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Organic Toxic Substances Monitoring in Virginia

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Organic Toxic Substances Monitoring in Virginia W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1983 Organic toxic substances monitoring in Virginia Robert Emile. Croonenberghs College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Croonenberghs, Robert Emile., "Organic toxic substances monitoring in Virginia" (1983). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616622. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-vdbf-8m78 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Ml 48106 8317067 Croonenberghs, Robert Emile ORGANIC TOXIC SUBSTANCES MONITORING IN VIRGINIA The College of William and Mary in Virginia PH.D. University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or ______p ag es 2. Colored illustrations, paper or______ print 3. Photographs with dark background______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original______ copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides______ of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages / 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost______ in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct______ print 11. Page(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered____________. Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Other___________________________________________________________________ __ University Microfilms International ORGANIC TOXIC SUBSTANCES MONITORING IN VIRGINIA A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Emile Croonenberghs 1983 APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy £ Robert E. Croonenberghs Approved, May 1983 N. Bartlett Theberge, TLL.M., T V f (Co-Chairman) Robert J. Hug^etPh (Co-Chairman) Craig L. Smith, Ph.D. Michael E. Bender, Ph.D. Randolph A. Coleman, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my family, including both Tooey's side and my side, for their love, encouragement and support. Especially, it is dedicated to Tooey, who made life most enjoyable during the rigors. The timely completion of the work must be credited to the arrival of James Pierre. TABLE OP CONTENTS Page Dedication................................................. iii Table of Contents......................................... iv Acknowledgements............................................vi List of Tables............................................. vii List of Figures........................................... ix Abstract........ x Chapter I. Introduction and Hypothesis.............. 2 1.1 Introduction.................... 2 1.2 Hypothesis.. ......................... 6 Chapter II. Methods..................................... 7 2.1 Toxic Substances Used in Virginia....... 7 2.2 Analytical Requirements................... 18 Chapter III. Results..................................... 20 3.1 Critical Conventional Procedures......... 20 Evaporative Loss Potential................ 21 Stability...................... 23 Solubility.................................. 24 Liquid Chromatography...................... 25 GC and GC/MS................................ 28 3.2 Analytical Properties of "Compounds" 29 Detectable by Conventional Techniques.... 29 Possibly Detectable by Conventional Techniques................................ 32 Not Detectable by Conventional Techniques................................ 34 3.3 Toxic Effects.............................. 37 3.4 Judgement of Need for Special Monitoring. 37 Volatiles................................... 39 Non-volatiles............................... 41 Miscellaneous Analytical Procedures 43 3.5 Proposed Analytical Procedures........... 47 Volatiles................................... 48 Nitrofurans................................. 51 Benzidine................................... 52 Chloramphenicol............................. 53 Sulfamethazine.............................. 53 Cupferron................................... 54 Anionic Dyes ................................ 55 Cationic Dyes ............................... 61 Chapter IV. Discussion and Conclusions................ 63 iv 4.1 Discussion.................................. 63 4.2 Proposals for implementation.............. 69 4.3 Conclusions................................. 73 Literature Cited.......................................... 74 Appendix.................................................... 106 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest appreciation for help on this work extends to Dr. Craig Smith, for spending many hours patiently explaining concepts in organic chemistry. His insights were acutely perceptive, and his direction throughout the work was extremely helpful. Many thanks are due to my two co-chairmen. Dr. Bob Huggett was a great help in my early work on Kepone, instilling a confidence in my ability to conduct research. Mr. Bart Theberge, LL.M., educated me in the realities of bureaucracies, and provided me with legal and management tools which I now find indispensable. I wish to thank Dr. Mike Bender for his help over the years, and Dr. Randy Coleman for his participation on my committee. Ms. Janice Meadows, Assistant Librarian, was most helpful in the retrieval of far too many journal articles. Ms. Susan Carter was helpful in so many instances, I can only say thanks. Thanks also to the many other friends at VIMS who helped me along the way. LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Toxic organic "compounds" involved in production in Virginia which were researched by this work ................. 11 Table 2. "Toxic" organic substances involved with production in Virginia, but omitted from research by this work 17 Table 3. "Compounds" which are detectable by conventional analytical techniques 30 Table 4. "Compounds" possibly detectable by conventional analytical techniques 33 Table 5. "Compounds" which are not detectable by conventional techniques............ 35 Table 6. Volatile and potentially volatile "compounds" of potential concern in long term environmental accumulation... 40 Table 7. Non-volatile "compounds" of potential concern in long term environmental accumulation.............................. 42 Table 8. Miscellaneous non-detectable or possibly detectable "compounds" of potential concern in long term environmental accumulation.............. 45 Table 9. Costs for implementation of analytical procedures.................. ............ 72 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Proposed analysis plan for toxic substances monitoring in Virginia 49 viii ABSTRACT This project attempts to identify toxic organic substances used in Virginia, which
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