DOCSLIB.ORG

Trends for Snow Cover and River Flows in the Pamirs (Central Asia)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trends for Snow Cover and River Flows in the Pamirs (Central Asia) Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 9, 29–64, 2012 Hydrology and www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/9/29/2012/ Earth System HESSD doi:10.5194/hessd-9-29-2012 Sciences © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions 9, 29–64, 2012 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Trends for snow Sciences (HESS). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in HESS if available. cover and river flows in the Pamirs (Central Asia) Trends for snow cover and river flows in P. Chevallier et al. the Pamirs (Central Asia) Title Page P. Chevallier1, B. Pouyaud1, M. Moja¨ısky2, M. Bolgov3, O. Olsson4, M. Bauer5, Abstract Introduction 6 and J. Froebrich Conclusions References 1 Laboratoire Hydrosciences, UMR5569, CNRS – IRD – Universites´ Montpellier 1 & 2, Tables Figures Maison des Sciences de l’Eau, CC 57, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 2VERSeau Developpement,´ 859, rue Jean-Franc¸ois Breton, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France J I 3Water Problem Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-1, Gubkin St. 3, IWP RAN, J I 119997 Moscow, Russia 4 Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana Universitat¨ Luneburg,¨ Back Close Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Luneburg,¨ Germany 5Project Management Agency Karlsruhe, Water Technology and Waste Management Full Screen / Esc (PTKA-WTE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany Printer-friendly Version 6Center for Water and Climate, Alterra Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Interactive Discussion 29 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | HESSD Received: 5 December 2011 – Accepted: 22 December 2011 – Published: 3 January 2012 9, 29–64, 2012 Correspondence to: P. Chevallier ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Trends for snow cover and river flows in the Pamirs (Central Asia) P. Chevallier et al. Title Page Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures J I J I Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 30 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract HESSD In the often discussed Aral Sea basin (Central Asia), water availability depends essen- tially on the high mountains located in its eastern part, especially from the Pamir Alay 9, 29–64, 2012 Range where the Vakhsh and Pyandj Rivers, the main tributaries of the Amu Darya 5 River, flow. In this region, the cryosphere, glaciers, and snow cover significantly im- Trends for snow pact the water cycle and the flow regime, which could be deeply modified by climate cover and river flows change. The present study, part of a project funded by the EU FP6, analyzes the hydro- in the Pamirs (Central 2 logical situation in six benchmark basins covering areas between 1800 and 8400 km , Asia) essentially located in Tajikistan, with a variety of topographical situations, precipitation 10 amounts, and glacierized areas. Four types of parameter are discussed: temperature, P. Chevallier et al. glaciers, snow cover, and river flows. Two time periods are considered: (i) a long time series ending in the 1990s with the collapse of the Soviet Union and based on field observations and data collection; (ii) a May 2000 to May 2002 interval, using scarce Title Page monitored data and satellite information to follow snow cover dynamics. The results Abstract Introduction 15 confirm the global homogeneous trend of temperature increase in the mountain range and its impacts on the surface water regimes. Concerning the snow cover, significant Conclusions References differences are noted regarding the location, the elevation, the orientation and the mor- Tables Figures phology of the respective basins. Finally the expected changes in the flow river regime are regulated by the combination of the snow cover dynamics and the increasing trend J I 20 of the air temperature. It confirms the high sensitivity of this region to the warming as identified by the 4rd IPCC Assessment Report. J I Back Close 1 Introduction Full Screen / Esc The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia is one of the crisis regions worldwide where the management of water resources is unsustainable, uneconomic and hampered by its Printer-friendly Version 25 cross border extension (Micklin, 1988, 2002; Letolle´ and Mainguet, 1993; Dukhovny and Avakyan, 2001). The collapse of the Soviet system created new and very serious Interactive Discussion 31 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | risks and security challenges for the independent states: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan (Fig. 1). These challenges in- HESSD volved the disintegration of the water, energy and food sectors and dependence on the 9, 29–64, 2012 now transboundary water resources (Wegerich, 2004, 2008) 5 Although, already special attention