Realism O Fantasm Agórico

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Realism O Fantasm Agórico FANTASMAGÓRICO REALISMO FANTASMAGÓRICO REALISMO UNIVERSIDADE CINUSP PAULO EMÍLIO DE SÃO PAULO DiretorA REITOR Patrícia Moran Fernandes Marco Antonio Zago VICE-DiretorA VICE-Reitor Esther Império Hamburger Vahan Agopyan COORDENADOR DE proDUÇÃO PRó-Reitor DE GRADUAÇÃO Thiago Afonso de André Antonio Carlos Hernandes ESTAGIÁRIOS DE proDUÇÃO PRó-Reitor DE Pós-GRADUAÇÃO Afonso Moretti Bernadete Dora Gombossy Ayume Oliveira de Melo Franco Cauê Teles PRó-Reitor DE PESQUISA Cédric Fanti José Eduardo Krieger Gabrielle Criss Lorena Duarte PRÓ-REITORIA DE CULTURA Nayara Xavier E EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA Pedro Nishiyama Thiago Oliveira PRó-ReitorA DE CULTURA Rodrigo Neves E EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA ProgrAMAÇÃO VISUAL Maria Arminda do Nascimento Arruda Thiago Quadros PRó-Reitor ADJUNto DE EXTENSÃO ProJECIONISTA Moacyr Ayres Novaes Filho Fransueldes de Abreu PRó-Reitor ADJUNto DE CULTURA ASSISTENTE TÉCNICO DE DIREÇÃO João Marcos de Almeida Lopes Maria José Ipólito ASSESSOR TÉCNICO DE GABINETE AUXILIAR ADMINISTRATIVA José Nicolau Gregorin Filho Maria Aparecida Santos Rubens Beçak ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVA Telma Bertoni REALISMO FANTASMAGÓRICO COLEÇÃO CINUSP – VOLUME 7 COORDENAÇÃO GERAL DESIGN GRÁFICO Patrícia Moran e Esther Hamburger Thiago Quadros ORGANIZAÇÃO ILUSTRAÇÃO DA CAPA Cecília Mello Heitor Isoda PRODUÇÃO FOTO PARA CAPA Lorena Duarte Wilson Rodrigues Cédric Fanti Pedro Nishiyama Thiago Almeida Thiago de André Mello, Cecília (org.) Realismo Fantasmagórico / Cecília Mello et al São Paulo: Pró-Reitoria de Cultura e Extensão Universitária - USP, 2015 320 p.; 21 x 15,5 cm ISBN 978-85-62587-21-4 1. Cinema 2. Realismo 3. Leste Asiático I. Mello, Cecília (org.) II. Elsaesser, Thomas III. De Luca, Tiago IV. Vieira Jr., Erly V. Andrew, Dudley VI. Weerasethakul, Apichatpong VII. Ma, Jean VIII. Wahrhaftig, Alexandre IX. Berry, Chris X. Ingawanij, May Adadol XI. Tweedie, James XII. Bordeleau, Erik XIII. Trevizano, Renato CDD 791.43092 CDU 791 REALISMO FANTASMAGÓRICO COLEÇÃO CINUSP Pró-Reitoria de Cultura e Extensão Universitária São Paulo – Novembro 2015 APRESENTAÇÃO Esther Hamburger e Patrícia Moran A Coleção CINUSP contribui para o debate sobre o cinema e o audiovisual pri- vilegiando autores e textos raros ou ainda não traduzidos no país, assim como debates ainda pouco formalizados. Edita textos e relatos originais e recupera artigos fora de circulação e inacessíveis, suprindo lacunas decorrentes de con- tingências editoriais, como no primeiro volume, dedicado ao cineasta Robert Bresson com textos de livros há muito esgotados e traduções de artigos inédi- tos no país. Outra prioridade da Coleção é dar visibilidade a cinematografias frágeis ou desconhecidas no Brasil em decorrência de conjunturas geopolíticas e históricas. Zelimir Zilnik e a Black Wave, quinta publicação, reuniu autores em um debate praticamente desconhecido no Brasil, o movimento cinema- tográfico Black Wave da Iugoslávia do final dos anos 1960 e início dos 1970, especialmente o cineasta sérvio Zilnik, que esteve presente na mostra e minis- trou um curso sobre suas estratégias de filmagem diante de crises de diversas naturezas. A coleção se pauta também por sistematizar e colocar em circulação temas incipientes pela novidade do meio expressivo - como Machinima, se- gundo volume da coleção, sobre filmes criados em ambientes virtuais, origi- nalmente a partir de videogames. Ou aqueles que, por configurarem situação social recente, sem contornos de estilo definidos claramente, figuram isolados na bibliografia contemporânea, como o cinema da Quebrada, tratado no sexto volume da coleção. Em Quebrada? Cinema, vídeo e lutas sociais pesquisadores e realizadores de diversas regiões do Brasil colocam suas inquietações sobre atores sociais emergentes, cujo lugar na historiografia do cinema brasileiro ainda é uma incógnita, apesar da calorosa discussão e presença laureada em APRESENTAÇÃO I festivais de cinema nacional e internacional. O CINUSP assume, assim, o risco de ser contemporâneo de seu tempo, de abrir caminhos ao organizar e abrigar produção bibliográfica tímida quantitativamente, mas potente nos problemas que aborda e na heterogeneidade das propostas abarcadas.1 Realismo Fantasmagórico, sétimo volume da coleção organizado pela professora Cecília Mello do Departamento de Cinema, Rádio e Televisão da ECA, que agora chega ao público, reúne artigos e ensaios críticos de autores europeus, americanos e brasileiros sobre o cinema do leste asiático. O recorte proposto por Mello contempla problema tradicional das artes em geral, e do cinema em particular, o realismo. O título da publicação e da mostra expressa a originalidade de Mello ao relacionar perspectivas de construção discursiva de natureza distinta, abarcando em