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The Embodied Mind in Sleep and Dreaming: a Theoretical Framework and an Empirical Study of Sleep, Dreams and Memory in Meditators and Controls
Université de Montréal The Embodied Mind in Sleep and Dreaming: A theoretical framework and an empirical study of sleep, dreams and memory in meditators and controls par Elizaveta Solomonova Programme de doctorat individualisé Sciences biomédicales Faculté de médecine Thèse présentée à la faculté de médecine en vue de l’obtention du grade de doctorat en sciences biomédicales option individualisée Août 2017 © Elizaveta Solomonova, 2017 Résumé Les théories récentes de la conscience incarnée (embodiment) soulignent que l'esprit est un processus incarné, impliquant le cerveau, le corps et l'environnement. Plusieurs aspects de la cognition, de l’interaction sensorimotrice avec l’environnement à la pensée abstraite et métaphorique, ont été conceptualisés dans ce paradigme. Le sommeil et le rêve, cependant, ont rarement été abordés par des chercheurs dans le domaine de la conscience incarnée. Cette dissertation vise à montrer, en s’appuyant sur la phénoménologie, la philosophie énactive et des sciences cognitives du sommeil et des rêves, que le rêve est un processus incarné de formation de sens dans le monde onirique. Ce travail comporte trois objectifs principaux : 1) de démontrer que le rêve est incarné; 2) de clarifier les liens entre les expériences corporelles et la formation onirique; et 3) de préciser si la sensibilité corporelle accrue, en tant qu’une compétence entraînable, mène à des changements globaux dans la façon dont l'information est traitée en sommeil. Le premier objectif est une proposition inédite dans la science des rêves. Dans ce travail, j’analyse les études théoriques et empiriques sur le sujet afin de motiver la notion de l’incarnation corporelle du rêve. -
A Philosophy of the Dreaming Mind
Dream Pluralism: A Philosophy of the Dreaming Mind By Melanie Rosen A THESIS SUBMITTED TO MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE, FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCE MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY, NSW 2109, AUSTRALIA JULY 2012 Table of Contents Abstract 9 Declaration 11 Acknowledgements 13 Introduction 15 Part 1: Dream Pluralism 25 Chapter 1: The Empirical Study of Dreams: Discoveries and Disputes 27 1.1 Stages of sleep 29 1.1.1 NREM Sleep 30 1.1.2 REM Sleep 32 1.1.3 The Scanning Hypothesis: an attempt to correlate eye movements with dream reports 33 1.2 Dream reports 35 1.2.1 The benefits of lab-based research 36 1.2.2 The benefits of home-based research 38 1.3 Measuring the physiology of the sleeping brain and body 41 1.3.1 Physiological measures: pros and cons 42 1.4 Cognitive and neural features of sleep 48 1.5 Lucid dreamers in the dream lab 55 Conclusion 59 1 Chapter 2: Bizarreness and Metacognition in Dreams: the Pluralist View of Content and Cognition 61 2.1 A pluralistic account of dream content 62 2.1.1 Bizarre and incoherent dreams 63 2.1.2 Dreams are not particularly bizarre 66 2.1.3 Explanations of the conflicting results 69 2.1.4 Dreams vs. fantasy reports 72 2.2 Cognition in dreams: deficient or equivalent? 80 2.2.1 What is metacognition? 80 2.2.2 Metacognition in dreams 83 Conclusion 97 Chapter 3: Rethinking the Received View: Anti-Experience and Narrative Fabrication 99 3.1 Malcolm on dreaming 101 3.1.1 Dreams and verification 102 3.1.2 Evidence against Malcolm 109 3.2 Metaphysical anti-experience theses 115 3.2.1 The cassette view 115 3.2.2 Arguments against the cassette view 118 3.2.3 Consciousness requires recognition or clout 120 3.3 Narrative fabrication in dream reports 122 3.3.1 Rationalisation of strange content 123 3.3.2 Confabulation and memory loss 127 3.3.3 Altered states of consciousness and what it’s like to be a bat. -
Awake in the Dark: Imageless Lucid Dreaming Linda L. Magallon San Jose, California Most Dream Research, Interpretation Methodolo
Lucidity Letter June, 1987, Vol. 6, No. 1 Awake in the Dark: Imageless Lucid Dreaming Linda L. Magallon San Jose, California Most dream research, interpretation methodology and reports of dreaming phenomena presuppose that a dream consists of visual impressions. Even the term LUCIDITY evokes the vividness and clarity of dream imagery. Yet, there is ample experiential evidence to warrant a rethinking of this assumption. Imageless lucidity can and does occur at all levels of dreaming. Entry via Hypnagogia As the dreamer drifts into dreaming through lucid hypnagogia, watching the imagery flicker and metamorphose, she or he may encounter a "blank" period just before the dream scene appears. In this state, there is no sensation but rather the general impression that the dream is "taking a breath" before forming a landscape in the dreamer's mind. The Initial Awakening State This is the lucid equivalent of the false awakening state, reported by such notables as Dr. van Eeden and Oliver Fox. The dreamer may become aware of auditory stimuli unrelated to waking sounds. If tactile sensation is retained, the dreamer can 1 Lucidity Letter June, 1987, Vol. 6, No. 1 eventually experience a sense of duality or bilocation as he or she moves into deeper dreaming. None of this need be accompanied by images. An excerpt from my own dream journal provides an example of this state, experienced as an imageless dream: (When the hypnagogic images fade,) I become aware of a continuous conversation, which I assume means I have reached a telepathic level. I concentrate to determine the quality of this level in order to conjure it up in the waking state. -