was given to the impacts of global changes and associated adaptation issues, including energy and economic approaches (Froebrich Trends for snow et al., 2007; Wegerich et al., 2007; Savitskiy et al., 2008; Olsson et al., 2009) the impact cover and river flows of climate change on the different aspects of local hydrology of the upper Amu Darya in the Pamirs (Central catchment is unidentified. However, the timing of water availability and quantitative Asia) 10 estimates of hydrologic effects of climate change are essential for solving the local water conflicts in the Amu Darya Basin. Additionally, a rapid recession of glaciers and P. Chevallier et al. their contributions to current runoff could lead to a progressive reduction of the already scarce resources and therefore increase the potential for conflict (Olsson et al., 2010). Title Page Global changes, most particularly climate change, have a very important impact on 15 water availability in the Aral Sea basin because of the basin’s particular features. Both Abstract Introduction of the main rivers, the Syr Darya River in the north and the Amu Darya River in the south (Fig. 1), flow down from the west side of the Pamir and Tien Shan mountains Conclusions References through the large and almost desert plain of Kyzylkum, where precipitation is very low, Tables Figures generally below 200 mm yr−1, and summer evaporation is intense. This means that the 20 main part of the flow depends on precipitation, liquid (rainfall) or solid (snowfall) in the J I mountain areas. In such context, the present paper aims to analyze in the upper basin of Amu Darya J I River the trends of the snow cover extent and of the river flow regimes. Back Close Full Screen / Esc 2 Regional settings 25 The chosen study area is centered on the Vakhsh and Pyandj river basins, which are Printer-friendly Version the main headwater tributaries of the Amu Darya River, the largest in Central Asia Interactive Discussion (Academiya Nauk Tadjikskoy SSR, 1968). Its basin (Fig. 1) comprises 309 000 km2 32 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | and is shared by Afghanistan and four Central Asia Republics: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. HESSD The Vakhsh River, also known as “Kyzyl-Suu” in Kyrgyzstan and as “Surkhob” 9, 29–64, 2012 in north-central Tajikistan, originates in the alpine regions of the Pamir Alai in the 5 south-east of Kyrgyzstan. It flows from north-central Kyrgyzstan to the south-west of Tajikistan. The largest tributaries of the Vakhsh River are the Miksu and the Obi- Trends for snow hingou Rivers. The Pyandj River originates in the Vakjdjir Pass and forms the border cover and river flows between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. The tributaries of the Pyandj River are located in the Pamirs (Central in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Giese et al. (2004) report an annual mean discharge Asia) 3 −1 3 −1 10 of 20.0 km yr for the Vakhsh River and a mean discharge of 34.3 km yr for the Pyandj River. Hence, both rivers contribute over 65 % to the total mean discharge of P. Chevallier et al. the Amu Darya River (79.3 km3 yr−1). In their upper part, both rivers drain the Pamirs, which are the northern prolongations Title Page of the Hindu Kush and Karakoram mountain ranges. The elevation is quite high, with 15 large areas higher than 4000 m above sea level. Some peaks reach 7000 m a.s.l. such Abstract Introduction as the Ismoil Somoni Peak (former Peak of Communism, 7495 m a.s.l.) and the Ibn Sina Peak (former Lenin Peak, 7134 m a.s.l.). This region is rich in glaciers (Dyurgerov Conclusions References and Meier, 2005), containing the Fedchenko Glacier, the longest in Eurasia (77 km). Tables Figures The climate is continental under the influence of the Westerlies, with very high local 20 contrasts due to the orographic conditions. Figures 2 and 3 present the annual distribu- J I tion of precipitation and temperature (Williams and Konovalov, 2008) over the studied region delimited by the 70th to 74th meridians and 37th to 40th parallels. For precip- J I itation (Fig. 2), a significant contrast appears between the area located in the north- Back Close west from the 72nd meridian and 38th parallel, with values above 600/700 mm yr−1 25 and those located in the south and east with arid conditions and values in some places Full Screen / Esc below 100 mm yr−1. The highest amount of precipitation in the region is recorded at the Fedchenko Glacier station. For the whole area, the distribution of precipitation presents Printer-friendly Version a maximum during the winter and early spring and a minimum during the summer and early autumn. The temperature (Fig. 3) in the region globally presents large seasonal Interactive Discussion 33 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | amplitude, the extreme values depending essentially on elevation, which gradually in- creases from west to east.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lenin Peak 7134M: 90 Th Anniversary of First Ascent to Lenin Peak MOUNTAINEERING, NATURE and CULTURE in the PAMIRS
