DOCSLIB.ORG

Historical, Private and Independent. and Private Historical

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historical, Private and Independent. and Private Historical Historical, private and independent. and private Historical, www.fondazioneroma.it Telephone + 39 06 6976450 - Fax +39 06 697645300 06 +39 Fax - 6976450 06 39 + Telephone Via Marco Minghetti, 17 - 00187 Rome 00187 - 17 Minghetti, Marco Via Historical, private and independent. In the area for the Community. A unique project for Social Sustainability. The Foundation Health Scientific Research Education Art and Culture Terzo Pilastro - Italia e Mediterraneo fondazione_cofanetto_cover_fustella_eng.indd 1 29/10/15 12.13 Historical, private and independent. and private Historical, www.fondazioneroma.it Telephone + 39 06 6976450 - Fax +39 06 697645300 06 +39 Fax - 6976450 06 39 + Telephone Via Marco Minghetti, 17 - 00187 Rome 00187 - 17 Minghetti, Marco Via Historical, private and independent. In the area for the Community. A unique project for Social Sustainability. The Foundation Health Scientific Research Education Art and Culture Terzo Pilastro - Italia e Mediterraneo fondazione_cofanetto_cover_fustella_eng.indd 1 29/10/15 12.13 Contents Chiarman’s Introduction The Efficiency of Solidarity. Fondazione Roma Protagonist of the Civil Welfare Model History of Fondazione Roma Headquarters: Palazzo Sciarra The Cardinal’s Library The Mirrors Study The Art Collection The Historical Archives Palazzo Cipolla Institutional Activities Health The Hospice and the Foundation’s increasing commitment to patients affected by ALS and Alzheimer’s disease Grants for Hospitals Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Scientific Research Support for Excellent Biomedical Research IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti for Ophthalmic Research Commitment to Scientific Research in the Pontine District Fondazione Roma Supports Socio-economic Research Education Urgent Needs in Education: Grants for Schools and Universities Postgraduate University Courses Fondazione Roma Supports Persecuted Peoples Art and Culture Fondazione Roma-Arte-Musei Museo Fondazione Roma Portraits of Poetry Commitment to Solidarity and the Mediterranean Region This book has been published by Fondazione Roma Edition not for sale Graphic design and page layout ACC & Partners Via Città della Pieve, 58 00191 Rome, ©Italy Printed by Tipografia Palombi & Lanci Via Lago di Albano, 20 Villa Adriana 00010 Tivoli - Rome, Italy November 2015 In order to fulfil legal obligations Fondazione Roma is at the disposal of any copyright holders of images who have not been traced or were impossible to contact Fondazione Roma Via Marco Minghetti, 17 00187 Rome, Italy © Fondazione Roma Introduction The Efficiency of Solidarity Fondazione Roma Protagonist of the Civil Welfare Model Italy must now reconsider the concept and limits of the welfare system and focus on an urgent transition from the Welfare State to a Civil Welfare Model, whereby the State, individuals and non-profit organizations provide social services on equal terms, in order to propose a system that leaves scope for social interaction and enables citizens to be directly involved in the management of public goods. This model is described in the book entitled Il terzo pilastro. Il non-profit motore del nuovo welfare (The third pillar. Non-profit organisations drive the new welfare system), in which I have elaborated a plan whereby the third pillar – that varied world of non-profit organizations – should become the new key element, capable of ensuring a positive solution to the crisis of the Welfare State. Fondazione Roma is playing an essential role in this respect. Literally interpreting the spirit of the Reforms, introduced by Giuliano Amato and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, which created banking foundations, Fondazione Roma was the first to end its relationship with the transferee bank (2002). Unlike most of the other foundations, Fondazione Roma has avoided debt and useless capital increases issued for the purpose of maintaining a controlling interest in the banks. The Foundation has instead concentrated all its energy and resources in philanthropic activities and becoming a proactive think tank focused on the issues that question the future of Italy and the global society. An institution with a long and stable tradition, original expression of the civil society’s independency and spirit of initiative, Fondazione Roma is the largest foundation in Italy with a membership. All the institutional activities performed by the Foundation, which constantly updates its grant issuing procedure and operational structure, have the sole purpose of supporting the development of the local area in sectors that are strategic to social progress such as Health, Scientific Research, Education, Art and Culture and Aid to the Undeprivileged. We are proudly certain to be on the right track and to have met many challenges and