The Nature and Function of the Hypnagogic State Thesis Submitted
HYPNAGOGIA The Nature and Function of the Hypnagogic State by Andreas Mavromatis Thesis submitted to the Department of Psychology, Brunel University, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 1983 V01-1 PIS 4: r.:: ; D Eiz. -D Dream caused by the flight of a bee around a pomegranate one second before waking up 1944 Oil()" canvas. ;1x 41 Thyssen-Bornemis_a Collection. Lugano SalvadorDeli -' i 1 y1 \i ý;,, ý. ý,ý, 4' l ! ,,.: . >" ý -d Rupp- a All 4ý Vic All CONTENTS Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 5 Preface 6 - PART ONE - PHENOMENOLOGY 1. Introduction 8 2. Historical background and incidence 12 3. Methods and procedures of investigation 19 4. Sensori-motor phenomena and systems of classification 25 5. Physiological correlates 64 6" Problems of definition and the stages of the hypnagogic state 73 7. Cognitive-affective characteristics 83 Summary and Conclusions of Part One 131 - PART TWO - HYPNAGOGIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER STATES, PROCESSES, AND EXPERIENCES Introduction 137 Be Hypnosis 139 9. Dreams 150 10. Meditation 183 11. Psi 212 12. Schizophrenia 265 13. Creativity 310 14. Other areas of experience 374 Summary and Conclusions of Part Two 388 - PART THREE - GRAIN MECHANISMS AND FUNCTION OF HYPNAGOGIA Introduction 394 15. Cerebral correlates of hypnagogic visions 395 16. Cerebral correlates of hypnagogic mentation 420 17. The old versus the new brain 434 18. The loosening of ego boundaries 460 19. The function of hypnagogia 474 20. The significance of hypnagogia 492 Appendix 510 Bibliography 519 ANDREAS MAVROMATIS Ph. D. Psychology, Brunel University, 1983. - HYPNAGOGIA - The Nature and Function of the Hypnagogic State ABSTRACT An analysis of the hypnagogic state (hypnagogia) leads to the conclusion that, far from being a simple phase of sleep, this state or process is a central phenomenon characterized by a constellation of psychological features which emerge as a function of the hypnagogic subject's loosening of ego boundaries (LEB) and are correlated with activities of subcortical structures. -
Astral Travelling
Out-of-Body Experiences Part 4 Astral Travelling Alfred Ballabene [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Table of Contents 1. Is Astral Travelling the same as Lucid Dreaming?......................................................... 1 2. Basic Knowledge about Astral Travelling ....................................................................... 6 Does Astral Travelling Affect Night's Sleep? .................................................................. 7 Perception, emotions and way of thinking ...................................................................... 8 Differences between OBEs close to and far from the Body ........................................... 9 Commercialisation and trivialisation ............................................................................. 10 Deeper sense of astral travelling ..................................................................................... 11 3. Examples for Verification ................................................................................................. 12 4. The Findings of Sleep Research ....................................................................................... 15 5. Methods to increase Lucidity .......................................................................................... 16 6. General Advices on OBEing ............................................................................................ 18 7. Spontaneous Astral Travelling ....................................................................................... -
Externalism in Philosophy of Perception and Argument(S) from Dreaming
Externalism in Philosophy of Perception and Argument(s) from Dreaming by Doğan Erişen B.A., Bilkent University, 2015 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Philosophy Faculty of Arts and Sciences © Doğan Erişen 2019 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2019 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Doğan Erişen Degree: Master of Arts Title: Externalism in Philosophy of Perception and Argument(s) from Dreaming Examining Committee: Chair: Holly Andersen Associate Professor Kathleen Akins Senior Supervisor Professor Martin Hahn Supervisor Associate Professor Murat Aydede External Examiner Professor Department of Philosophy University of British Columbia Date Defended/Approved: April 11, 2019 ii Abstract A recurrent pattern of debate between the proponents of internalism and externalism over mental phenomena is as follows: externalists pick a target mental phenomenon, say, visual perception, and argue that it has the characteristics it has because of a property that is not possessed internally. Internalists, in return, substitute an analogue mental phenomenon, one that putatively suits their position, to argue that it shows every characteristic that the original target phenomenon shows, thus the allegedly crucial external property plays no ineliminable role. Within these debates a particular analogue phenomenon frequently appears: dreaming. In what follows, I discuss the ways in which externalism comes under dispute through dream phenomena. I then investigate the scientific literature to evaluate whether the way dreaming is conceived by internalists is substantiated by the available body of evidence. -