    Lenin peak 7134m: 90 th anniversary of first ascent to Lenin peak MOUNTAINEERING, NATURE AND CULTURE IN THE PAMIRS Kyrgyz Alpine Club (KAC), Kyrgyz Mountain Guide Association (KMGA) and local authority of Chon-Alai district of the Osh region invite mountaineers, tourists and mountain lovers to join the Mountaineering Festival in the Pamir in 2018 the year of the 90th anniversary of the famous first ascent to Lenin Peak. KAC offers five different active programmes: 1. Trekking I short 8 days programme for acclimatized (at the altitude of 3000-4000m) participants. 2. Trekking II is 13 days programme which includes acclimatization in the Tien-Shan mountains, then short domestic flight to Osh to continue programme. Trek from the Base Camp at Lenin Peak (3600m) to Advanced Base Camp (4200m). This programme is suggested for not acclimatized participants or trekkers who have lost their acclimatization. That is why the beginning of the programme includes acclimatization part. 3. Ascent to Razdelnaya Peak (6100m) is 14 days climbing programme to Razdelnaya Peak (6148 m). This programme is elaborated for climbers who do not plan to climb to Lenin Peak, but prefer high altitude climbing. 4. Standard climbing programme takes 19 days including acclimatization for ascent to Lenin. 5. Fast climbing is 12 days climbing programme of ascent to Lenin Peak for climbers with current acclimatization at the altitude 4500 m as minimum. Festival will take place on July 28-29, 2018 in Achik-Tash canyon, Lenin Peak Base Camp. Festival programme on July 29, 2018 includes: official greetings of state and regional administration, Kyrgyz Alpine Club and Kyrgyz Guide Association representatives, welcome speech of famous climbers and veterans, National games, folklore performance and bards’ concert, handicraft fair, special memorial and gala dinner.
    [Show full text]
  • Simulation of the Potential Impacts of Projected Climate Change on Streamflow in the Vakhsh River Basin in Central Asia Under CMIP5 RCP Scenarios
    water Article Simulation of the Potential Impacts of Projected Climate Change on Streamflow in the Vakhsh River Basin in Central Asia under CMIP5 RCP Scenarios Aminjon Gulakhmadov 1,2,3,4 , Xi Chen 1,2,*, Nekruz Gulahmadov 1,3,5, Tie Liu 1 , Muhammad Naveed Anjum 6 and Muhammad Rizwan 5,7 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (N.G.); [email protected] (T.L.) 2 Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China 3 Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734042, Tajikistan 4 Ministry of Energy and Water Resources of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734064, Tajikistan 5 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; [email protected] 6 Department of Land and Water Conservation Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan; [email protected] 7 Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-0992-3012 Received: 1 April 2020; Accepted: 15 May 2020; Published: 17 May 2020 Abstract: Millions of people in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan are dependent on the freshwater supply of the Vakhsh River system. Sustainable management of the water resources of the Vakhsh River Basin (VRB) requires comprehensive assessment regarding future climate change and its implications for streamflow.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN January 2007 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston). Short Form: Tajikistan. Term for Citizen(s): Tajikistani(s). Capital: Dushanbe. Other Major Cities: Istravshan, Khujand, Kulob, and Qurghonteppa. Independence: The official date of independence is September 9, 1991, the date on which Tajikistan withdrew from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), International Women’s Day (March 8), Navruz (Persian New Year, March 20, 21, or 22), International Labor Day (May 1), Victory Day (May 9), Independence Day (September 9), Constitution Day (November 6), and National Reconciliation Day (November 9). Flag: The flag features three horizontal stripes: a wide middle white stripe with narrower red (top) and green stripes. Centered in the white stripe is a golden crown topped by seven gold, five-pointed stars. The red is taken from the flag of the Soviet Union; the green represents agriculture and the white, cotton. The crown and stars represent the Click to Enlarge Image country’s sovereignty and the friendship of nationalities. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Iranian peoples such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians are the ethnic forbears of the modern Tajiks. They have inhabited parts of Central Asia for at least 2,500 years, assimilating with Turkic and Mongol groups. Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., present-day Tajikistan was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire, which was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. After that conquest, Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state to Alexander’s empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    For non-commercial distribution only All photos used in this compendium were provided by the Knowledge Management Initiative (KMI) participants. The compendium is available in English and Russian. The electronic version of the compendium can be found at: www.preventionweb.net Hard copies are available at: UNISDR CA, 37/1 Bokhtar str, 6th floor, 734000, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. UNICEF RO CEE/CIS, Avenue de la Paix 5, 1202 Genève, Switzerland. Any comments and suggestions regarding the Compendium can be addressed to: Mr. Parviz Mahmudov, Education coordinator, UNISDR CA [email protected] Mr. Asim Rehman, Regional Emergency Preparedness and DRR Specialist, UNICEF CEE/CIS [email protected] Design: Zafar Mahmoudov, Advocacy and Communications Consultant, UNISDR CA Editor: Stephen Boyle The views expressed in this Compendium are those of the respective authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of ECHO, UNISDR and UNICEF. Acknowledgements The Compendium of Good Practices and Tools on Disaster Risk Reduction in Education in Central Asia has been developed as a result of the Knowledge Management Initiative, implemented by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in Central Asia (UNISDR) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) within the framework of the Disaster Preparedness Programme of the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Department (DIPECHO) and financed by ECHO. UNISDR and UNICEF express their gratitude to all participants who submitted examples of their experiences on disaster risk reduction in education: Mr. Timur Idrisov, NGO “Little Earth”, Tajikistan; Ms. Lyudmila Bakhareva, NGO “Man and elements”, Kazakhstan; Mr. Alexandr Kravchuk, UNDP Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan; Mr. Khusan Tursunov, NGO “HAYOT”, Uzbekistan; Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Republic of Tajikistan Ministry of Energy and Industry
    The Republic of Tajikistan Ministry of Energy and Industry DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON THE INSTALLMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER STATIONS FOR THE COMMUNITIES OF KHATLON OBLAST IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN FINAL REPORT September 2012 Japan International Cooperation Agency NEWJEC Inc. E C C CR (1) 12-005 Final Report Contents, List of Figures, Abbreviations Data Collection Survey on the Installment of Small Hydropower Stations for the Communities of Khatlon Oblast in the Republic of Tajikistan FINAL REPORT Table of Contents Summary Chapter 1 Preface 1.1 Objectives and Scope of the Study .................................................................................. 1 - 1 1.2 Arrangement of Small Hydropower Potential Sites ......................................................... 1 - 2 1.3 Flowchart of the Study Implementation ........................................................................... 1 - 7 Chapter 2 Overview of Energy Situation in Tajikistan 2.1 Economic Activities and Electricity ................................................................................ 2 - 1 2.1.1 Social and Economic situation in Tajikistan ....................................................... 2 - 1 2.1.2 Energy and Electricity ......................................................................................... 2 - 2 2.1.3 Current Situation and Planning for Power Development .................................... 2 - 9 2.2 Natural Condition ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Features of Fedchenko Glacier, the Pamirs, Central Asia from Space
    地理学論集 Geographical Studies №84（2009) №84（2009) Mapping Features of Fedchenko Glacier, the Pamirs, Central Asia from Space 宇宙から見た中央アジア，パミールのフェドチェンコ氷河の特徴 Shuji IWATA＊ 岩田 修二* Key words：glacier basin form, compound basins valley glacier, glacier front fluctuation, surge, basin piracies キーワード：氷河流域形態，複合流域谷氷河，末端変動，サージ，流域争奪 要旨 さまざまなインターネット情報，とくにGoogle Earthの立体画像やGoogle Mapの等高線地図によってフェドチェンコ氷 河の地形特徴を明らかにできるようになった。これらの情報と1970年代のソビエト陸軍の地図（1:100,000）を用いると， ロシア語圏以外の人々にはあまり知られていないフェドチェンコ氷河の氷河地形学的側面が理解できる。フェドチェンコ 氷河はパミールの北西部の山岳地にある長さ77 ㎞の巨大な谷氷河で，偏西風によって大西洋からの湿気によっておもに冬 に涵養される。フェドチェンコ氷河は革命峰（6,940 m）の西側斜面の海抜5,400 mから始まり北に流れ高度 2,900 mの末 端で終わる。氷河下流区間（末端から30 ㎞まで）は表面岩屑に覆われた細長い氷舌で，中流区間（30 ㎞地点，高度4,050 mから45 ㎞地点，高度4,500 mまで）は南東から北西に流下し多くの支氷河を合わせる。中間地点の最上部の右岸には， 氷河本流が東側にあふれ出し小規模な氷舌（タヌィマス末端）を形成している。上流区間（45 ㎞から流域上端まで）は， 非対称形である。右岸側には革命峰を含む6,000 m級の山塊になっているが左岸側には顕著な高まりがなく，氷河に覆わ れた緩やかな分水界を経て，南西側の谷氷河へと通じている。氷河の上流区間を含む流域は小規模な氷原，または横断 型氷河系を形成しているが全体としてみると，フェドチェンコ氷河は谷氷河である。氷河下流区間で本流に接しているビ バーク氷河（パミール最高峰イスモイル=ソモニ，7,495 mがある）では，繰り返し氷河サージが起こっている。人工衛星 画像の比較によれば，1990年代以後のフェドチェンコ氷河の末端の縮小はおこっていない。氷河変動の状況はカラコラム 山脈の大型氷河とよく似ている。フドチェンコ氷河がこのような大きな氷河にまで発達したのは氷河侵食による流域の争 奪が起こったからと考えられる。 Ⅰ．Introduction The Pamirs in eastern Tajikistan are called the roof of the world. Those rooftops are capped with numerous glaciers. Fedchenko Glacier is the greatest of them in the Pamir, and is called by various superlative expressions such as “the world’s largest” (Table 1). Although Fedchenko Glacier is extremely well known, its actual features are not known except in Russia because most literature
