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Lucid Dreams: an Electro-Physiological and Psychological Study

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Lucid Dreams: an Electro-Physiological and Psychological Study LUCID DREAMS: AN ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY THESIS SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR IN PHILOSOPHY by KEITH MELVYN TREVOR HEARNE BSc MSc MAY 1978 Dr Heame's original chart-record of the first ocular signals from a lucid-dream, and his 'dream-machine' invention are now on permanent display in the Science Museum, London. ***** Dr Keith Heame conducted the world's first sleep-lab research into 'lucid' (conscious, controllable) dreams for his PhD at Liverpool University, England. Heame: • obtained the first eye-movement signals from a subject within the lucid dream state, in April 1975 • discovered the 'pre-Iucid' REM burst, and 'light switch effect' in dreams • discovered the basic physiological parameters of lucid dreaming • invented the world's ftrst 'dream machine' Background to the first PhD in the world on Lucid Dreaming and the original discovery of the ocular-signaling technique from lucid dreams After obtaining a BSc in psychology from Reading University, England, in 1973, Keith Hearne went to Hull University in the Autumn of that year, intending to conduct research for a PhD on hypnotic dreams, following discoveries he had made in 'hypno­ oneirography'. He decided instead to use newly acquired computer equipment to research electro-physiological aspects of visual imagery*. During that time he became skilled in running a sleep laboratory. He became interested in 'lucid' dreaming (the paradoxical conscious awareness of dreaming within the dream itself) and reasoned that it must be possible for a lucid dreamer to communicate to the world of wakefulness. A problem, though, was the inherent muscular paralysis of REM sleep. In 1975 it suddenly occurred to Hearne that since the eye musculature is not inhibited in REM sleep, it might be possible to get subjects to signal by making deliberate ocular movements. On the morning of 5th April 1975, Hearne wired up a lucid dream subject who was instructed to make a sequence of left-right eye-movements on becoming lucid. A lucid dream was reported at about 8 am, but unfortunately, the monitoring equipment had just been switched off. A week later, on the morning of 12th April 1975, the same subject had another lucid dream. The first signals in the world from a lucid dream were thus recorded. Hearne continued to obtain more records over the next months. He wound up the work on visual imagery, submitting it for an MSc* and moved to Liverpool University, where he was offered a sleep-laboratory, to research lucid dreams for this PhD, using paid subjects. During the course of this work he discovered the basic electro-physiological features of lucid dreams, including the pre-Iucid REM burst. Hearne also discovered the 'light switch' phenomenon, and invented the first ' dream machine'. In 1975 Hearne informed psychology departments at American universities of his findings including Stanford (W. Dement) and Chicago (A. Rechtschaffen). (See on, letter from Rechtschaffen to Hearne) *Hearne, Keith M.T. (1975) Visually evoked responses and visual imagery. MSc thesis. University ofHull, England. N.B. A book written by Dr Hearne fully described his research into lucid dreams: Hearne, K. (1990) The dream machine. Aquarian Press, Welli ngborough, England . (This book may be downloaded at www.keithhearne.com) Other books : Heat'ne, K. (1989) Visions of the future. Aquarian Press, Wellingborough, England. Melbourne, D. & Hearne, K. (1997) Dream interpretation - the secret. Blandford Press, London. Melbourne, D. & Hearne, K. (2002) The Dream Oracle. Foulsham, England, Melbourne, D. & Hearne, K. (1999) The Meaning of Your Dreams. Blandford Press Hearne, K. & Melbourne, D. (2001) Understanding dreams. New Holland Press. (Several other books are pending publication). 