tese problemáticas de ordem aparentemente opostas. De um lado, o realismo e sua tradição vinculada à experiência da e com acontecimentos e imagens da realidade, de outro o fantasmagórico, adje- tivo que remete ao irreal, ao imaginário, ao fantasmático e ao ilusório confor- me definição do dicionário Aurélio. O realismo remonta ao classicismo grego, ainda sem ser nomeado como tal, quando a mímese era um fim em Aristóteles. O realismo é um campo de força da arte, em constante debate e reposi- cionamento com o ilusionismo. Se as querelas entre realismo e ilusionismo, entre regimes de representação mais ou menos intervencionistas atravessam a história da arte, hoje acreditamos ser possível vislumbrar embates menos românticos, uma vez ter cada um destes campos, lugar; ou pelo menos, suas rusgas contam com amplos repertórios qualificados a seu dispor. Historicamente, o realismo mereceu equivocadas leituras nas artes tendo sido tratado como índice de autenticidade, ganhou matizes e é hoje reconheci- do como construção discursiva demandando novo exame à luz não apenas da revisão de seu sentido original, como das novas acepções que tem adotado, o que se evidencia nos substantivos e adjetivos utilizados para qualificá-lo. O cinema subjetivo de Ingmar Bergman mereceu a denominação de realismo psi- cológico, na União Soviética o realismo socialista impunha aos artistas filhos da revolução no teatro, na literatura, no cinema o compromisso com a reali- dade social, com o projeto nacional de reconstrução da União das Repúblicas Socialistas. O retorno do real e principalmente o debate sobre seu retorno foi 1 Lista completa de volumes publicados pela Coleção CINUSP na página página 327. II REALISMO FANTASMAGÓRICO circunscrito e analisado por Hal Foster2, que a partir do minimalismo e da Pop Arte propõe o realismo traumático de inspiração psicanalítica, que por sua vez dialoga com o realismo psicótico de Mário Perniola3. Diante de tão vasto escopo abarcado pelos realismos mencionados, e outros tantos ausen- tes4, evidencia-se a força e fragilidade do termo. Força por persistir, fragilidade quando interpretado sem contexto preciso, sem outra instância material que o qualifique. Nos encontramos face não apenas a uma releitura do realismo, mas de um novo fenômeno. Nos estudos de cinema, a querela sobre o realismo também tem se apre- sentado como um eterno retorno, e como tal volta diferente, com novos proble- mas, indagações e experiências. O mesmo vale para os partidários do ilusionis- mo e os defensores da desnaturalização das convenções técnicas e narrativas. Exemplo superlativo é Godard em seu último filme Adeus à linguagem (2014), ao afirmar que: “todos aqueles que não tem imaginação se refugiam na rea- lidade”. A assertiva de Godard vem acompanhada de dúvidas, afinal, existem refúgios legítimos da imaginação? Este ensaio cinemato-filosófico é carrega- do de imagens e indagações distópicas e poéticas sobre nosso tempo, parte da realidade do pensamento consolidado na filosofia. A fala de Godard vale como provocação, como indagação para o retorno modificado do real, mas traz um problema caro a sua cinematografia. Alphaville (1965) já mostrava o engaja- mento de Godard na contramão do realismo, em sua apropriação da caverna de Platão e expulsão dos poetas por usarem imagens incompreensíveis; é uma ode à associação livre e à desconstrução da linguagem e do sentido, recurso fre- quente na poesia. A nós interessa por ora, ao citar Godard, chamar o recorrente debate sobre estas opções artísticas antagônicas e sua reverberação na história da arte, com alternância do realismo e do ilusionismo ao longo dos anos, senão séculos, sobre estratégias expressivas implicadas em cada opção. O realismo fantasmagórico proposto é um convite para se pensar uma cinematografia bem delimitada historicamente. 2 FOSTER, Hal. O retorno do real. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2014. 3 PERNIOLA, Mario. “Idiotice e esplendor da arte atual”. In: FABRIS, Annatresa; KERN, Maria Lúcia Bastos (Orgs.). Imagem e Conhecimento. São Paulo: Edusp, 2006. 4 Ver neste volume: VIEIRA JR, Erly. “Por uma exploração sensorial e afetiva do real” na p. 93 e DE LUCA, Tiago. “Realismo dos sentidos: uma tendência no cinema mundial contemporâneo” na p. 61. APRESENTAÇÃO III No cinema, convenções estilísticas como profundidade de campo, dura- ção dos planos, presença de atores não profissionais, temática social, filmagem em locação e no tempo contemporâneo, e a indicialidade do material foto sen- sível forneceram a matéria para o ensaísta e crítico André Bazin erigir as pedras fundamentais sobre o neorrealismo. O cinema italiano5 do pós guerra, tomado como ponta de lança, iluminou experiências anteriores e criou um campo para a defesa da vocação realista do cinema, que se afirmaria como alternativa a ci- nemas que valorizaram outros princípios estéticos.
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