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Modèle Pour La Frappe Des Rapports Parlementaires N° 122 SÉNAT SESSION ORDINAIRE DE 2019-2020 Enregistré à la Présidence du Sénat le 14 novembre 2019 RAPPORT D´INFORMATION FAIT au nom de la Délégation sénatoriale aux outre-mer (1) sur les risques naturels majeurs dans les outre-mer (volet relatif à la reconstruction et à la résilience des territoires et des populations) - Rapport, Par M. Guillaume ARNELL, rapporteur coordonnateur MM. Abdallah HASSANI et Jean-François RAPIN, rapporteurs. Tome I : Rapport (1) Cette délégation est composée de : M. Michel Magras, président ; MM. Maurice Antiste, Stéphane Artano, Mme Esther Benbassa, MM. Pierre Frogier, Jean-Louis Lagourgue, Robert Laufoaulu, Jean-François Longeot, Mme Vivette Lopez et M. Victorin Lurel, vice-présidents ; MM. Jacques Genest, Mmes Victoire Jasmin, Viviane Malet et M. Gérard Poadja, secrétaires ; M. Guillaume Arnell, Mme Viviane Artigalas, MM. Jean Bizet, Patrick Chaize, Mme Catherine Conconne, MM. Mathieu Darnaud, Michel Dennemont, Mmes Nassimah Dindar, Catherine Dumas, M. Daniel Gremillet, Mme Jocelyne Guidez, M. Abdallah Hassani, Mme Gisèle Jourda, MM. Patrick Kanner, Antoine Karam, Nuihau Laurey, Henri Leroy, Thani Mohamed Soilihi, Georges Patient, Mme Catherine Procaccia, MM. Michel Raison, Jean-François Rapin, Claude Raynal, Gilbert Roger, Jean Sol, Mme Lana Tetuanui, MM. Dominique Théophile et Michel Vaspart. - 3 - SOMMAIRE Pages SYNTHÈSE DES CONSTATS ET RECOMMANDATIONS ............................................. 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................15 PREMIÈRE PARTIE - ASSURER UN REDÉMARRAGE DE LA VIE DES TERRITOIRES : LA SORTIE DE L’URGENCE, PREMIÈRE ÉTAPE DE LA RECONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................................19 I. APRÈS LA CRISE, SORTIR DE L’URGENCE ................................................................19 A. L’ACCOMPAGNEMENT PRIORITAIRE ET LE RELOGEMENT DES POPULATIONS ................................................................................................................19 B. UN RÉTABLISSEMENT SOMMAIRE DES RÉSEAUX ....................................................21 C. UNE GESTION DES DÉCHETS COMPLEXE ..................................................................21 1. L’enlèvement urgent, un enjeu de sécurité et de salubrité ..................................................21 2. Des infrastructures limitées offrant des possibilités restreintes de traitement rapide ..........22 D. UN NÉCESSAIRE RETOUR À LA NORMALE RAPIDE DES SERVICES PUBLICS ....22 1. Des services public, preuve de la présence de l’État ...........................................................22 2. Dans le cas d’Irma, l’importance de la rentrée scolaire.......................................................23 II. ENCLENCHER UN NÉCESSAIRE MAIS COMPLEXE REDÉMARRAGE ÉCONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL ..........................................................................................24 A. UNE SITUATION ÉCONOMIQUE MEURTRIE NÉCESSITANT UN SOUTIEN PUBLIC ..............................................................................................................................24 1. Des dispositifs économiques de soutien immédiat aux entreprises ......................................24 2. Des mesures fiscales et sociales d’accompagnement des entreprises ....................................25 3. Des mesures de relance ciblée pour des secteurs économiques majeurs ...............................26 B. RECONSTRUIRE VITE, UN IMPÉRATIF MORAL ET ÉCONOMIQUE ........................28 1. Un enjeu social .................................................................................................................28 2. Pour accélérer la reconstruction, des dérogations possibles aux règles d’urbanisme ............28 III. L’ASSURANCE, UN LEVIER DU FINANCEMENT RAPIDE DE LA REPRISE ENCORE INSUFFISANT OUTRE-MER ........................................................................30 A. L’ASSURANCE, UNE COUVERTURE INSUFFISANTE MAIS POURTANT DÉTERMINANTE POUR LA RECONSTRUCTION .......................................................30 1. Une nécessité pour engager les travaux ou maintenir une activité .....................................30 2. Une couverture assurantielle des territoires ultramarins cependant trop lacunaire et à l’avenir incertain ..............................................................................................................32 3. Le bilan assurantiel d’Irma dans les Îles du Nord ..............................................................33 B. LE RÉGIME « CATNAT », UN SYSTÈME SOLIDE ET UTILE OUTRE-MER ................35 1. Les outre-mer, territoires partiellement intégrés au dispositif national ..............................35 2. Une prise en