that we shall reach new goals in the future by pursuing and accomplishing a concrete and constructive project for social sustainability. Professor Emmanuele F. M. Emanuele Chairman of Fondazione Roma The Foundation The History of Fondazione Roma The history of Fondazione Roma dates back to 1539 when, in order to fight usury, Pope Paul III issued an Edict establishing the pawn-broking institution ‘Mount of Piety of Rome’. The mission was perpetuated through a Rescript issued in 1836 by Pope Gregory XVI, in response to an initiative of worthy citizens, which instituted the savings bank called Cassa di Risparmio di Roma that incorporated the Mount of Piety in 1937. The Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Roma was established, inheriting the savings bank’s original social benefit goals, when the reform, introduced by Mr Giuliano Amato, was enacted in the early nineteen nineties. In order to emphasise the new identity arising from the separation of the banking business from philanthropic activities, in 2007 the Foundation’s name became Fondazione Roma. Hence, Fondazione Roma is the last episode in five hundred years of history during which it has been transformed and modernised adapting its projects to the new socio-economic context. The Chairman’s strategic decision to accomplish stable and structured projects and to concentrate resources in the five traditional and more relevant sectors of Health, Scientific Research, Education, Art and Culture and Aid to the Underprivileged, favouring innovative approaches and procedures in order to find practical solutions to the true needs of the local community, proves the Foundation’s ability to establish a best practice model, which may be replicated and sustained in other contexts. The first Foundation of banking origin to have left the sector, as planned by the legislator, Fondazione Roma manages its assets in a prudential manner for the purpose of meeting the objectives of protecting the real value of its capital and income, which enables it to constantly issue grants in support of the local area. The Foundation The Headquarters: Palazzo Sciarra The headquarters of Fondazione Roma are situated in the historical building named Palazzo Sciarra, which overlooks the Via del Corso in the centre of Rome where some of the most ancient churches stood during early Christianity and important patrician mansions were built as from the XV century. In the second half of the sixteenth century the Sciarra branch of the Colonna family, that held the Principality of Carbognano, built the Palace on the site where the Colonnas owned two separate buildings called, respectively, the ‘Palazzo imperfetto’ and the ‘Palazzetto’, which the Milanese architect, Flaminio Ponzio, planned to be joined in 1610. In 1641, Orazio Torrioni took over the direction of the building site and created the noble and austere façade squared with ashlar angles, crowned with cornice on corbels and divided by three orders of windows. The monumental portal has two fluted columns surmounted by composite capitals on high plinths, which support the balustraded balcony on the first floor, placed in front of an ashlar arch. The face of the plinths and the balustrade are enriched with columns sculptured in relief in remembrance of the relationship between Sciarra family and the prestigious Colonna dynasty. Due to the beauty of the portal, the Palace was included amongst the ‘Four Wonders of Rome’ together with the Borghese cembalo (harpsichord), the Farnese cube and the Caetani-Ruspoli staircase. During the eighteenth century, Cardinal Prospero Colonna adapted the Palace to the style of the period. Luigi Vanvitelli, architect and friend of the cardinal, was involved in the architectural and pictorial renovation and designed the refurbishment. The Cardinal’s Library, the small Gallery and the Mirrors Study, rich in pictorial decorations, are some of the rooms that were created during the refurbishment, increasing the historical and artistic value of the Palace. In the late nineteenth century, Francesco Settimi attended to the restoration of the surrounding buildings, the extension of the right wing and reconstruction of the courtyard. The size of the Palace was considerably reduced between 1871 and 1898, when Prince Maffeo Sciarra commissioned the architect Giulio de Angelis to open the adjacent Via Minghetti and to build the Quirino theatre and the Sciarra Gallery in the rear of the complex. The Foundation The Cardinal’s Library The Cardinal’s Library is to be found inside a large apartment, which Cardinal Prospero Colonna di Sciarra (1707 – 1765) required to be located on the second floor of the building. Like the Mirrors Study, to which it communicates through a small hallway, the Library’s original eighteenth century fittings are still intact. The Cardinal commissioned the works
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Roots of the Fondazione Roma: the Historical Archives