1 )! 1- A I{ 1 ,',' ! I\: 1 t q I" ', C 11 1 \ 1 1< " 'I ~(, I 1, ', I \1,1 J it 'f V I , 1 L Keith "l. 1. lie:! 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"r,-' )f l'e .~ J ity pCl'c_pUon a nd ,-lreil- '~ ') E,)c l Ofl d is " " i 11 :!;[YIII j" ,\ which :1how~ both t h spol1t:iln i~ ous .onc " C00=..100 " eye 'Clove (! I I .~ dct"log :1, attack D s l eep p3ro l ysfH , I IlJll convinced by ],0",1' evidence cha L l ucSd cl n<amp. do i ndeed oc<c ur d uring jH-:~1 pln- t ods , I "'Q ul d a l so Rt!(!RS . intuit iv ly. l l".i Ill," /l,) ,wl occur d u~ i n g l\Rrt'l s lne!'. However , the f.:11 " I' f,C) cO=llnjc .. Ce ~.-ith y move;Jl('l1U; , l ()e,~ not neecssa 11)' l:e.l11 thnt _ueid dn'aTIls cl" "ni: o C<! Ul­ i:l ~;RE~f s l eep . Th t: 1)d~ht be Sl "slu};~ i bh ne ~~ 1I 0_ eye <''''cmt'nl l!nl'Jt:rol in :;RE~1 sleep ,,·hl<'l, ,",ould pr v1l111, ~ r, il' c =unic<1 [ i"" by t:.~at: :: chni 'l"'" Do nO" 'R'm-£>' about n~ y " p r adini' ),our find(n~s around . Kee? u p t h · $.;IIDd ,,'(wk , 3il1ce:rcly youtH , \J ~c,_~'~ -~ ~QK. \:~ ,~ ~~~ ~- IIl1.111 Rechts 'h,,(fl'n , Ph . D. ~ t l'r e> C%O " J)cpnn:ocnts of P~}','hl :-Itr}, and f1.'h"'L dol's.: Se iCllC'~R Dirceto1' , $1 ep lJlDOrat01' )' /1'1, Enclc1 su l "fI CONTENTS PhD page number ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER I. AN OVERVIEW 1 1.1 AIMS OF THIS RESEARCH 2 1.2 THE FORMAT 3 PART 1. INTRODUCTION 5 CHAPTER 11. THE ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP 6 H.l BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO ELECTRO PHYSIOLOGY 7 H.2 ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 9 a. Technical points b. The EEG, EOG and EMG 10 H.3 HUMAN SLEEP-STAGES AND SCORING CRITERIA 14 CHAPTER Ill. GENERAL SLEEP-RESEARCH FINDINGS 22 IlL 1 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP 23 HL2 THE CHANGING CONCEPT OF SLEEP 26 IIl.3 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF SLEEP 29 III.4 THE PHARMACOLOGY OF SLEEP 31 1II.5 SLEEP DEPRIVA nON 33 IIl.6 MEMORY AND SLEEP 35 1II.7 EXTERNAL STIMULI AND SLEEP 36 III.8 SIGNALLING FROM SLEEP 37 HL9 BORDERLAND PHENOMENA 41 Ill,] 0 ABNORMALITIES OF SLEEP 44 111.1] SLEEP THEORIES 48 CHAPTER IV. DREAMS 52 IV.l ANCIENT INTEREST IN DREAMS 53 IV.2 EARLY CHRISTIAN VIEWS 58 IV.3 RELIGIO-POLITICO-CULTURAL DREAMS 59 IVA PRE-FREUDIAN DREAM NOTIONS 62 IV.5 FREUDIAN DREAM THEORY 68 IV.6 JUNGIAN DREAM THEORY 79 IV.7 RECENT IDEAS ON DREAMS 83 IV.8 CREATIVITY AND DREAMS 93 CHAPTER V. LUCID DREAMS 95 V.l THE PHENOMENON 96 V.2 THE POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE OF LUCID DREAMS 98 V.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF LUCID DREAMS 1. The transitional stage 100 2. The onset of lucidity 100 3. Lucidity starting from a waking state 102 4. Flying and lucid dreams 102 5. Physical realism in lucid dreams 104 6. Psychological realism in lucid-dreams 104 7. Perceptual texture in lucid dreams 105 8. Memory of lucid dreams 107 9. Memory in lucid dreams 107 10. Analytical thought in lucid-dreams 108 11. Emotional quality of lucid-dreams 109 12. Controllability of lucid-dreams III 13. Extra-sensory perception and lucid dreams ] ] 2 14. False-awakenings 113 15. Lucid dreams in 'hypnosis' 115 16. False lucidity 117 VA WRITERS ON LUCID DREAMS 118 V.5 LUCID-DREAMS IN RELATION TO DREAM THEORIES 124 V.6 EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 125 A NOTE ON DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS 127 CHAPTER VI.
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