWSTAWANIE NOWYCH DYSCYPLIN NAUKOWYCH MATERIAŁY Z POSIEDZEŃ KONWERSATORIUM NAUKOZNAWCZEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK WROCŁAW • WARSZAWA • KRAKÓW • GDAŃSK ZAKŁAD NARODOWY IMIENIA OSSOLIŃSKICH WYDAWNICTWO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK http://rcin.org.pl Zespół redakcyjny: E. Geblewicz, T. Kotarbiński, Z. Kowalewski, W. Osińska Tłumaczenie angielskie Ludwik Wiewiórkowski http://rcin.org.pl SPIS TREŚCI Od r e d a k c j i ..................................................................................................................................... ‘ E. Geblewicz: Powstawanie nowych dyscyplin naukowych .... 9 J.A. Chmurzyński: Etologia a zoopsychologia .......................................................17 A. D a n y s z : Psychofarmakologia — jej powstanie, osiągnięcia i perspekty- wy r o z w o jo w e .......................................................................................................................^ J. Dobrzański: Nauka o owadach społecznych ze szczególnym uwzględ­ nieniem myrmekologii ..................................................................................................................83 •J. Ekel: Psychologia matematyczna..............................................................................91 M. Kostyniuk: Palinologia — jej powstanie, rozwój i stan obecny . 125 A. Daszkiewicz:
    [Show full text]