    The Historical Archives are housed in the head-offices of the Fondazione Roma, situated in the THE ROOTS OF THE FONDAZIONE ROMA: THE HISTORICAL prestigious Palazzo Sciarra which was built in the second half of the sixteenth century by the ARCHIVES Sciarra branch of the Colonna family who held the Principality of Carbognano. Due to the beauty of the portal, the Palace was included amongst the ‘Four Wonders of Rome’ together with the In 2010, following a long bureaucratic procedure marked by the perseverance of the then Borghese cembalo, the Farnese cube and the Caetani-Ruspoli staircase. During the eighteenth Chairman, now Honorary President, Professor Emmanuele F.M. Emanuele, Fondazione Roma century, Cardinal Prospero Colonna renovated the Palace with the involvement of the famous acquired from Unicredit a considerable amount of records that had been accumulated over five architect Luigi Vanvitelli. The Cardinal’s Library, the small Gallery and the Mirrors Study, richly hundred years, between the sixteenth and the twentieth century, by two Roman credit institutions: decorated with paintings, are some of the rooms which were created during the refurbishment. the Sacro Monte della Pietà (Mount of Piety) and the savings bank Cassa di Risparmio. The documents are kept inside a mechanical and electric mobile shelving system placed in a depot The Honorary President Professor Emanuele declares that “The Historical Archives are a precious equipped with devices which ensure safety, the stability and constant reading of the environmental source both for historians and those interested in the vicissitudes of money and credit systems and indicators and respect of the standards of protection and conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of the Borgias (1913)
    The Story of The Borgias John Fyvie L1BRARV OF UN ,VERSITV CALIFORNIA AN DIEGO THE STORY OF THE BORGIAS <Jt^- i//sn6Ut*4Ccn4<s flom fte&co-^-u, THE STORY OF THE BOEGIAS AUTHOR OF "TRAGEDY QUEENS OF THE GEORGIAN ERA" ETC NEW YORK G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1913 PRINTED AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS TAVI STOCK STREET CoVENT GARDEN LONDON THE story of the Borgia family has always been of interest one strangely fascinating ; but a lurid legend grew up about their lives, which culminated in the creation of the fantastic monstrosities of Victor Hugo's play and Donizetti's opera. For three centuries their name was a byword for the vilest but in our there has been infamy ; own day an extraordinary swing of the pendulum, which is hard to account for. Quite a number of para- doxical writers have proclaimed to an astonished and mystified world that Pope Alexander VI was both a wise prince and a gentle priest whose motives and actions have been maliciously mis- noble- represented ; that Cesare Borgia was a minded and enlightened statesman, who, three centuries in advance of his time, endeavoured to form a united Italy by the only means then in Lucrezia anybody's power ; and that Borgia was a paragon of all the virtues. " " It seems to have been impossible to whitewash the Borgia without a good deal of juggling with the evidence, as well as a determined attack on the veracity and trustworthiness of the contemporary b v PREFACE historians and chroniclers to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: the Spirituali and Their Goals
    NOT BY FAITH ALONE: VITTORIA COLONNA, MICHELANGELO AND REGINALD POLE AND THE EVANGELICAL MOVEMENT IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY ITALY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies Christopher Allan Dunn, J.D. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. March 19, 2014 NOT BY FAITH ALONE: VITTORIA COLONNA, MICHELANGELO AND REGINALD POLE AND THE EVANGELICAL MOVEMENT IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY ITALY Christopher Allan Dunn, J.D. MALS Mentor: Michael Collins, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Beginning in the 1530’s, groups of scholars, poets, artists and Catholic Church prelates came together in Italy in a series of salons and group meetings to try to move themselves and the Church toward a concept of faith that was centered on the individual’s personal relationship to God and grounded in the gospels rather than upon Church tradition. The most prominent of these groups was known as the spirituali, or spiritual ones, and it included among its members some of the most renowned and celebrated people of the age. And yet, despite the fame, standing and unrivaled access to power of its members, the group failed utterly to achieve any of its goals. By 1560 all of the spirituali were either dead, in exile, or imprisoned by the Roman Inquisition, and their ideas had been completely repudiated by the Church. The question arises: how could such a “conspiracy of geniuses” have failed so abjectly? To answer the question, this paper examines the careers of three of the spirituali’s most prominent members, Vittoria Colonna, Michelangelo and Reginald Pole.