    [Show full text]
  • Kuiluu Expedition 2018
    Kuiluu Expedition 2018 Report on Exploratory Climbing in the Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan 17th August to 9th September 2018 Report written by Jon Burgess & Rob Reynolds Kuiluu Expedition 2018 Page !1 of !28 Contents Introduction 3 Kyrgyzstan 3 Kuiluu 3 Expedition Team 4 Expedition Ethics 4 Preparation 5 Research and Previous Expeditions 5 Logistics 5 Maps 6 Training 6 Medical 7 Food 8 Equipment 9 Communications 9 Visas and Permits 9 Finances 10 Expedition 11 Summary 11 Life in the Mountains 14 The climb 17 Future potential 19 Glacial Retreat 20 Acknowledgements 21 Contact 21 Appendices 22 A. History of Expeditions to Kuiluu 22 B. Expedition Diary 24 C. Equipment 26 Kuiluu Expedition 2018 Page !2 of !28 Introduction This report documents the 2018 mountaineering expedition to the Kuiluu range, part of the Tien Shan in South Eastern Kyrgyzstan. The aim was to explore the mountaineering potential of this little visited part of the Kuiluu range and to make a first ascent of a previously unclimbed mountain. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous country in Central Asia, sandwiched between Kazakhstan to the North, China to the South and East and Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the West. The Tien Shan Mountains run from China, through Kyrgyzstan, covering some 80% of the country. As a former soviet state, access to the country was very limited to westerners until 1991 when the country gained its independence with the collapse of the USSR. For this reason and the natural attraction of climbers to the highest peaks such as Khan Tengri, Peak Pobedi and Lenin Peak, there is still huge potential for first ascents and exploration.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Nurek Hydropower Rehabilitation Project Phase 2 Republic of Tajikistan
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Nurek Hydropower Rehabilitation Project Phase 2 Republic of Tajikistan May 2020 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Nurek HPP Rehabilitation Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of the ESIA ............................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Organization of the ESIA ....................................................................................................... 3 2 Project description .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Description of Nurek HPP ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2 The Project ............................................................................................................................ 7 Dam Safety ............................................................................................................... 9 Details of work to be performed ............................................................................. 9 Refurbishment
    [Show full text]
  • STRENGTHENING COOPERATION on HYDROLOGY and ENVIRONMENT BETWEEN TAJIKISTAN and AFGHANISTAN in the UPPER AMU DARYA RIVER BASIN (PYANJ RIVER) Final Report
    Evaluation STRENGTHENING COOPERATION ON HYDROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT BETWEEN TAJIKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN IN THE UPPER AMU DARYA RIVER BASIN (PYANJ RIVER) Final report Konstantin Karabanov, Consultant 21.12.2018 Table of contents Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Findings .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Conclusions and recommendations ...................................................................................................... 20 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................ 22 Annex I. Detailed analysis of the achievement status of the planned Project outcomes ................. 22 Annex II. List of reviewed documents ............................................................................................. 27 Annex III. Survey questionnaire ...................................................................................................... 31 Annex IV. Key survey results summary .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism in Tajikistan As Seen by Tour Operators Acknowledgments
    Tourism in as Seen by Tour Operators Public Disclosure Authorized Tajikistan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DISCLAIMER CONTENTS This work is a product of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................i The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other INTRODUCTION....................................................................................2 information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. TOURISM TRENDS IN TAJIKISTAN............................................................5 RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS TOURISM SERVICES IN TAJIKISTAN.......................................................27 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank TOURISM IN KHATLON REGION AND 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1 (202) 522-2422; email: [email protected]. GORNO-BADAKHSHAN AUTONOMOUS OBLAST (GBAO)...................45 The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and li- censes, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, PROFILE AND LIST OF RESPONDENTS................................................57 Cover page images: 1. Hulbuk Fortress, near Kulob, Khatlon Region 2. Tajik girl holding symbol of Navruz Holiday 3.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Strategy and Action Plan