Relationships Between Sleep Paralysis and Sleep Quality: Current Insights
Journal name: Nature and Science of Sleep Article Designation: REVIEW Year: 2018 Volume: 10 Nature and Science of Sleep Dovepress Running head verso: Denis Running head recto: Sleep paralysis and sleep quality open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S158600 Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Relationships between sleep paralysis and sleep quality: current insights Dan Denis1,2 Abstract: Sleep paralysis is the unusual experience of waking up in the night without the ability to move. Currently little is known about the experience, despite the fact that the vast majority 1Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, of episodes are associated with extreme fear and in a minority of cases can lead to clinically MA, USA; 2Department of Psychiatry, significant levels of distress. The aim of this work was to review the existing literature pertaining Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA to the relationship sleep paralysis has to sleep more generally, measured both with subjective questionnaires and objective laboratory recordings. In terms of subjective sleep variables, worse sleep quality has been found in multiple studies to be associated with increased odds of sleep paralysis occurrence. In addition, insomnia symptoms (but not a diagnosed insomnia disorder) have also been found to predict sleep paralysis. Associations between sleep paralysis and other unusual and/or threatening sleep experiences such as nightmares, exploding head syndrome, and lucid dreaming have been reported. In terms of objective measurements, the limited literature to date shows sleep paralysis to be a “mixed” state of consciousness, combining elements of rapid eye movement sleep with elements of wakefulness. -
Hypnosis in the Conversion of Nightmares to Lucid Dreams
Conscious dream control 'Lucid' dreams, in which the dreamer becomes fully aware of the individual is dreaming. being in a dream and can then cont rol the scenery and events, On that attainment of lucidity, a great transformation can then are becoming recognised as a useful state for therapy – happen, resulting in the nightmare being easily quelled and the particularly for those with poor, or no visual imaging ability in situation turned around to an enjoyable lucid dream. wakefulness or during hypnosis. Frequent nightmare sufferers have the advantage that the This method, involving no drugs, deals with what can otherwise recurring on-set scenes and thoughts can themselves (with simple be an intractable problem, by utilising the individuals own post-hypnotic suggestion techniques) be recognised as cues that powers of imaging control. Hypnosis in the conversion of nightmares to lucid dreams Dr Keith M.T. Hearne (B.Sc.,M.Sc.,Ph.D.) Introduction The lucid dream is potentially a very powerful therapeutic state in which the various imaging modalities generate a perfectly vivid internal ‘virtual reality’ environment in which there is conscious awareness, with the bonus that the dreamer has considerable volitional control over the Dr Keith M.T. Hearne (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.) dream-scenery and activities. is an experimental psychologist who has It should be recognised that most hypnotherapy clients do n o t p o s s e s s strong visual imagery in the waking state - there are vast individual gained an international reputation for his work differences and some people have no visual imaging ability at all. -
An Introductory Note Key Definitions
#4 – Isn’t religion just the worship of what you don’t understand? (Often called the God of the Gaps) An Introductory Note This question is an excellent introduction to the questions on evolution, the Big Bang and dinosaurs on the Ark. Because we spend a little time thinking about what “science” is and is capable of doing, you should likely do this topic before tackling the evolution question. Key Definitions: The God of the Gaps The belief that faith and worship are relegated to the areas where we lack knowledge. So primitive tribes worshipped the sun or trees or even airplanes, and as we advance in knowledge, the gaps in our knowledge grow smaller, therefore the God we worship grows smaller and less relevant as science explains more. (This is not what I mean by the God of the Gaps) Teleological Argument The argument that science has discovered and documented numerous fundamental values and constants about the basic properties of our universe that are extremely fine-tuned to a very narrow window that specifically allows life to exist on our planet in our universe in a way that begs us to realize this was designed by an intelligent being. #4 – The God of the Gaps | 1 The Failures of the God of the Gaps Argument When answering God of the Gaps, what level will you reach? • The God of the Gaps fallacy is to Padawan believe that we worship without Can give an example where using our brains or that we worship God of the Gaps thinking is in ignorance, or only worship the reasonable. -