    [Show full text]
  • The Italian Wars, 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe Free Download
    THE ITALIAN WARS, 1494-1559: WAR, STATE AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE FREE DOWNLOAD Michael Edward Mallett,Christine Shaw | 392 pages | 27 Jun 2012 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780582057586 | English | London, United Kingdom Italian War of 1521–1526 During this sixty-five year period the Italian Wars brought major shifts in the balance of power in Italy and Europe, military organization, and diplomatic practice. The application of Spanish power in Italy was a complicated process in itself. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. Bythe French situation had entirely collapsed. It is well-written and organized. ItalyFranceand Spain. Emphasising the gap between aims and strategies of the political masters and what their commanders and troops could actually accomplish on the ground, they a The Italian Wars of had a major impact on the whole of Renaissance Europe. Details if other :. Meanwhile, a series of protracted infantry engagements resulted in the rout of the Swiss and French infantry. The Contest for Supremacy in Italy, It is the first true narrative of the Italian wars, the one we wanted for so long. The war broke out across Western Europe late inwhen a French—Navarrese expedition attempted to reconquer Navarre while a French army invaded the Low Countries. This growth in army size contributed to the establishment of the professionalized military, which would have broader implications for the coming years. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Italian Wars. The major powers France, England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire were outwardly friendly, pledging by the Treaty of London to come to the aid of any State and Society in Early Modern Europe the signatories that was attacked and to The Italian Wars against any nation that broke the peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Richards' Report This Summer When I Was in Rome, I Went to the Vatican, at Mr
    Bulletin of The Business Historical Society J Dr. Richards' Report This summer when I was in Rome, I went to the Vatican, at Mr. Ayres' suggestion, to see what I could discover as to the history of the Barberini- Sciarra di Colonna family whose account books have just been presented to The Business Historical Society. I met all sorts of obstacles. There were serious doubts as to the very existence of such a family or such a branch of either family. There was also a question as to the genuineness of the account books themselves. Thanks to the exceeding great kindness of the members of the staff of the Vatican Library, I was enabled to examine their own collection of business documents belonging to this period and to the Barberini family as well as to the Sciarra di Colonna. A careful com- parison of bindings, hand-writing, names and other items, all combined to disprove the suggestion that the present collection were forgeries, but the final and unalterable evidence lay in the similarity of the water marks on the paper. Since my return, some diligent searching in the Widener Li- brary has revealed also the existence of a Barberini-Sciarra di Colonna family as late as 1879. Then there were three unmarried princesses of the line living at Rome. Who represents the family now I do not know nor can I say what the connection is—if indeed there is any at all—between them and the present Barberini princes. The Barberini family came from Tuscany to Rome about the time that Maffeo was elected Pope, Urban VIII, in 1623, an event which marks the beginning of the rise of the family to power.
    [Show full text]
  • Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 12911 Habemus Papam? Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States Francisco J. Pino Jordi Vidal-Robert JANUARY 2020 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 12911 Habemus Papam? Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States Francisco J. Pino University of Chile and IZA Jordi Vidal-Robert University of Sydney and CAGE JANUARY 2020 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ISSN: 2365-9793 IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 12911 JANUARY 2020 ABSTRACT Habemus Papam? Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States* We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between 1295 and 1846.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life of Cesare Borgia