    Biological Diversity of Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: 1 - Acipenser nudiventris Lovet 2 - Salmo trutta morfa fario Linne ya 3 - A.a.a. (Linne) ar rd Sy 4 - Ctenopharyngodon idella Kayrakkum reservoir 5 - Hypophthalmichtus molitrix (Valenea) Khujand 6 - Silurus glanis Linne 7 - Cyprinus carpio Linne a r a 8 - Lucioperca lucioperea Linne f s Dagano-Say I 9 - Abramis brama (Linne) reservoir UZBEKISTAN 10 -Carassus auratus gibilio Katasay reservoir economical pond distribution location KYRGYZSTAN cities Zeravshan lakes and water reservoirs Yagnob rivers Muksu ob Iskanderkul Lake Surkh o CHINA b r Karakul Lake o S b gou o in h l z ik r b e a O b V y u k Dushanbe o ir K Rangul Lake o rv Shorkul Lake e P ch z a n e n a r j V ek em Nur gul Murg u az ab s Y h k a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a u iz s B ir K Kulyab o T Kurgan-Tube n a g i n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f h a s K h Khorog k a Zorkul Lake V Turumtaikul Lake ra P a an d j kh Sha A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya nj a P Fig. 1.16. 0 50 100 150 Km Table 1.12. Game fish distribution Water sources Species Rivers Lakes Reservoirs Springs Ponds Dushanbe loach (Nemachilus pardalis) + Amudarya loach (Nemachilus oxianus) + Gray loach (Nemachilus dorsalis) + Aral spined loach (Cobitis aurata aralensis) + + + Sheatfish (Sclurus glanis) + + + Bullhead (Ictalurus punctata) А + + Turkestan bullhead (Glyptosternum reticulatum) + Pike (Esox lucius) + + + + Turkestan bullhead (Cottus spinolosus) + + + Mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) А + + + + + Zander (Lucioperca lucioperea) А + + + Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon della) А + + + + + Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) А + Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthus molitrix) А + + + + Motley carp (Aristichthus nobilis) А + + + + Big-mouthed buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) А + Small-mouthed buffalo (I.bufalus) А + Black buffalo (I.niger) А + Mirror carp (Cyprinus sp.) А + + Scaly carp (Cyprinus sp.) А + + Pseudorasbora parva А + + + Amur goby (Neogobius amurensis sp.) А + + + Snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus warpachowski) А + + + Hemiculter sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region
    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region 68 Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources ater has long been the fundamental helped the region flourish; on the other, water, concern of Central Asia’s air, land, and biodiversity have been degraded. peoples. Few parts of the region are naturally water endowed, In this chapter, major river basins, inland seas, Wand it is unevenly distributed geographically. lakes, and reservoirs of Central Asia are presented. This scarcity has caused people to adapt in both The substantial economic and ecological benefits positive and negative ways. Vast power projects they provide are described, along with the threats and irrigation schemes have diverted most of facing them—and consequently the threats the water flow, transforming terrain, ecology, facing the economies and ecology of the country and even climate. On the one hand, powerful themselves—as a result of human activities. electrical grids and rich agricultural areas have The Amu Darya River in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, with a canal (left) taking water to irrigate cotton fields.Upper right: Irrigation lifeline, Dostyk main canal in Makktaaral Rayon in South Kasakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Lower right: The Charyn River in the Balkhash Lake basin, Kazakhstan. Water Resources 69 55°0'E 75°0'E 70 1:10 000 000 Central AsiaAtlas ofNaturalResources Major River Basins in Central Asia 200100 0 200 N Kilometers RUSSIAN FEDERATION 50°0'N Irty sh im 50°0'N Ish ASTANA N ura a b m Lake Zaisan E U r a KAZAKHSTAN l u s y r a S Lake Balkhash PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Ili OF CHINA Chui Aral Sea National capital 1 International boundary S y r D a r Rivers and canals y a River basins Lake Caspian Sea BISHKEK Issyk-Kul Amu Darya UZBEKISTAN Balkhash-Alakol 40°0'N ryn KYRGYZ Na Ob-Irtysh TASHKENT REPUBLIC Syr Darya 40°0'N Ural 1 Chui-Talas AZERBAIJAN 2 Zarafshan TURKMENISTAN 2 Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
    [Show full text]