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Und Hans Falladas Roman „Jeder Stirbt Für Sich Allein“ Der Widerstand der kleinen Leute in der NS-Zeit in Anna Seghers’ Roman „Das siebte Kreuz“ und Hans Falladas Roman „Jeder stirbt für sich allein“ Perica, Petra Master's thesis / Diplomski rad 2018 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Zadar / Sveučilište u Zadru Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:162:495340 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-27 Repository / Repozitorij: University of Zadar Institutional Repository of evaluation works Sveučilište u Zadru Odjel za germanistiku Diplomski sveučilišni studij njemačkog jezika i književnosti; smjer: nastavnički (dvopredmetni) Petra Perica Der Widerstand der kleinen Leute in der NS-Zeit in Anna Seghers’ Roman „Das siebte Kreuz“ und Hans Falladas Roman „Jeder stirbt für sich allein“ Diplomski rad Zadar, 2018. Sveučilište u Zadru Odjel za germanistiku Diplomski sveučilišni studij njemačkog jezika i književnosti; smjer: nastavnički (dvopredmetni) Der Widerstand der kleinen Leute in der NS-Zeit in Anna Seghers’ Roman „Das siebte Kreuz“ und Hans Falladas Roman „Jeder stirbt für sich allein“ Diplomski rad Student/ica: Mentor/ica: Petra Perica Prof. dr. sc. Slavija Kabić Zadar, 2018. Izjava o akademskoj čestitosti Ja, Petra Perica, ovime izjavljujem da je moj diplomski rad pod naslovom Der Widerstand der kleinen Leute in der NS-Zeit in Anna Seghers’ Roman „Das siebte Kreuz“ und Hans Falladas Roman „Jeder stirbt für sich allein“ rezultat mojega vlastitog rada, da se temelji na mojim istraživanjima te da se oslanja na izvore i radove navedene u bilješkama i popisu literature. Ni jedan dio mojega rada nije napisan na nedopušten način, odnosno nije prepisan iz necitiranih radova i ne krši bilo čija autorska prava. Izjavljujem da ni jedan dio ovoga rada nije iskorišten u kojem drugom radu pri bilo kojoj drugoj visokoškolskoj, znanstvenoj, obrazovnoj ili inoj ustanovi. Sadržaj mojega rada u potpunosti odgovara sadržaju obranjenoga i nakon obrane uređenoga rada. Zadar, 16. studenog 2018. Inhalt 1. Einführung .............................................................................................................................. 1 2. Die deutsche Exilliteratur (1933-1945), die Widerstandsliteratur (1933-1945) und die neue Literatur in der SBZ (1945-1949) und der DDR (seit 1949) ...................................................... 4 3. Anna Seghers: Das siebte Kreuz (1942) ................................................................................ 7 3.1. Über die Autorin .............................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Das siebte Kreuz: Entstehung, Quellen, Rezeption ........................................................ 9 3.3. Das siebte Kreuz: Inhaltsangabe und Hauptmerkmale .................................................. 12 3.4. Werkanalyse .................................................................................................................. 13 3.4.1. Georg Heislers Leben vor der KZ-Haft .................................................................. 14 3.4.2. Georg Heisler als KZ-Häftling ................................................................................ 16 3.4.3. Georg Heislers Verhalten auf der Flucht ................................................................ 18 3.4.4. Paul Röders Verhältnis zum Nationalsozialismus .................................................. 24 3.4.5. Paul Röders Verhalten dem KZ-Flüchtling Georg Heisler gegenüber .................. 26 4. Hans Fallada: Jeder stirbt für sich allein (1947) .................................................................. 31 4.1. Über den Autor .............................................................................................................. 31 4.2. Jeder stirbt für sich allein: Entstehung, Quellen, Rezeption ........................................ 34 4.3. Jeder stirbt für sich allein: Inhaltsangabe und Hauptmerkmale .................................... 37 4.4. Werkanalyse .................................................................................................................. 39 4.4.1. Die Darstellung des Ehepaares Anna und Otto Quangel ....................................... 39 4.4.2. Otto Quangels Verhältnis zum Nationalsozialismus vor dem Tod des Sohnes ...... 42 4.4.3. Anna Quangels Verhältnis zum Nationalsozialismus vor dem Tod des Sohnes .... 43 4.4.4. Otto Quangels Wille zum Widerstand gegen das NS-Regime ............................... 43 4.4.5. Anna Quangels Wille zum Widerstand gegen das NS-Regime .............................. 47 4.4.6. Die gemeinsame Widerstandsaktion des Ehepaars Quangel als Sinn des Lebens .. 49 4.4.7. Der Widerstand gegen das NS-Regime als moralische Pflicht ............................... 