    The Life of Cesare Borgia Rafael Sabatini The Life of Cesare Borgia Table of Contents The Life of Cesare Borgia.........................................................................................................................................1 Rafael Sabatini...............................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................2 BOOK I. THE HOUSE OF THE BULL.....................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER I. THE RISE OF THE HOUSE OF BORGIA............................................................................8 CHAPTER II. THE REIGNS OF SIXTUS IV AND INNOCENT VIII.....................................................12 CHAPTER III. ALEXANDER VI...............................................................................................................21 CHAPTER IV. BORGIA ALLIANCES......................................................................................................29 BOOK II. THE BULL PASCANT...........................................................................................................................36 CHAPTER I. THE FRENCH INVASION..................................................................................................36 CHAPTER II. THE POPE AND THE SUPERNATURAL........................................................................44
    [Show full text]
  • Conclave 1492: the Election of a Renaissance Pope
    Conclave 1492: The Election of a Renaissance Pope A Reacting to the Past Microgame Instructor’s Manual Version 1 – August 2017 William Keene Thompson Ph.D. Candidate, History University of California, Santa Barbara [email protected] Table of Contents Game Summary 1 Procedure 3 Biographical Sketches and Monetary Values 4 Role Distribution and Vote Tally Sheet 6 Anticipated Vote Distributions 7 Conclave Ballot Template 8 Role Sheets (23 Cardinals) 9 Additional Roles 33 Extended Gameplay and Supplementary Readings 34 William Keene Thompson, UC Santa Barbara [email protected] Conclave 1492: The Election of a Renaissance Pope The Situation It is August 1492. Pope Innocent VIII has died. Now the Sacred College of Cardinals must meet to choose his successor. The office of Pope is a holy calling, born of the legacy of Saint Peter the first Bishop of Rome, who was one of Christ’s most trusted apostles. The Pope is therefore God’s vicar on Earth, the temporal representation of divine authority and the pinnacle of the church hierarchy. However, the position has also become a political role, with the Holy Father a temporal ruler of the Papal States in the center of the Italian peninsula and charged with protecting the interests of the Church across Christendom. As such, the position requires not only spiritual vision but political acumen too, and, at times ruthlessness and deception, to maintain the church’s position as a secular and spiritual power in Europe. The Cardinals must therefore consider both a candidate’s spiritual and political qualifications to lead the Church.
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Schism and Its Effect on the Lay Piety Movement
    Copelin 1 Cora Copelin Martha Rampton Senior Thesis May 8, 2009 A Crisis of Faith: The Western Schism and its Effect on the Lay Piety Movement By 1378, the Christians of Europe found themselves divided between two sepa- rate popes; one located in the traditional see in Rome while another sat on the papal throne in Avignon. This was partially the result of a bitter political battle Rome and the French territory of Avignon, and the seventy-one years of a papacy absent from St. Pe- terʼs. Since the papacyʼs beginning in the ninth century and into the eleventh century when the bishop of Rome began to assert his power over the rest of the Christian church, the papal seat had been located in Rome. After clashes between the papacy and the French monarchy, the institution of the papacy found itself located in the papal palace in Avignon. Seventy-one years after the first Avignon pope took his seat in the French territory, Pope Gregory XI decided to return to the Eternal City, but the Rome to which he returned was much different than his predecessor had left it in 1305. The people of the Holy City, and across Europe, changed while the papacy, es- sentially, had not. While kings and popes were fighting for dominance, a movement for personal religion had taken hold as people struggled to actualize the Christian faith for themselves. The Church controlled what aspects of religion were taught, how they were taught and how people could live virtuous lives. It was believed that through the Church, Copelin 2 a pious life could be lived.
    [Show full text]
  • Il Feudo Di Sonnino Dai Caetani Ai Colonna: La Parentesi Del Regio Deposito Spagnolo (1549-1591)