compte au départ restreinte des risques présents outre-mer ...........................38 3. Une forte sinistralité des outre-mer ...................................................................................39 - 4 - C. PALLIER LES LACUNES DE LA COUVERTURE ASSURANTIELLE, L’IMPORTANCE DE DISPOSITIFS PUBLICS COMPLÉMENTAIRES ..........................43 1. Le fonds de secours, un levier d’aide aux personnes et aux territoires ................................43 2. La problématique des calamités agricoles ...........................................................................46 3. En Polynésie, un dispositif de calamité naturelle reposant sur l’intervention et les fonds du pays .............................................................................................................................49 DEUXIÈME PARTIE - MENER UNE RECONSTRUCTION DURABLE : UN CHANTIER LONG, DÉLICAT ET NÉCESSAIREMENT COLLECTIF ...........................53 I. PILOTER ET FINANCER LA RECONSTRUCTION, UNE MISSION COLLECTIVE ...................................................................................................................53 A. UN PILOTAGE ASSURÉ EN RÈGLE GÉNÉRALE PAR LES AUTORITÉS LOCALES ..........................................................................................................................53 1. Les collectivités et services territoriaux de l’État, en première ligne ...................................53 2. Dans le cas d’événements majeurs, des nominations ad hoc par le Gouvernement et des fonds spécifiques ...............................................................................................................53 B. DANS LE CAS D’IRMA, UNE FORME NOUVELLE DE CONVENTIONNEMENT ....55 1. Les protocoles de Matignon, une démarche descendante.....................................................55 2. À Saint-Martin, un sentiment de reprise en main par l’État ..............................................58 C. DES ENGAGEMENTS ET FINANCEMENTS AU SUIVI PEU LISIBLE .........................61 1. Des appuis financiers aux collectivités ..............................................................................61 2. Un suivi complexe des engagements ..................................................................................64 II. ORGANISER LA RECONSTRUCTION, UNE MISSION COMPLEXE .....................73 A. DANS LE CAS D’IRMA, UNE RECONSTRUCTION ENCORE EN COURS ................73 1. Pour rappel, un bilan considérable ....................................................................................73 2. État des lieux de la reconstruction ....................................................................................73 B. DES PRIORITÉS IDENTIFIÉES .........................................................................................76 1. Le logement ......................................................................................................................76 2. Les établissements scolaires ...............................................................................................80 3. La longue reconstruction des réseaux ................................................................................82 4. Le traitement des déchets, un processus long .....................................................................86 C. UNE COORDINATION DES TRAVAUX À ASSURER...................................................87 1. Des travaux à mener sur des territoires aux espaces contraints .........................................87 2. Une demande forte difficile à satisfaire ..............................................................................88 3. Une conduite complexe .....................................................................................................90 4. Une reconstruction qui doit bénéficier à l’économie locale .................................................93 III. REBÂTIR DURABLEMENT, UNE NÉCESSITÉ PARFOIS DIFFICILE À GARANTIR ......................................................................................................................94 A. RECONSTRUIRE À L’IDENTIQUE, UNE SOLUTION À NUANCER ..........................94 B. AMÉLIORER LES MÉTHODES ET LA QUALITÉ DES CONSTRUCTIONS POUR GARANTIR LA MEILLEURE RÉSISTANCE DU BÂTI ..................................................95 1. Apprendre des catastrophes ...............................................................................................95 2. Une vigilance nécessaire sur la qualité de la reconstruction ...............................................96 - 5 - IV. CONDUIRE UN ACCOMPAGNEMENT SANITAIRE ET SOCIAL DANS LA DURÉE : LA DÉLICATE RECONSTRUCTION HUMAINE DANS LE CAS D’IRMA .............................................................................................................................98
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