54 5. Schlusswort .......................................................................................................................... 57 6. Literaturverzeichnis .............................................................................................................. 59 6.1. Primärliteratur ................................................................................................................ 59 6.2. Sekundärliteratur ........................................................................................................... 59 Internetquellen mit Autor ..................................................................................................... 62 Internetquellen ohne Autor ................................................................................................... 65 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................... 66 Sažetak ..................................................................................................................................... 67 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 68 1. Einführung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit zwei Romanen. Einerseits mit dem Roman Das siebte Kreuz (1942) von Anna Seghers (geb. 19. 11. 1900 – gest. 1. 6. 1983), und andererseits mit dem postum veröffentlichten Roman Jeder stirbt für sich allein (1947) von Hans Fallada (geb. 21. 7. 1893 – gest. 5. 2. 1947). Anna Seghers war eine sehr erfolgreiche Schriftstellerin und die politisch-kommunistisch-antifaschistisch Engagierte.1 Hans Fallada war der Bestsellerautor der späten Weimarer Republik.2 Anna Seghers und Hans Fallada gehören zur Generation der deutschen Schriftsteller, die zwischen 1880 und 1900 geboren wurden. Beide Autoren spielten schon in der literarischen Öffentlichkeit der Weimarer Republik eine wichtige Rolle und ließen sich nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg im sowjetisch besetzten Teil Deutschlands (1945-1949) nieder, wo die beiden als Schriftsteller geschätzt waren und sich an dem literarischen und kulturellen Leben der sowjetischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands bzw. der späteren Deutschen Demokratischen Republik beteiligten. Unmittelbar nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gehörten Anna Seghers und Hans Fallada zu „keiner jungen, Experimenten zugeneigten Generation“.3 Sie „hatten ihre Stoffe, ihre Formen, ihre Art zu schreiben längst gefunden“.4 Anna Seghers’ und Hans Falladas literarisches Schaffen wird als Teil der Literatur der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik gesehen und sowohl Anna Seghers als auch Hans Fallada werden als die ersten der ersten Generation der DDR-Prosaisten betrachtet.5 Hans Fallada wusste, so schreibt Alfred Gessler in seiner Fallada-Monographie, „die Lebenssphäre des kleinen Mannes treffend einzufangen: dies gehört zu seinem kritisch- realistischen Beitrag zur deutschen Literatur und zu seinem Vermächtnis“.6 Wie Hans Fallada, stellt auch Anna Seghers in ihrem literarischen Schaffen die sogenannten kleinen Leute in den Mittelpunkt. 1 Roland Hoja (2015): Wartesäle der Poesie. Schriftstellerinnen im Pariser Exil 1933-1941. Norderstedt: Books on Demand, S. 97. 2 Peter Walther (2017): Hans Fallada. Die Biographie. Berlin: Aufbau Verlag, S. 356. 3 Konrad Franke (1971): Die Literatur der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Kindlers Literaturgeschichte der Gegenwart in Einzelbänden. Autoren. Werke. Themen. Tendenzen seit 1945. München: Kindler Verlag, S. 281. 4 Ebd., S. 281. 5 Ebd., S. 281. 6 Alfred Gessler (1972): Hans Fallada. Sein Leben und Werk. Schriftsteller der Gegenwart, 6. Herausgegeben vom Kollektiv für Literaturgeschichte. Berlin: Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag, S. 121-122. 1 Das siebte Kreuz 7 gehört zur Exilliteratur und Jeder stirbt für sich allein 8 zur frühen Nachkriegsliteratur. Beide Romane entstanden zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten, behandeln aber das gleiche Thema: Widerstand der kleinen Leute im Dritten Reich. Beide Romane werden als antifaschistische Widerstandsromane bezeichnet, und unter dem Begriff „Widerstandsroman“ versteht man den Roman, der „Aktivitäten und Schwierigkeiten der innerdeutschen Nazi-Gegner darstellt“.9 Zum Begriff „Widerstand“ und zu seiner Bedeutung im Kontext dieser Arbeit ist Folgendes zu sagen: Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus kann zuerst einmal als „Oberbegriff für alle Formen aktiven Handelns gegen die nationalsozialistische Ideologie und Herrschaftspraxis“ betrachtet werden. Es wird dann als Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus ein Verhalten bezeichnet, „das mehr ist als nur eine kritische Einstellung gegenüber der Diktatur“ und nicht nur die Bereitschaft zur
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