    Vittorio Ricci Dissertazione Storica Il Feudo di Sonnino dai Caetani ai Colonna: la parentesi del Regio Deposito Spagnolo (1549-1591) Sonnino Chiesa di San Michele Arcangelo Domenica 17 maggio 2015 – ore 18,30 Ringraziamenti: Amministrazione Comunale di Sonnino, Museo Antiche Terre di Confine, Pro Loco di Sonnino per il patrocinio e l’organizzazione del Convegno di Sonnino di domenica 17 maggio – Chiesa di Sant’Angelo Angela Pacchiarotti per i contributi bibliografici e documentari Antonio Gasbarrone, per i rari documenti messi a disposizione Stefano Pagliaroli per le preziose ricerche d’archivio prese a fondamento del presente studio. Patrocinio scientifico: Ozono Terapia di Francesco Raponi 2 Sommario Contenuti Paragrafo 1. Il feudo di Sonnino dai Caetani ai Colonna Paragrafo 2. Sulla giurisdizione del Re di Spagna sopra alcuni feudi di Marittima e Campagna (1549-1591) Paragrafo 3. Il Contenzioso in Casa Colonna e la nascita del Regio Deposito Spagnolo di Sonnino, San Lorenzo e Vallecorsa Paragrafo 4. La presenza spagnola nel feudo di Vallecorsa Paragrafo 5. Erezione di Sonnino a principato di Casa Colonna Scheda Biografica. Figure di ambasciatori spagnoli Documenti d’Archivio: carte del Regio Deposito Spagnolo Bibliografia Sonnino, Cappella Caetani, scudo di Onorato II Gaetani d’Aragona (Foto Angela Pacchiarotti) 3 Sonnino, anni Cinquanta (foto già pubblicata in Manicone, 1957) 4 Paragrafo 1. Il feudo di Sonnino dai Caetani ai Colonna (secc. XIV-XVI) Lungo l’antico confine tra il Patrimonio di San Pietro ed il regno di Napoli, nel corso del Cinquecento venne a crearsi una insolita giurisdizione del re di Spagna su alcuni castelli dello Stato della Chiesa; nello specifico, nel piccolo e stretto territorio montuoso tra la via Appia e la Casilina, compreso tra le città di Terracina, Priverno e Fondi e costituito dalle piazzeforti di Sonnino, San Lorenzo1 e Vallecorsa, vennero a togliersi gli antichi vincoli feudali e le comunità civiche furono poste sotto il controllo della corona spagnola.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POCKET GUIDE to the Popes 
    THE POCKET GUIDE TO the Popes RICHARD P. McBRIEN Contents Introduction 1 The Popes 11 Index of Names 339 About the Author Other Books by Richard P. McBrien Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher introduction This book contains the abridged profiles of all of the popes of the Catholic Church organized chronologically according to the dates of their respective terms of office. For the complete profiles, readers should consult the full edition, originally published in hard cover by HarperSanFrancisco in 1997, subsequently released in paperback in 2000, and finally issued in an updated edi- tion that includes Pope Benedict XVI in 2006. The full edition contains many original features; this abridged edition is limited to profiles of individual popes that rely upon secondary source material for their factual and historical content. For a listing of these sources and an explanation of how they were incorporated into the pro- files, the reader should consult the Preface and the Select Bibliography of the full edition. WHAT IS A POPE? The offi ce occupied by the pope is known as the papacy. The pope’s principal title is Bishop of Rome. In addition to his immediate pastoral responsibilities as Bishop of Rome, the pope also exercises a special ministry on be- half of the universal Church. It is called the Petrine min- istry, because the Catholic Church considers the pope to be the successor of the Apostle Peter. As such, he has the 2 the pocket guide to the popes duty to preserve the unity of the worldwide Church and to support all of his brother bishops in the service of their own respective dioceses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art of War in Italy, 1494-1529
    w I CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAV, Manager LONDON : FETTER LANE, E.C.4 NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY ] CALCUTTA ,- MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. MADRAS ) TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TOKYO : MARUZEN KABUSHIKI- KAISHA RIGHTS RESERVED THE ART OF WAR IN ITALY 1494-1529 BY F. L. TAYLOR, M.A., M.C. ST John's college, Cambridge T1^:}(CE COO^SORT T1{IZE ESSJr 1920 CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS I 9 2 I Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/artofwarinitaly100taylrich NOTE WISH to thank Mr C. W. Previte-Orton, M.A., I Fellow of St John's College, for much advice and encouragement in the preparation of these pages. I also wish to place on record my indebtedness to the Acton Library. Owing to the generosity of Viscount Morley this valuable collection of the books of our late Regius Professor is now housed at the University Library, and but for its presence there the greater part of my essay could not have been written at Cambridge. F. L. T. September 1920. 520339 CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. INTRODUCTION I II. STRATEGY lo III. INFANTRY 29 IV. CAVALRY 6l V. ARTILLERY 81 VI. TACTICS 103 VII. FORTIFICATION AND SIEGECRAFT . .129 VIII. MILITARY WRITERS 156 APPENDIX A: THE BATTLE OF RAVENNA . 180 NOTES TO APPENDIX A . .205 APPENDIX B: BOOKS CONSULTED . .216 INDEX 225 MAPS I. Italy II. Plan of the walls of Verona III. The battlefield of Ravenna IV. Diagrams representing four phases of the BATTLE of RaVENNA Ardet incxcita Ausonia atque immobilis ante; pars pedes ire parat campis, pars arduus altis pulverulentus equis furit; omnes arma requirunt.
    [Show full text]