Idiopathic Nightmares and Dream Disturbances Associated with Sleep–Wake Transitions 1107
Idiopathic Nightmares and Dream Chapter Disturbances Associated with Sleep–Wake Transitions Tore Nielsen and Antonio Zadra 97 Abstract described, with much support for the effectiveness of short- term cognitive and behavior interventions such as systematic Nightmares and other common disturbances of dreaming desensitization and imagery rehearsal. Several related dream involve a perturbation of emotional expression during sleep. disturbances occur at the transitions into or out of sleep and Nightmares, the most prevalent dream disturbance, are now involve dysphoric emotions ranging from malaise to fear to recognized as comprising several dysphoric emotions, includ- frank terror. These disturbances include sleep starts, terrify- ing especially fear, although some argue that existential (or ing hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, somniloquy grief) dreams should be considered a separate entity. A with dream content, false awakenings, and disturbed lucid genetic basis for nightmares has been demonstrated and their dreaming. The distinctive nature of these disturbances may pathophysiology involves a surprising underactivation of the be mediated by immediately preceding waking state processes sympathetic nervous system in many instances. Personality (e.g., consciousness, sensory vividness) that intrude upon or factors, such as nightmare chronicity and distress and coping carry over into dreaming. styles are mediating determinants of their clinical severity, as are drug and alcohol use. Many treatments have been Because most common dreaming disturbances (Table pathologic in some sense.15 However, the widespread belief 97-1) involve a perturbation of emotional expression that dreaming can serve an emotionally adaptive function during sleep, their study may help clarify the role of (see Chapter 54) also suggests that some dream distur- emotion in dream formation, dream function, and sleep bances are adaptive reactions to more basic pathophysio- mechanisms more generally. -
False Awakenings in Light of the Dream Protocon- Sciousness Theory: a Study in Lucid Dreamers Giorgio Buzzi Neurological Private Practice, Ravenna, Italy
False awakenings and the dream protoconsciousness theory I J o D R False awakenings in light of the dream protocon- sciousness theory: A study in lucid dreamers Giorgio Buzzi Neurological private practice, Ravenna, Italy Summary. The results of a web-survey aimed at analyzing the phenomenology of False Awakenings (FAs) (sleep-related experiences in which the subjects erroneously believe that they have woken up, only to discover subsequently that the apparent awakening was part of a dream) were revised in light of Hobson’s recent dream protoconsciousness theory. A web-questionnaire had been previously submitted to three web-sites dedicated to lucid dreamers, a kind of subjects in which FAs have been reported to occur with high frequency. Ninety subjects submitted complete forms within an established two-months period. All the respondents were habitual lucid dreamers, 41% reported experiencing FAs at least monthly, 79% had experienced a FA in the last month and 46% in the last week. Some stereotyped dream patterns were found to recur repeatedly in FAs, including representations of normal awakenings, start-of-the-day routines and other realistically depicted activities (exploring, wandering) within the sleep environment. This finding is consistent with Hobson’s hypothesis that dream content feeds itself from innate schemes, enacted on the basis of subjective experien- tial memories. A possible evolutionary interpretation of FAs is proposed. Keywords: false awakenings; REM sleep; dreams; protoconsciousness 1. Introduction nowhere classified as pathologic per se, but they are nev- ertheless dreaming disturbances that can produce anxious Recently, Hobson (2009) has proposed that REM sleep may reactions”. constitute a protoconscious state, aimed at preparing the To the author’s knowledge, the prevalence of FAs in the brain for its integrative functions, including consciousness. -
Studies for the Development of Effective Lucid Dream Induction Techniques
STUDIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE LUCID DREAM INDUCTION TECHNIQUES Denholm Jay Aspy, B. Psych (Hons) School of Psychology The University of Adelaide Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2017 ii Table of contents Table of contents .................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... x Declaration ............................................................................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: General Introduction and Overview of Thesis ...................................................................... 1 References............................................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Lucid Dreaming .................................................................................. 8 2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Early references to lucid dreaming ...............................................................................................