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The Papal Chapel 1288–1304: a Study in Institutional and Cultural Change

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The Papal Chapel 1288–1304: a Study in Institutional and Cultural Change THE PAPAL CHAPEL 1288–1304: A STUDY IN INSTITUTIONAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE MATTHEW DAVID ROSS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 2013 I, Matthew Ross, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 ABSTRACT This project is a study of the structure and personnel of the papal chapel, and the administrative, governmental, legal and cultural activities of papal chaplains in the period 1288–1304. It is based on a new repertory of the collective biographies of papal chaplains compiled for this project, and comprises detailed analysis of this biographical repertory and of information on papal chaplains from the papal curia’s administrative and financial sources, new research concerning papal chaplains’ function in cardinals’ wills and as testators themselves, a comparison of the papal chapel with its contemporary counterpart at the English royal court – the chapel royal – and discussion of papal chaplains’ cultural activities and their role in the production of a curial court culture. It combines two broad approaches. On the one hand, it aims to clarify the administrative and economic structure of the papal chapel and establish the collective biographies of the papal chaplains themselves in the period 1288–1304. On the other, it uses this constitutional, economic and socio-demographic analysis as context for comparison with the English chapel royal and for discussion of the papal chapel’s cultural history in the same period. New information is brought to light on the role of the Roman schola cantorum in the papal chapel, on the history of honorary papal chaplains, on papal chaplains’ musical function, and on the differing course and impact of constitutional rationalisation in the papal chapel and English chapel royal. The contextualisation of cultural activity in the papal chapel with constitutional change shows the decisive importance for cultural history – especially for the papal chapel’s musical history – of dynamics originating outside the cultural domains. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 6 PREFACE 7 CHAPTER ONE THE CHAPEL AND ITS PERIPHERIES: THE SCHOLA CANTORUM AND HONORARY CHAPLAINS 1.1 FOREWORD 9 1.2 SOURCES AND SCHOLARSHIP 13 1.3 THE PAPAL CHAPEL AND THE SCHOLA CANTORUM 18 1.4 HONORARY PAPAL CHAPLAINS 28 CHAPTER TWO PEOPLE 2.1 FOUNDATIONS 32 2.2 TIMEFRAME 33 2.3 SOURCES 35 2.4 INSTITUTIONAL SIZE AND COMPOSITION 41 2.5 HONORARY PAPAL CHAPLAINS 43 2.6 CAREER 52 CHAPTER THREE PROVENANCE 3.1 FOREWORD 57 3.2 NICHOLAS IV 59 3.3 CELESTINE V 65 3.4 BONIFACE VIII 66 3.5 BENEDICT XI 74 3.6 CLEMENT V 80 CHAPTER FOUR PAYMENTS 4.1 FOREWORD 82 4.2 THE 1278 HOUSHOLD ROLL 83 4.3 THE C. 1306 ORDINANCE 85 4.4 CAMERAL ACCOUNTS 88 4.5 PAPAL CHAPLAINS’ PERSONAL WEALTH 96 4.6 PAYMENTS AS INDICES OF CHANGE 98 CHAPTER FIVE PAPAL CHAPLAINS AND CARDINALS’ WILLS 5.1 FOREWORD 102 5.2 CARDINALS’ WILLS 104 5.3 THE RIGHT OF SPOIL AND THE LICENTIA TESTANDI 105 5.4 DIPLOMATIC OF WILLS 108 5.5 PAPAL CHAPLAINS IN CARDINALS’ WILLS 5.5.1 WITNESSES 111 5.5.2 EXECUTORS 113 5.5.3 BENEFICIARIES 122 5.6 CLOSING WORD 128 4 CHAPTER SIX THREE PAPAL CHAPLAINS’ WILLS 6.1 FOREWORD 130 6.2 SOURCES 130 6.3 DEFINITIONS OF REPRODUCTION 134 6.4 PAPAL CHAPLAINS’ LICENTIAE TESTANDI 136 6.5 EXECUTORS AND COMMISSIONERS 139 6.6 BEQUESTS 6.6.1 CHURCHES, CHAPELS, CHANTRIES 142 6.6.2 DEPENDENTS 148 6.6.3 MATERIAL GOODS AND BOOKS 152 6.7 TOMBS AND FUNERAL DISPOSITION 156 6.8 CLOSING WORD 160 CHAPTER SEVEN THE PAPAL CHAPEL AND THE CHAPEL ROYAL 7.1 FOREWORD 161 7.2 SOURCES AND STRUCTURE 163 7.3 THE CHIEF CHAPLAIN AND MAGISTER CAPELLE 170 7.4 FINANCIAL REGULATION 174 7.5 WAGES 178 7.6 HIERARCHY 181 7.7 FUNCTION 185 7.8 IDEALS OF POWER 188 CHAPTER EIGHT THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE PAPAL CHAPEL 8.1 FOREWORD 197 8.2 TOWARDS A CURIAL COURT CULTURE 197 8.3 EDUCATION AND CULTURAL PRACTICE 203 8.4 LEGAL CULTURE 208 8.5 LITERARY CULTURE 213 8.6 ARTISTIC CULTURE 223 8.7 MUSIC 232 8.8 COURT CULTURE AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE 243 CLOSING WORDS 245 APPENDICES APPENDIX ONE 248 APPENDIX TWO 254 APPENDIX THREE 256 APPENDIX FOUR 257 APPENDIX FIVE FIGURE ONE 261 FIGURE TWO 270 FIGURE THREE 274 APPENDIX SIX 278 APPENDIX SEVEN 281 APPENDIX EIGHT 283 BIBLIOGRAPHY 284 5 ABBREVIATIONS ASV Archivio Segreto Vaticano BAV Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana BEFAR Bibliothèque de l’École française d’Athènes et de Rome BIHBR Bibliothèque de l’institut historique belge de Rome DBI Dizionario biografico degli italiani DDC Dictionnaire de droit canonique Reg. Vat. Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Registra Vaticana RSCI Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia QFIAB Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken ZRGKan Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung, Weimar 6 PREFACE This project is a study of the administrative and economic structure of the papal chapel and of the collective biographies of the papal chaplains themselves in the period 1288– 1304, which covers the final four pontificates of the ‘long’ thirteenth century: Nicholas IV (1288–1292), Celestine V (1294), Boniface VIII (1294–1303) and Benedict XI (1303– 4). This period, effectively closed by the accession of Clement V (1305–14), who moved the papal curia to Avignon in 1309, is noteworthy for papal chaplains’ position and function within and beyond the curia and also for the way ongoing changes taking place across the curia were manifest in the papal chapel. In addition, this constitutional, economic and socio-demographic analysis also comprises the context for the study of papal chaplains in last wills and testaments, for comparison of the papal chapel with its counterpart at the English royal court – the king’s household chapel, known as the chapel royal – and for discussion of the papal chapel’s cultural history in the same period. These two approaches in combination intentionally contextualise the cultural field in order to assert the importance for the papal chapel’s cultural history of dynamics originating outside the cultural domains. I deal first with administrative, economic and socio-demographic questions, ordered by genre of source material. Chapter One outlines the origin, form, structure and function of the late-thirteenth century papal chapel and its relationship with the schola cantorum, and explains the rationale for the selection of the timeframe. In so doing, it also provides an account of the major scholarly literature on the subject, which is therefore not in its conventional location here in the Preface. Chapters Two and Three present the findings of a biographical repertory assembled for this project of all papal chaplains in the period 7 1288–1304; firstly (in Chapter Two) for the information it yields concerning the structure and function of the papal chapel and selected demographic questions, and secondly (in Chapter Three) concerning specific matters of geographical provenance and recruitment patterns. Chapter Four analyses the economic organisation of the papal chapel using prescriptive curial administrative documents and surviving accounting sources. The remaining chapters turn to sociological and cultural questions. Chapter Five studies the place of papal chaplains in cardinals’ wills and Chapter Six examines selected wills of papal chaplains themselves: together they discuss how testamentary practice and exchange, both economic and symbolic, underpinned aspects of curial society and culture. Chapter Seven compares the papal chapel with the English chapel royal, to consider developments in the organisation and function of rulers’ household chapels in the broader European context, especially how comparable changes unfolded in differing ways in these two environments. Chapter Eight deals with the papal chapel’s place in cultural life at the papal curia, especially papal chaplains’ acquisition and reproduction of cultural proficiency and taste to maintain their place in curial society. This final chapter has two further aims: to ascertain whether a distinct court culture existed at the late thirteenth-century curia, and to provide examples of the important effect of institutional organisation and change on the cultural field and, indeed, the course of the papal chapel’s ongoing musical history. 8 CHAPTER ONE THE CHAPEL AND ITS PERIPHERIES: THE SCHOLA CANTORUM AND HONORARY CHAPLAINS 1.1 FOREWORD The present chapter offers a description of the papal chapel as achieved by scholarship to date, and gives an account of the primary sources used to this end. Though the existing scholarship is good, there is much more to be said – and there will still be much more to be done after this thesis, which aims only to move the subject significantly further, not to provide a definitive study if such a thing is possible. This chapter also provides two necessary preliminaries to further discussion of the papal chapel. Firstly, it establishes the relationship of the papal chapel with another institution whose functions to some extent overlapped with it, in that they both had musical and liturgical duties at the papal court: the schola cantorum. Secondly, it introduces discussion of the difference between honorary and non-honorary papal chaplains in the thirteenth century, which has extensive implications regarding the chapel’s structure and chaplains’ function in and outside the papal household. The discussion requires analysis from different perspectives, and will be revisited several times in the course of this thesis before a answer will be attempted. The implications of both preliminaries underpin major issues in the overarching arguments concerning institutional and cultural change which run throughout this thesis. 9 The first documented appearance of a papal chaplain at the curia dates from 1026, when a bishop Amasus, also chaplain of Pope John XIX (1024–32), witnessed a bull investing the new bishop of Silva Candida.1 Constitutions of Urban II (1088–99) attest the continued presence of papal chaplains at the curia.2 These papal chaplains were priests who served some of the pope’s liturgical needs.
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